Conceptual Differences Research Articles

DISCUSSIONS ABOUT TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY: ANALYZING CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES AND JUSTIFICATION STRATEGIES

The paper is devoted to the study of conceptual differences in the interpretation of the concept – «technological sovereignty». In recent years, many states have proclaimed the achievement of technological sovereignty as a strategic priority and one of the goals of long-term development. At the same time, in the scientific literature on this topic, in the presence of review publications and case studies, there is a lack of analysis of conceptual differences. In strategic documents, state concepts and public discourse, the articulation of the concept of «sovereignty» in the technological sphere varies from a variant close to autarky in meaning to a policy of maintaining a competitive environment and diversifying foreign suppliers of critical technologies. As a methodological basis for the study, we chose the concept of problematics developed within the framework of the French tradition of historical epistemology (J. Martin, L. Althusser, D. Lecourt). Its toolkit makes it possible to explicate the internal structure and interconnection of concepts within the framework of individual interpretations and the logic of justification strategies in public policy. On the example of the European Union, a new interpretation of sovereignty as an agency was demonstrated, in addition, its connection with the postulates of German ordoliberalism was investigated. The cases of Brazil and India represent two different models for justifying the policy of technological sovereignty in the context of understanding center-periphery relations in the global economy and postcolonialism.

The Natural Rate of Interest - An Exploration of Selective Conceptual Differences between Wicksell and Woodford with Policy Implications

The Natural Rate of Interest - An Exploration of Selective Conceptual Differences between Wicksell and Woodford with Policy Implications

A Comprehensive Survey on Face Quality Detection in a Video Frame

The correctness of the generated face data, which is impacted by a number of variables, significantly affects how well face analysis and recognition systems perform. By automatically analysing the face data quality in terms of its biometric value, it might be able to identify low-quality data and take the necessary action. With a focus on visible wavelength face image input, this study summarises the body of research on the evaluation of face picture quality. The use of DL-based methods is unquestionably expanding, and there are major conceptual differences between them and current approaches, such as the inclusion of quality assessment in face recognition models. In addition to image selection, which is the topic of this article, face picture quality assessment can be used in a wide range of application scenarios. The requirement for comparative algorithm assessments and the difficulty of creating Deep Learning (DL) techniques that are intelligible in addition to providing accurate utility estimates are just a few of the issues and topics that remain unanswered. For each frame, the suggested method is compared to traditional facial feature extraction, and for a collection of video frames, it is compared to well-known clustering algorithms.

Issues in Treating Determinologized Lexemes in the eSSKJ General Explanatory Dictionary of Slovenian

This paper presents the treatment of determinologized lexemes in the most recent growing monolingual general explanatory dictionary for Slovenian—Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika, 3. izdaja (Dictionary of the Slovenian Standard Language, 3rd Edition), or eSSKJ—while also drawing attention to conceptual differences in the understanding of the status of this vocabulary compared to previous editions of the dictionary (SSKJ and SSKJ2) and according to the treatment of terminology in the terminological dictionaries of the ZRC SAZU Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language. It focuses on specific lexicographic issues that arise due to determinologization when dealing with this relatively extensive and hybrid segment of vocabulary in eSSKJ, addressing it from two points of view. It draws attention to the issues that editors face due to lexicographic requirements. At the same time, it presents issues and reservations external terminology consultants have as experts in individual subject fields when reviewing dictionary entries for determinologized vocabulary. Due to the specific nature of the work, both types of issues sometimes overlap.

Reassertions of Class Consciousness and Tragic Vision in John Galsworthy’s Strife

John Galsworthy, a contemporary playwright of G. B. Shaw, established realism in drama in the early 20th century England. Through his plays, he exposed the socio-economic, socio-political, socio-cultural, and socio-legal problems in a realistic, sincere and impartial way, providing implied solutions to those problems as an objective observer of the contemporary English life. With objective impartiality, he exposed the wrong-headedness of some traditional beliefs and advocated social reform. The objective of the present paper is to expose the metaphors of tragic vision on account of class consciousness in John Galsworthy’s Strife followed by some implied solutions. The reasons of tragic vision are pride, lack of human insight, extreme and fanatical approach, rigidity, class consciousness, uncompromising stands, warring faction, obstinacy, and desire to win and dominate, etc. Through this play the playwright wishes to establish the notion that human beings should be ruled by logic and reason and his testimony lies in portraying the futility and stupidity of quarrelling over conceptual differences, which might have been settled by compromise or arbitration.

Comparative analysis of measurement accuracy characteristics

The parallel coexistence of the error theory and the concept of uncertainty in Ukraine for almost 30 years has brought about constant discussions and raised the issue of their analysis and comparison.
 The concept of uncertainty is the product of an international standardization process for the evaluation of measurement accuracy. The development of the concept was based on analysing and generalizing the documents on error evaluation, relevant in different countries, therefore many elements of both approaches coincide. Nevertheless, there are a number of mathematical, terminological, and conceptual differences that are considered in this paper.
 It should be noted that while the development of the error theory stopped at the end of the 90s of the last century, the concept of uncertainty has been successfully developing since then thanks to the activities of the JCGM and a number of other international organizations. Along with the GUM, a variant of implementing the model approach has been introduced based on the Monte Carlo method, an empirical approach has been developed, and the revision of the GUM has been initiated based on the Bayesian inference.
 Nevertheless, both concepts have internal contradictions and shortcomings, with which even their creators themselves agree.
 Therefore, the task of theoretical metrologists is to develop a unified theory for evaluating the accuracy of measurements, eliminating the shortcomings of both approaches.
 Quantitative differences of accuracy estimates in the theory of errors and the concept of uncertainty are considered, which are related to the ways of expressing and summing the components, as well as obtaining interval accuracy estimates.
 In view of the imperfection of normative documents on the error theory, as well as the widespread use of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard in Ukraine, it is advisable to reformulate the curricula for metrological specialities replacing the theory of errors with the concept of uncertainty.

Legal and political aspects of war reparations from Germany

This article presents the issue of war reparations from Germany in political and legal terms. The settlement of property claims resulting from war between states is a problem in which political factors always play the most important role in addition to legal issues. The article discusses the conceptual difference between indemnisation of war and war reparations, the legal basis of the war reparations demanded by Poland from Germany for the consequences of World War II in a broad political context, including the development of Polish-German relations after 1945. Great emphasis is placed on the arrangements of the Potsdam Conference and the legal analysis of the question of the legality of the Polish People's Republic's renunciation of war reparations from Germany in 1953. Finally, the article briefly presents the contemporary efforts of the Polish authorities to obtain war reparations from Germany.

The Sceptic, The Outsider, and Other Minds

The usual way with scepticism is to formulate a problem in connection with the external world and then apply this to other minds. Drawing on work by Stanley Cavell and Richard Moran, I argue that the sceptic misses an important difference in our concepts of mind and of body, and that this is reflected in the sceptic’s formulation of a problem regarding other minds. I suggest that an understanding of this important conceptual difference is also missing from the work of those who attempt to reply to (dismiss, or ignore) the sceptic. In this connection I discuss both inferential and perceptual accounts of our knowledge of other minds. I identify an error in these accounts that may be thought to arise from a lack of understanding of the important conceptual difference here, and then develop an understanding of this error that draws on the work of Edith Stein and Stanley Cavell.

A kormányzat által létrehozott nem kormányzati szervezetek típusai

My study describes the conceptual dividing lines and differences between one of the most important actors in civil society, the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government-organized non-governmental organizations (GONGOs). Furthermore, it classifies the different types of GONGOs (professional, diffuse, “democratizing”, “lobby”). Following the classification, it becomes clear that to various degrees, the different types of GONGOs are excellent tools in the hands of governments to reshape the structure of the civil society which articulates critical views of the government.

DO ADVERSE ADULT LIFE EVENTS MODERATE THE IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY ON COGNITION AFTER AGE 50?

Abstract Population-based studies of childhood adversity and adulthood trauma have shown varying prevalence and incidence rates due to differences in conceptualization and assessment of these events. Adverse childhood and adult events are prevalent in the general population and have deleterious effects on adult health over the life course. Exposure to adverse childhood events (ACEs) (i.e., household dysfunction) and adverse adult events (AAEs) (i.e., history of military combat or incarceration) can shape health behaviors, overall health, and disease trajectories. Despite the well-known lasting health effects of ACEs and AAEs, little is known about these events’ singular and cumulative effects on cognitive health in mid to late life. The objective of this study is to examine if AAEs moderate the relationship between ACEs and cognitive functioning. Data was utilized from the 2010–2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (N =3,320). Latent Growth Curve Modeling indicated that one or more ACEs were associated with a significant decrease in cognitive functioning (β=-0.19, p < .05). However, one or more AAEs were not significantly associated with a decrease in cognitive functioning (β=-0.19,p>.05). Finally, moderation analysis shows that AAEs do not significantly moderate the relationship between ACEs and cognitive functioning (β=-.32, p>.05). A better understanding of the timing and distribution of exposures to ACEs and AAEs can support targeting interventions and prevention screening measures. Inclusion of ACEs and AAEs in cognitive assessments could provide information about modifiable risk factors to reduce the potential negative impact of these stressors on cognitive aging trajectories in mid to late life.

The prototypical approach and the factors affecting the teaching and learning of prepositions

AbstractThis article is a critical review of the approach based on a polysemy network model applied to teaching prepositions. The analysis brings forth the inherent limitations of this model in explaining less prototypical senses and in leading second language learners to discover a contextualized interpretation of a preposition that may vary subtly from the meaning represented in the model; the model also fails to take conceptual differences between metonym and metaphor into account and assumes that these concepts would be familiar to ESL learners. As will be discussed, methodological modifications could yield more effective results. It is also suggested that a micro-level analysis of each individual sense is required to identify the learning outcomes of the intervention to ascertain that this approach is resourceful in teaching a range of senses in the polysemy network model.

Confinement-Driven Photophysics in Hydrazone-Based Hierarchical Materials.

Confinement-imposed photophysics was probed for novel stimuli-responsive hydrazone-based compounds demonstrating a conceptual difference in their behavior within 2D versus 3D porous matrices for the first time. The challenges associated with photoswitch isomerization arising from host interactions with photochromic compounds in 2D scaffolds could be overcome in 3D materials. Solution-like photoisomerization rate constants were realized for sterically demanding hydrazone derivatives in the solid state through their coordinative immobilization in 3D scaffolds. According to steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements and theoretical modeling, this approach provides access to hydrazone-based materials with fast photoisomerization kinetics in the solid state. Fast isomerization of integrated hydrazone derivatives allows for probing and tailoring resonance energy transfer (ET) processes as a function of excitation wavelength, providing a novel pathway for ET modulation.

Confinement‐Driven Photophysics in Hydrazone‐Based Hierarchical Materials

AbstractConfinement‐imposed photophysics was probed for novel stimuli‐responsive hydrazone‐based compounds demonstrating a conceptual difference in their behavior within 2D versus 3D porous matrices for the first time. The challenges associated with photoswitch isomerization arising from host interactions with photochromic compounds in 2D scaffolds could be overcome in 3D materials. Solution‐like photoisomerization rate constants were realized for sterically demanding hydrazone derivatives in the solid state through their coordinative immobilization in 3D scaffolds. According to steady‐state and time‐resolved photophysical measurements and theoretical modeling, this approach provides access to hydrazone‐based materials with fast photoisomerization kinetics in the solid state. Fast isomerization of integrated hydrazone derivatives allows for probing and tailoring resonance energy transfer (ET) processes as a function of excitation wavelength, providing a novel pathway for ET modulation.

Rendering Contemporary Hungarian Drama into Romanian. A Case Study on Tibor Zalán’s Katonák [Soldiers

Abstract The study focuses on the peculiar challenges raised by rendering one of Tibor Zalán’s plays into Romanian. We shall take into account the linguistic, aesthetic, and conceptual differences that might emerge in the Romanian translation as compared to its original. The theoretical part of the research is built upon the idea that translation implies “rewriting” (Lefevere 1992) under certain constraints. Being “refracted” texts, translations naturally include not only a change of the language but also a change of the socio-cultural context, a change of the ideology (i.e. the “world view”), and a change of the poetics of the original (Lefevere 1984: 192). Thus, the comparative analysis aims at the major changes operated by the Romanian translator while conveying certain culture-bound meanings.

The Literature of Absolute War: Transnationalism and World War II

The Literature of Absolute War: Transnationalism and World War II

Risk assessment of enteric viruses along the food chain and in the population.

Food-borne microbial illness contributes up to one third of global disease burden. The largest category of food-borne illness is gastroenteritis, the majority of which is caused by enteric viruses. Viruses like these are transmitted to food either by waste-contaminated waters, or by handling and transfer during processing. An important tool for reducing or controlling food-borne microbial risk is risk analysis. This framework has been adopted globally to manage risks associated with microbial contamination in food. Several hundred microbial risk assessments (MRAs) have been published by different national and international organisations, for different food-hazard combinations. The use of MRAs in controlling and understanding virus risk has, to date, been limited, compared with the efforts made on bacterial pathogens. Given the large disease burden that viruses are responsible for, this disparity should be addressed. The main reasons for the relative lack of risk assessments are the difficulty in detecting and monitoring viruses compared with bacteria. This means less data on prevalence, concentration and inactivation, and allows viruses to remain silent contributors to global disease. There are also key conceptual differences between virus risk assessment and bacterial risk assessment. This project aimed to assess the current state of the art for food-borne virus risk assessment, then to progress the field further by using the data available to produce risk rankings and risk assessments. This was done by a combination of literature reviewing and various risk assessment tools. The result was an assessment of the overall evidence base in the literature, a semi-quantitative ranking comparison between the viruses and foods of most concern, and a survey of inactivation methods, leading to a quantitative ranking of the effectiveness of each in reducing and managing food-borne virus risk.

Therianthropes in a Cartesian and an Animistic Cosmology: Beyond-the-Pale Monsters versus Being-in-the World Others

The nature of human-animal hybrid beings (or therianthropes) is examined in an Animistic (traditional San Bushman) and a Cartesian (Early Modern Western) cosmology. In each ontological ambiguity is imagined and conceptualized in different terms. One of them is through monstrosity, which, in the Western schema, is equated with human-animal hybridity. This equivalence threatens the boundaries and categories that buttress western cosmology, through a being – the human-animal hybrid – deemed a conceptual and epistemological abomination. It elicits a category crisis that is as much cerebral as it is visceral as the were-beings it conceives are feared and demonized. No such valences attach to therianthropes in the cosmology described in this paper. It is an “entangled” cosmology shot through with ambiguity and fluidity in which human-animal hybridity is neither abominable nor feared. Instead, as a pervasive and salient theme of San world view and lifeways, especially its expressive and ritual spheres, along with hunting, ontological mutability becomes an integral component of people’s thoughts and lives and thereby normalized and naturalized. Beings partaking of this state are deemed another species of being with whom humans engage as other-than-humans, on shared social terms. Monsters are beings who negate or transgress the moral foundation of the social order. San monstrosity, conceptually and phenomenologically, becomes thereby a matter of deviation from social (moral) pre/proscriptions rather than from classificatory (ontological) ones. This basic conceptual difference notwithstanding, we also find a fundamental commonality: the inversion, through monsters and monstrosity, of each cosmology’s underlying epistemic matrices, of structure and ambiguity, respectively.

Conceptual features of the green economy and the perspective of consumers in the Republic of Moldova

The adoption of the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication as one of the two themes for Rio+20 focused international attention and provided the catalyst for new partnerships, consultations and collaborative research that led to the publication of a significant volume of literature. Although interest in the Green Economy has grown steadily and many definitions have been proposed for this concept, a consensual and concrete definition is still missing, the concept remains controversial due to theoretical vagueness and conceptual ambiguities. Thus, the paper aims to make a synthesis of the existing definitions, to analyze the conceptual differences and to present the importance of the green economy in the context of sustainable development. Also, the paper aims to highlight the main initiatives at the European level for the promotion of the green economy, as well as to analyze the national context regarding the implementation and promotion of the green economy in the Republic of Moldova. The methodology is based on methods of analysis and synthesis, interpretation and relevant comparisons. The results of the research highlight the fact that although Moldova has undertaken various actions to promote the green economy, their implementation remains very limited. The paper also presents some relevant results of the study carried out by the author among consumers regarding their perception of sustainability and ecological products, which helps to better understand the context and conditions for the promotion and development of the green economy, from the perspective of consumers.

Differences in self- and managerial-ratings on generic performance dimensions

Orientation: The 360-degree performance assessments are frequently deployed. However, scores by different performance reviewers might erroneously be aggregated, without a clear understanding of the biases that are inherent to different rating sources.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are conceptual and mean score differences between self- and managerial-ratings on performance dimensions.Motivation for the study: Combining self- and managerial-ratings may lead to incorrect decisions about the development, promotion, and/or remuneration of employees. Understanding the effects of rating sources may aid thoughtful decisions about the applications of self- versus managerial-ratings in low- and high-stakes decisions.Research approach/design and method: A cross-sectional design was implemented by asking 448 managers to evaluate their subordinates’ performance, and 435 employees to evaluate their own performance. The quantitative data were analysed by means of multi-group factor analyses and robust t-tests.Main findings: There was a satisfactory degree of structural equivalence between self- and managerial-ratings. Practically meaningful differences emerged when the means of self- and managerial-ratings were compared.Practical/managerial implications: It might be meaningful to uncouple self- and managerial-ratings, when providing performance feedback. Managerial ratings might be a more conservative estimate, which could be used for high-stakes decisions, such as remuneration or promotion.Contribution/value-add: This study is the first to investigate the effect of rating sources on a generic model of performance in South Africa. It provides valuable evidence regarding when different rating sources should be used in predictive studies, performance feedback, or high-stakes talent decisions.

Conceptual Similarities and Empirical Differences in Theoretical Approaches to Personal Values and Cultural Values Predicting Pro-Environmental Behavior in Hospitality and Tourism

This conceptual paper is about the relationship between cultural value orientations and personal value systems in relation to predicting pro-environmental behavior in hospitality and tourism via a comprehensive literature review undertaken in the social sciences field. Based on the conceptual aspects of this topic, this paper demonstrates awareness of the wider literature and focuses on tourism and hospitality as special kinds of consumer products and behaviors, with consideration of the differences in approaches to the subject of personal values demonstrated by hospitality and tourism scholars. Based on the comprehensive literature review of research on personal values and cultural values, this study proposes conceptual differences and provides some recommendations for using cultural value orientations and personal value systems in the prediction of pro-environmental behavior in the hospitality and tourism study.