Concept Of Distance Research Articles

Grasshopper optimization algorithm based improved variational mode decomposition technique for muscle artifact removal in ECG using dynamic time warping

The removal of unwanted noise from electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings is a difficult procedure in biomedical signal analysis. It alters the signal and affects the accurate interpretation of the signal. A major distortion produced while recording is due to muscle artifact (MA) or electromyographic (EMG) noise. To achieve a high-quality ECG recording by eliminating this MA noise, our research proposes a novel filtering technique using the grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) based variational mode decomposition (VMD) method with the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance concept. GOA is utilized to identify the best optimal parameters for the VMD process, and then the DTW technique is applied to discover the relevant modes that include MA noise. To successfully remove noise, these modes are denoised using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method. ECG signal analysis is performed on a real-time MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and is compared with the performance of recent existing techniques using signal characteristics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), mean square error (MSE), correlation coefficient (CC), and so on. As an outcome of these computations, our proposed technique outperforms those existing methods when it comes to denoising MA noise.

Review: Annoying Music in Everyday Life, by Felipe Trotta

Review: <i>Annoying Music in Everyday Life</i>, by Felipe Trotta

Some properties of integration of real-valued function over a fuzzy interval

One of the most fundamental concepts in fuzzy set theory is the extension principle. It gives a generic way of dealing with fuzzy quantities by extending non-fuzzy mathematical concepts. There are a few examples, including the concept of fuzzy distance between fuzzy sets. The extension approach is then methodically applied to real algebra, with considerable development of fuzzy number operations. These operations are computationally appealing and generalized interval analysis. Although the set of real fuzzy numbers with extended addition or multiplication is no longer a group, it retains many structural qualities. The extension concept is demonstrated to be particularly beneficial for defining set-theoretic operations for higher fuzzy sets. We need some definitions related to our properties before we can create the properties of integration of a crisp real-valued function over a fuzzy interval. It is our goal in this article to develop and demonstrate certain characteristics of a real-valued function over a fuzzy interval in order to broaden the scope of the notion of integration of a real-valued function over a fuzzy interval. Some of these characteristics are linked to the operations of extended addition and extended subtraction, while others are not.

Antecedents and consequence of the consumer's psychic distance in cross-border e-commerce

PurposeThe psychic distance often hinders the interaction between cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) and consumers. This paper aims to discuss the issues of psychic distance of consumers in the CBEC. In addition, it attempts to explain the factors that affect psychic distance from three dimensions of culture, economy and politics and the two different shopping behaviors caused by psychic distance.Design/methodology/approachThis research incorporates both theoretical and empirical studies. In this study, 249 validated questionnaires were selected from 300 Chinese CBEC consumers by snowball sampling, and the relationship between variables was tested using structural equation model (SEM). This was done through online research, and it is ensured that the data obtained are first-hand information.FindingsThe paper suggests the theoretical model operationalizing CBEC psychic distance and the empirical analysis results show that all the six influencing factors have a positive impact on the psychic distance of consumers. Logistics infrastructure barriers in the economic dimension are confirmed as the major influencing factor, and the significance of the political dimension is relatively small. Based on consumers' uncertainty of various kinds of information, psychic distance subconsciously causes consumers to deviate in the cross-shopping process.Originality/valueCurrently, research on e-commerce mainly focuses on saving trade costs and improving consumer welfare, while research on the internal impact of CBEC on consumers is insufficient. Psychic distance is a new concept in the field of cultural and social research. The originality of this paper is that the concept of psychic distance has been extended from overseas invested enterprises to research with CBEC consumers as the selected object. The obstacles of CBEC have been widely studied, but few are related to the closeness of consumers, or the inner feelings of consumers are ignored. In the context of CBEC, this paper lists the actual external factors and potential threats that may affect consumers' consumption concerns of CBEC from three dimensions. The real emotions of consumers in the face of these difficulties indirectly affect the purchase satisfaction and reduce the purchase desire. Consumer psychic distance is a real phenomenon in cross-border shopping, and it is almost inevitable for these difficulties. On the premise of inevitability, high psychic distance will slow down cross-border shopping in the eyes of consumers.

Indonesian Spelling Error Detection and Type Identification Using Bigram Vector and Minimum Edit Distance Based Probabilities

Spelling error has become an error that is often found in this era which can be seen from the use of words that tend to follow trends or culture, especially in the younger generation. This study aims to develop and test a detection and identification model using a combination of Bigram Vector and Minimum Edit Distance Based Probabilities. Correct words from error words are obtained using candidates search and probability calculations that adopt the concept of minimum edit distance. The detection results then identified the error type into three types of errors, namely vowels, consonants and diphthongs from the error side on the tendency of the characters used as a result of phonemic rendering at the time of writing. The results of error detection and identification of error types obtained are quite good where most of the error test data can be detected and identified according to the type of error, although there are several detection errors by obtaining more than one correct word as a result of the same probability value of these words.

Shopping with(out) distancing: modelling the personal space to limit the spread of contagious disease among consumers in retail stores

ABSTRACT This research aims at providing a new model of consumers’ personal space to limit the spread of contagious disease while shopping in person. To this end, it adopts an agents-based simulation approach to model consumers’ movements in the store during COVID-19 pandemic. Findings show the extent to which consumers’ contacts with others increase the risk of contagion, due to the occurrence of social gatherings in certain areas. Specifically, there is a linear correlation between the number of consumers in the store and the number of consumers susceptible to contract the disease. Thus, the personal space from a psychological perception becomes an individual and compulsory boundary to protect consumers from contagious disease. Finally, our results extend the concept of social distance and personal space while shopping, and support retailers to provide safer shopping experiences.

Cooperative vehicular systems: crossroad management through visible light

Information and communication technologies enable optoelectronic cooperative vehicular systems with bi-directional communication, where vehicles communicate with other vehicles, road infrastructures, traffic lights, and vulnerable road users. We use the concept of request/response for the management of a trajectory in a two-way-two-way traffic lights controlled crossroad, using visible-light communication (VLC). The connected vehicles receive information from the network (Infrastructure to Vehicle, I2V), interact with each other (Vehicle to Vehicle, V2V) and with the infrastructure (Vehicle to Infrastructure, V2I), using a request distance and pose estimation concept. In parallel, an intersection manager (IM) coordinates the crossroad and interacts with the vehicles (I2V) using the response distance and the pose estimation concepts. The communication is performed through VLC using the street lamps and the traffic signaling, to broadcast the information. Data are encoded, modulated, and converted into light signals emitted by the transmitters. Tetra-chromatic white sources are used, providing a different data channel for each chip. As receivers and decoders, SiC wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) devices, with light filtering properties, are considered. A simulated vehicle-to-everything (V2X) traffic scenario is presented, and a generic model of cooperative transmission is established. The primary objective is to control the arrival of vehicles to the intersection and schedule them to cross over at time instants that minimize delays. A phasing traffic flow is developed as a proof of concept (PoC). The simulated/experimental results confirm the cooperative VLC architecture. Results show that the communication between connected cars is optimized using a request/response concept and that pose analysis is an important issue to control driver’s behavior in a crossroad. The block diagram conveys that the vehicle’s behavior (successive poses) is influenced by the maneuver permission, by the I2V messages and also by the intersection redesigned layout and presence of other vehicles. An increase in the traffic throughput with least dependency on infrastructure is achieved.

Impact of the built environment on climate change risk perception and psychological distancing: Empirical evidence from Islamabad, Pakistan

Rapid urbanization coupled with increasing climate change has instigated thermal stresses and reduced the quality of life in the built environment. For climate change adaptation, it is essential to quantify the public’s perceptions of climate change. This study employs the concept of risk perception and psychological distance to understand the role of the built environment in shaping public perception. An index-based approach was used to quantify climate change risk perception and psychological distance using indicators from disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation literature. Risk perception was constructed using three dimensions, i.e., fear, attitude, and trust, while for psychological distancing, four dimensions were used, i.e., geographic, social, temporal, and uncertainty. Local climate zone (LCZ) using WUDAPT procedure was used to identify five different built environments of Islamabad, Pakistan. Statistical tests were performed to find differences between the selected indicators and dimensions. Pearson’s correlation was used to establish the link between risk perception and psychological distancing. Results showed that there was a significant difference in risk perception and psychological distancing indicators among the LCZs. A strong negative correlation was found between risk perception and psychological distancing to climate change indexes. This study advocates the importance of the built environment in shaping public perceptions of climate change risks. This pivotal study can help in integrating the philosophies of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

The framework of data-driven and multi-criteria decision-making for detecting unbalanced bidding

PurposeUnbalanced bidding can seriously imposed the government from obtaining the best value for the taxpayers' money in public procurement since it increases the owner's cost and decreases the fairness of the competitive bidding process. How to detect an unbalanced bid is a challenging task faced by theoretical researchers and practical actors. This study aims to develop an identification method of unbalanced bidding in the construction industry.Design/methodology/approachThe identification of unbalanced bidding is considered as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. A data-driven unit price database from the historical bidding document is built to present the reference unit prices as benchmarks. According to the proposed extended TOPSIS method, the data-driven unit price is chosen as the positive ideal solution, and the unit price that has the furthest absolute distance measure as the negative ideal solution. The concept of relative distance is introduced to measure the distances between positive and negative ideal solutions and each bidding unit price. The unbalanced bidding degree is ranked by means of relative distance.FindingsThe proposed model can be used for the quantitative evaluation of unbalanced bidding from a decision-making perspective. The identification process is developed according to the decision-making process. The finding shows that the model will support owners to efficiently and effectively identify unbalanced bidding in the bid evaluation stage.Originality/valueThe data-driven reference unit prices improve the accuracy of the benchmark to evaluate the unbalanced bidding. The extended TOPSIS model is applied to identify unbalanced bidding; the owners can undertake objective decision-making to identify and prevent unbalanced bidding at the stage of procurement.

Psychological distance towards COVID-19: Geographical and hypothetical distance predict attitudes and mediate knowledge

While different antecedents have been examined to explain peoples’ reactions towards COVID-19, there is only scarce understanding about the role of the subjective closeness and distance to the pandemic. Within the current study, we applied the concept of psychological distance to understand the distance towards COVID-19 and investigated its (1) connection with preventive attitudes and proactive behaviors, (2) context-specific antecedents, and its (3) mediating effect of knowledge on attitudes. Using an online sample from a German quantitative cross-sectional study (N = 395, M = 32.2 years, SD = 13.9 years, 64.3% female) in July 2020, a time with a general low incidence of people infected with Sars-CoV2, we measured relevant socio-psychological constructs addressing COVID-19 and included further information from external sources. Based on a path model, we found geographical distance as a significant predictor of cognitive attitudes towards COVID-19. Furthermore, hypothetical distance (i.e., feeling to be likely affected by COVID-19) predicted not only participants’ affective, cognitive, and behavioral attitudes, but also the installation of a corona warning-app. While several variables affected the different dimensions of psychological distance, hypothetical and geographical distance mediated the effect of knowledge on attitudes. These results underline the role of geographical and hypothetical distance for health-related behaviors and education. For example, people will only comply with preventive measures if they feel geographically concerned by the disease, which is particularly challenging for fast-spreading global diseases such as COVID-19. Therefore, there is a need to clearly communicate the personal risks of diseases and address peoples’ hypothetical distance.

IdeateRelate: An Examples Gallery That Helps Creators Explore Ideas in Relation to Their Own

Creating truly original ideas requires extensive knowledge of existing ideas. Navigating prior examples can help people to understand what has already been done and to assess the quality of their own ideas through comparison. The creativity literature has suggested that the conceptual distance between a proposed solution and a potential inspiration can influence one's thinking. However, less is known about how creators might use data about conceptual distance when exploring a large repository of ideas. To investigate this, we created a novel tool for exploring examples called IdeateRelate that visualizes 600+ COVID-related ideas, organized by their similarity to a new idea. In an experiment that compared the IdeateRelate visualization to a simple list of examples, we found that users in the Viz condition leveraged both semantic and categorical similarity, curated a more similar set of examples, and adopted more language from examples into their iterated ideas (without negatively affecting the overall novelty). We discuss implications for creating adaptive interfaces that provide creative inspiration in response to designers' ideas throughout an iterative design process.

Clustering and power optimization in mmWave massive MIMO–NOMA systems

Integrating massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) architecture and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology is deemed as a promising solution to the gridlock of ever increasing demand in data rate via extending communication frequency to millimeter wave (mmWave) band and improving system spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we consider the downlink operation of MIMO–NOMA systems, where the base station (BS) is equipped with massive antenna array that uses hybrid precoding to reduce the number of required radio-frequency (RF) chains without performance loss with less hardware cost. A clustering strategy and a joint power allocation scheme of such systems are proposed to maximize the sum-rate. Specifically, we adopt the concept of chordal distance in the clustering strategy, i.e., the selection of cluster head users and assignment of other users in each beam. Finally, we consider a power allocation scheme for each user that takes care of inter-beam and intra-beam interference. Upon the formulation of the power allocation problem while considering all relevant constraints, it is transformed to a dual problem via the Lagrange duality theorem, and then the optimal power allocation is derived by the optimal dual value. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve better performance in terms of spectrum efficiency compared to the existing methods, and the mmWave-based massive MIMO–NOMA system outperforms the MIMO–OMA system.

The Many Faces of Distance – A Typology of Distance in Management

Purpose: Based on the various streams of distance literature in management, a framework is provided to make discourses on distance clear.&#x0D; Design / Method / Approach: After a review of the most relevant distance concepts, a typology with five categories is introduced, which are then applied to the most relevant distance concepts in management.&#x0D; Findings: A clear typology helps to clearly define and differentiate the various streams of distance literature.&#x0D; Theoretical Implications: With the conceptual categories ‘topic’, ‘dimensionality’, and ‘level of analysis’, and the empirical categories ‘variables’ and ‘distance calculation’, distance concepts become more consistent.&#x0D; Practical Implications: With a terminology for the different aspects of distance, practitioners can focus more clearly on specific remedies to bridge distance.&#x0D; Originality / Value: The paper offers a new typology of different elements of distance.&#x0D; Research Limitations / Future Research: The introduced typology will aid in the discussion of distance in management.&#x0D; &#x0D; Paper type: Conceptual

Distanciamiento social y COVID-19. Distancias y proximidades desde una perspectiva relacional

As part of the global response to COVID-19, categorized by the WHO as a pandemic, social distancing has emerged as a key concept in the management of the bioemergency. This article discusses social distancing from a sociological perspective, drawing on Simmel, Cantó-Milà and Sabido Ramos’ notions of proximity and distance. We intend to illustrate the implicit and explicit meanings and dimensions given to the concepts of social distance and distancing during the initial months of the pandemic, along with their impact on relationships, interactions, and ties. We reflect on the function of framing all social relations in terms of distance and proximity, analytically differentiating between the concepts of relationship, interaction, and ties.

Book Reviews

Book Reviews

Numerical analysis of necking in stretch-bending based on modified maximum force criteria

The necking criteria based on the maximum force principle, such as the Swift and Hill necking models, have been extensively used in the past to study sheet formability. Many extensions or modifications of these criteria have been proposed to improve necking predictions under only stretching conditions. Recently, the authors proposed two approaches to predict necking under stretch-bending conditions: a generalisation of classical maximum force criteria to stretch-bending; and a necking criterion based on critical distance concepts, suggesting that necking is controlled by the damage of a critical material volume located at the inner side of the sheet. Both approaches were evaluated with analytical models and the failure was successfully predicted in different materials, such as steel, brass and aluminium. This work presents a numerical study of the proposed necking criteria in stretch-bending processes with different punch radii. The simulations are validated with experimental tests over H240LA steel sheets.

Wave-particle dualism development from the first speculations on light to modern methods to probe materials: An opportunity for a flipped classroom approach

It is always a big problem to explain students what radiation is and how it can help researchers in understanding the structure of materials in a clear and simple way. The exact comprehension of radiation has followed a very problematic historical excursus. The problem of understanding what light is started to be faced around the VI century B.C.; since that time, a continuous development of ideas and models has characterized the definition of radiation. After Maxwell’s equation, the behaviour of light seemed to be well understood, although further enriched, afterwards, by the discoveries in quantum mechanics. Radiation can give rise to several phenomena when interacting with matter. Thus with a correct comprehension of its origin, radiation can constitute a powerful tool in modern science to probe the structure of materials down to the nano-scale and even lower. In this work, scattering phenomena will be considered as effective examples to propose to young students for probing the structure of materials, since these are usually characterized by hierarchical organization of self-assembled structures at different length scales, from atomic to macroscopic distances. In this complex framework, the concept of characteristic distances is pivotal in defining the structure of a material, and can be easily derived from scattering experiments. In this respect, the efforts made in the last century to understand the origin of radiation turned out to be useful in giving researchers the best tool to characterize a given material, at least from its structural point of view. For this reason, modern didactics must take into account for modern approaches to make people aware of these aspects. If bringing kids and young students closer to these arguments is easily achieved by a learn by doing approach, this work, structured from the historical point of view and reporting tickling aspects of the debates taken place among peoples over the centuries, represents an opportunity for an interdisciplinary flipped classroom approach.

Copy-Move Forgery Detection Based on Euclidean Distance and Texture Feature Analysis

Digital images are important part of our life. Copy and Move forgery detection techniques are designed to detect edited part of the image. The copy and move forgery techniques are based on the feature detection and matching. The techniques which are designed so far use the Euclidean distance concept for feature matching. The feature detection techniques which are much popular like Haar transformation are used for feature extraction. In this research, the PCA algorithm is used for the simplification of features which are extracted with Haar transformation. The GLCM algorithm is used for texture feature analysis of input image. In the end, Euclidean distance is used for feature matching and mismatched features are marked as forgery. The proposed approach is implemented in MALTAB and results are analyzed in terms of accuracy.

Inter-chromosomal k-mer distances

BackgroundInversion Symmetry is a generalization of the second Chargaff rule, stating that the count of a string of k nucleotides on a single chromosomal strand equals the count of its inverse (reverse-complement) k-mer. It holds for many species, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, for ranges of k which may vary from 7 to 10 as chromosomal lengths vary from 2Mbp to 200 Mbp. Building on this formalism we introduce the concept of k-mer distances between chromosomes. We formulate two k-mer distance measures, D1 and D2, which depend on k. D1 takes into account all k-mers (for a single k) appearing on single strands of the two compared chromosomes, whereas D2 takes into account both strands of each chromosome. Both measures reflect dissimilarities in global chromosomal structures.ResultsAfter defining the various distance measures and summarizing their properties, we also define proximities that rely on the existence of synteny blocks between chromosomes of different bacterial strains. Comparing pairs of strains of bacteria, we find negative correlations between synteny proximities and k-mer distances, thus establishing the meaning of the latter as measures of evolutionary distances among bacterial strains. The synteny measures we use are appropriate for closely related bacterial strains, where considerable sections of chromosomes demonstrate high direct or reversed equality. These measures are not appropriate for comparing different bacteria or eukaryotes.K-mer structural distances can be defined for all species. Because of the arbitrariness of strand choices, we employ only the D2 measure when comparing chromosomes of different species. The results for comparisons of various eukaryotes display interesting behavior which is partially consistent with conventional understanding of evolutionary genomics. In particular, we define ratios of minimal k-mer distances (KDR) between unmasked and masked chromosomes of two species, which correlate with both short and long evolutionary scales.Conclusionsk-mer distances reflect dissimilarities among global chromosomal structures. They carry information which aggregates all mutations. As such they can complement traditional evolution studies , which mainly concentrate on coding regions.

Energy Investment, Burden Distance and Phenomenology of Place

Designers whose projects are inspired by a community’s unique sense of spatial identity often focus on a site’s observable context, i.e. historic forms and surface aesthetics. Focus on typological components, however, overlooks generative relationships between the phenomenology of place and human energy investment. Recognizing Kubler’s dictum that material history is an observable continuum then, at its most fundamental level, the history of spatial production is the history of energy use. For most of human history, place was a unique socio-cultural expression because it fused energy expenditure with site-specific conditions, including climate, topography and materials. This paper introduces the concept of burden distance, the distance needed to travel to material sources and bring them back from origin points to their place of use. This proposed concept parallels Walter Christaller’s Central Place Theory idea of “range,” but applied in terms phenomenological implications of energy investment and placemaking. Understanding burden distance and its role in placemaking, is an important step in identifying why built environments have a spatial specificity that contributes to mitigate spatial alienation and instead root people to their built environment.