Combination Of Concepts Research Articles

Fostering meta-moral cognitive skills among pre-service teachers using creative problem-solving processes

Acknowledging strengths and weaknesses of an ethical judgment, called meta-moral cognitive skills, enables pre-service teachers to make better decisions. Engaging in critical thinking with creative problem-solving can critically evaluate ethical decision-making processes by analysing their different stages. Thus, this study investigated whether creative problem-solving can foster meta-moral cognitive skills. The researchers analysed solutions for a vignette based on real-life experience involving an ethical issue by 51 pre-service teachers using creative problem-solving processes: problem definition, information gathering, concept selection, conceptual combination and reorganization, idea generation, idea evaluation, solution monitoring, and implementation planning. A qualitative analysis of the responses showed that creative problem-solving supported pre-service teachers in identifying the rationale and criticisms of their ethical judgments and limitations in their proposed solutions. The implication is that it is crucial for prospective teachers to undergo training in creative problem-solving of various ethical dilemmas as part of their curriculum.

Spinodally reinforced W-Cr fusion armour

Here, we introduce a discontinuous spinodal reinforcement strategy in the novel candidate plasma facing material (PFM) of tungsten-chromium alloys. Thermal ageing of a W-34wt%Cr alloy at 1250 °C causes nano-scale lamellae 200–600 nm to form heterogeneously from grain boundaries, which progressively grow into the matrix fully, then coarsen to 1–2 µm after 100 h. The dual-phase microstructure confers exceptional high temperature compressive strength, maintaining 900 MPa at 1000 °C - double that of polycrystalline tungsten. Further, the chromium alloying promotes a dense oxide scale that confers a 2 orders of magnitude improvement in resistance against oxidation at 1000 °C compared to W, which is an important consideration for PFMs under loss of vacuum accident conditions. The dual-phase W-Cr alloy concept's combination of high strength and oxidation resistance represents a new scalable alternative to tungsten, with wide scope for further alloying and process optimisation.

Hero's Legacy: Martial Strength and Race in Republican Chile

This article examines the Roto Chileno war memorial in downtown Santiago as a complex site of Chilean identity making in the republican era. Conflating two separate nineteenth-century military victories over the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru, the memorial was a physical manifestation of an intricate process of identity construction that celebrated the mestizo heritage of average citizen-soldiers while also emphasizing the idea that Chileans were racially superior compared to other South American nations. The memorial being dedicated specifically to the roto, a mutable racialized term that can be perceived as pejorative even in the present, is therefore an especially evocative example of how this conceptual combination was visually rendered to access elements of white identity. Using fine art media coverage, this article highlights the entangled relationship between memory, nationalism, and race in late nineteenth-century Latin America to consider the role that militarism and masculinity play in the construction of whiteness.

Analyzing the Non-compositionality of Conceptual Combinations

Objectives: This research is first of its kind to investigate the application of quantum mechanics and related mathematical models to cognitive science, specifically focusing on the challenge of modeling how the human mind assigns meaning to combinations of words. The primary objective is to classify whether given word combinations are compositional or non-compositional. Methods: The author introduces the "WWW method," which leverages the World Wide Web (WWW) as an experimental tool in place of human subjects, which makes this method cheaper and handy in comparison to the earlier methods which used human subjects for spoken and sign language studies and robots as non-human subjects. The "WWW method" involves checking the adherence to Bell inequalities and marginal selectivity. The term "meaning bound" is introduced to quantify the extent to which two words influence each other's meaning within a combination. This concept proves instrumental in devising a method for assessing compositionality using the WWW method. Findings: When the WWW serves as the information space, the verification of whether a word combination adheres to Bell inequalities entails determining if the meaning bound for the word combination (AB & C) exceeds that of its constituent parts (A & C, B & C) within the conceptual combination AB. Marginal selectivity is evaluated by establishing a vector model for grammatically framed word combinations, utilizing the WWW to collect data. If the word combination 'A then B' yields an equivalent number of hits as 'B then A,' it signifies that the word combination AB satisfies marginal selectivity. Novelty: Consequently, this research presents an accessible approach to identifying entangled pairs of word combinations using the WWW method, eliminating the need for human subject experiments. The earlier studies which include human subjects are costly and cannot be replicated anytime-anywhere, for obvious reasons. Keywords: Quantum cognition, Marginal selectivity, Compositionality, WWW method, CHSH inequality

Advancing with age: Older adults excel in comprehension of novel metaphors.

Older adults may experience certain forms of cognitive decline, but some forms of semantic memory remain intact in older age. To address how metaphor comprehension changes with age and whether metaphor comprehension relies more heavily on analogical reasoning (supported by fluid intelligence) or on conceptual combination (supported by crystalized intelligence), we compared performance of younger and older adults. In two experiments, healthy older adults (54-88 years) scored lower on a measure of fluid intelligence (Ravens Progressive Matrices) but higher on a measure of crystalized intelligence (Mill Hill Vocabulary Test) relative to younger adults (18-34 years). Groups were equally successful in comprehending relatively easy metaphors (Study 1), but older adults showed a striking advantage over younger adults for novel literary metaphors (Study 2). Mixed-effects modeling showed that measures of fluid and crystalized intelligence each made separable contributions to metaphor comprehension for both groups, but older adults relied more on crystalized intelligence than did younger adults. These age-related dissociations clarify cognitive effects of aging and highlight the importance of crystalized intelligence for metaphor comprehension in both younger and older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Chiastic thinking: A cognitive process closely related to Janusian thinking

This article aims to explore a way of thinking based on chiastic structure (X-shaped structure), chiastic thinking. Characterized by its juxtaposition of opposite structure, chiastic thinking has an intriguing connection to Janusian thinking. This is because Janusian thinking is deemed a creative process wherein two opposite concepts or images are conceived simultaneously. At the beginning of the article, conceptual combination and Janusian thinking are presented, along with empirical research data to support the effectiveness of Janusian thinking. The paper then shifts to a discussion of chiastic thinking, which occupies a unique place in human culture and civilization but does not receive due attention. In the last part of this article, the examples of chiastic thinking in literature, science, and art are provided. Across diverse disciplines, the combination of opposites manifests in various ways, often adopting different technical terms that give rise to different theories. These terms and theories may share fundamental commonalities but differ in certain aspects. The main purpose of this review article is to examine the close relation between Chiastic and Janusian thinking. Hopefully, this review article can rekindle the academic interest in these two thinking processes and give them new meaning.

Analog and Mixed-signal Integrated Circuits of 5Gand 6G Data Communication

The complex analog and mixed-signal transceivers where overall system performance is often limited by the weakest performing subsystem. While analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits have significantly advanced, the future of 5G and 6G transceiver design could be accelerated by including artificial intelligence. In this combination, analog integrated circuit design and operation would harness machine learning to identify, characterize, and act upon variations and anomalies in system performance. Focusing on 5G and 6G, this paper investigates solutions for a unified intelligent integrated transceiver: a conceptual combination of a traditional analog subsystem, a supporting digital subsystem that enables artificial intelligence, and dedicated feedback circuitry or sensors that monitor performance, efficiency, or reliability. Active and passive components and propagation channels are reviewed based on their merits of introducing intelligence. Holistically and for broader applicability, the paper conceptualizes and coins the notion of an ‘‘intelligent integrated system (IIS)’’, which brings forward a novel unified vision and approach toward context-aware subsystems that dynamically interact with ambient and varying operating conditions. To demonstrate viability, the paper concatenates a select set of measurement results.

Development of Potent Mcl-1 Inhibitors: Structural Investigations on Macrocycles Originating from a DNA-Encoded Chemical Library Screen.

Evasion of apoptosis is critical for the development and growth of tumors. The pro-survival protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, associated with tumor aggressiveness, poor survival, and drug resistance. Development of Mcl-1 inhibitors implies blocking of protein-protein interactions, generally requiring a lengthy optimization process of large, complex molecules. Herein, we describe the use of DNA-encoded chemical library synthesis and screening to directly generate complex, yet conformationally privileged macrocyclic hits that serve as Mcl-1 inhibitors. By applying a conceptual combination of conformational analysis and structure-based design in combination with a robust synthetic platform allowing rapid analoging, we optimized in vitro potency of a lead series into the low nanomolar regime. Additionally, we demonstrate fine-tuning of the physicochemical properties of the macrocyclic compounds, resulting in the identification of lead candidates 57/59 with a balanced profile, which are suitable for future development toward therapeutic use.

A Systematic Literature Review to Develop a Conceptual Model to Assess Farmers' Sustainable Agriculture Potential for Organic Use in Rice Cultivation in Sri Lanka

The researcher found a timely need to assess Sri Lankan Rice Farmers' Sustainable Agriculture (SA) potential, their readiness to adopt more organic-centric farming, and the institutional help they receive for such adoption. Since no straightforward assessment method has been found in the literature, this paper describes how the researcher developed a conceptual framework and suggests indicators to explain the constructs for such an assessment. The conceptual model and indicators are drawn through a systematic literature review. The systematic literature review helped to find a set of credible and relevant articles for the study and provided a structured way of extracting usable findings for this study. Resilience theory (RT) properties are the foundation selected to develop the conceptual framework combined with the Rural Livelihood Assessment Framework (RLAF). The previous research findings of SA studies show that capital assets described in RLAF, Human, Social, Financial, Physical, and Natural, would adequately explain farmers' SA potentials. The suggestions from RT on ecosystem resilience can describe the farmer's predictive behaviours in this transitioning ecosystem. The researcher believes this conceptual combination is adequate to explore the unknowns mentioned in the study's objective. Also, the literature provides insights to develop an indicator framework which will guide the development of a research instrument explaining the latent constructs of the model in future research.

Flexibility in conceptual combinations: A neural network model of gradable adjective modification.

Our ability to combine simple constituents into more complex conceptual combinations is a fundamental aspect of cognition. Gradable adjectives (e.g., 'tall' and 'light') are a critical example of this process, as their meanings vary depending on the noun with which they are combined. For example, a dark diamond is less dark than dark charcoal. Here, we investigate how a neural network encodes the flexible nature of gradable adjectives in adjective-noun pairs, using the perceptual feature of brightness as a test case. We trained a neural network to predict human brightness ratings for unmodified nouns and adjective-noun pairs and assessed its ability to generalize to untrained combinations (e.g., 'light paint' vs. 'dark paint'). We also explored how this information is encoded. We found that flexible learning of gradable adjectives was possible, with neural networks first making predictions based on the adjective alone, and then modulating these with information from the noun later in learning. We also found that model outputs mimicked the kind of non-additive feature modulation present in human data. Our results have implications for understanding how semantic composition occurs and generate testable predictions for future work.

Category intersections as conceptual combinations: Combining male categories of age and sexual orientation.

We reconcile interactive and additive models of category intersection by recasting these theoretical efforts within the conceptual combination framework. In three studies (Ntot = 364), we showed that, in line with an interactive approach, combining 'elderly men' with 'gay men' generated an atypical subtype with unique attributes that could not be reduced to the sum of the attributes of the constituent categories (Studies 1-3). Moreover, consistent with the additive models, combining 'heterosexual men' with age categories (i.e. young/elderly men, Study 1) made their age typicality particularly salient, and 'young men' with sexual orientation categories (i.e. gay/heterosexual men, Study 2) emphasized their sexual orientation typicality. Also, participants not only appraised 'gay men' and 'young gay men' in part as redundant categories, but they also judged 'elderly men' and 'elderly heterosexual men' to be largely overlapping. These findings take advantage of a multi-method assessment, spanning from measures of perceived typicality to the analysis of attributes freely generated in reaction to the target categories. Our results inform cognitive models of multiple category combinations and shed light on the cognitive 'invisibility' of elderly gay men and its social implications.

О КВАНТОВО-ПОДОБНОМ ПОДХОДЕ В ПОНИМАНИИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПОЗНАНИЯ И ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ (ОБЗОР ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

The article presents a review of foreign scientific literature on the quantum-like approach to understanding the modeling of cognition and decision-making processes. It is shown that the current application of quantum physics approaches to consciousness, psychological approaches such as perception, cognition, emotions, consciousness and learning, involves the search for a single objective mathematical model of what underlies the experience of the brain. The use of quantum physics algorithms can help in understanding the mechanisms of brain malfunctions and memory impairments that are found in pathologies such as dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, etc. Quantum physics approaches are applicable to issues of modeling cognition and decision-making processes, as well as in cognitive research, information processing by the human brain, artificial intelligence development, psychology, social and political sciences. Application of the abstract mathematical principles of quantum theory can help in understanding human consciousness and behavior. Quantum probability theory is applied to modeling human behavior due to the prevalence of uncertainty in human interaction with the world. Quantum cognitive models are especially useful in research in such areas as errors in decision making, order effects of questions, conceptual combinations, accumulation of evidence, perception, etc. Of particular interest to researchers are issues of quantum-like modeling of cognition and decision-making processes, the apparatus of quantum information and probability theory, useful for such modeling, as well as the use of such apparatus in cognitive research, the development of artificial intelligence, psychology, social and political sciences.

Political Theology of Contingency: Reading Materialists with Carl Schmitt

Political theology is one of the most problematic spheres in modern political theory. The clash of positions between supporters of individual interpretations of this discipline, on the one hand, is a serious problem, however, in this sense, the absence of strict definitions opens an opportunity for the most unusual forms of interaction between politics and religion. Even in the case when religion acts exclusively as an analogy of any other worldview position. The study relies on a comparative historical analysis of various definitions of political theology; the method of philosophical deconstruction is used for a general description of the possible combination of the principles of political theology and materialism. This research considers the possibilities of a conceptual combination of the principles of political theology and materialistic philosophy, the foundations of which in both cases are the concept of the specific angle, which at the worldview level can acquire a characteristic of God as a political founder.

Literary Translation Style - Linguocultural Phenomenon (According to Ivane Machabeli’s translation of the tragedy “Hamlet” by Shakespeare)

This article deals with the essence of the artistic translation as creation and translation style as Linguoultural Phenomenon. The problem refers to the issue how the artistic translation as phenomenon should be seen wholly, that implies its  researching creatively and  lingvo-culturally. According to the methodological approach  translation style should be studied interdisciplinary. So, it is the most essential to combine successively interdisciplinary methodology to the linguistic approach of the artistic translation (this is the approach that  is implied by linguocultural paradigm).  The methodology of the mentioned research implies the conceptual combination of such disciplines as, on the one hand, Literature Studies and on the other hand Linguistics – (because original text as well as translated text are at the same time the subject matter of Literature-Studies and Linguistics). But, according to the fact that artistic translation is studied as creation in this article, the methodology of our research means the disciplines such as Esthetics and Linguistic Theory of Translation, in particular the conception of translation transformation.

The Importance of Separating Appropriateness into Impact and Feasibility for the Psychology of Creativity

ABSTRACT Scientific progress on creativity research depends on having properly operationalized measures. In psychological research on creativity, it is common to operationalize creativity as the combination of novelty and appropriateness. However, the operationalization of appropriateness varies widely across researchers, studies, and domains (e.g. technical goodness, significance, elegance, usefulness, and feasibility). We argue that a core distinction between impact (how useful an idea is for solving the problem) and feasibility (how easy it is to realize the idea) underlies the variation. We further claim that this distinction is both possible to capture reliably in practice and psychologically significant. To test these claims, 318 ideas from 5 real-world social innovation problems (e.g. improving accessibility in elections) were rated for novelty, impact, and feasibility by a set of six experts selected for each of the 5 challenges. We find that all three constructs can be measured reliably and are statistically separable. Further, we show that distinguishing impact and feasibility reveals theoretically meaningful patterns of relationships with key psychological processes of creativity – analogy and conceptual combination – that would be difficult if impact and feasibility were conflated. These results demonstrate the theoretical importance of separating appropriateness into impact and feasibility for the psychology of creativity.

Three unique concept explorations in sketching based on conceptual combinations in associative extension and schematic structure

Sketching is a creative thinking process that can compound ideas to explore novel concepts. Generating novel concepts through sketches involves interpreting a combination of certain elements of the sketch image. As such, combining specific elements of the drawn sketches is of particular interest. In order to analyze the sketching process, this study investigated concept generation by explicitly replacing the attributes of sketches with noun-noun combinations. In this process, corresponding associative extensions and a schematic structure allows for the exploration of unique sketching concepts through property-based, relation-based, and hybrid-based combinations. In doing so, novel concepts can be generated by interpreting the attributes of sketches in unique ways.

Conceptual combination during novel and existing compound word reading in context: A self-paced reading study.

According to the relation-interpretation-competition-evaluation (RICE) hypothesis, compound word processing involves selecting a relational meaning (e.g., moonlight is 'light from moon') from a larger set of competing possible relational meanings. Prior lexical decision experiments with existing compound words have demonstrated that greater entropy of conceptual relations, i.e., greater competition between conceptual relations, impedes lexical processing speed. The present study addresses two unresolved issues: First, it is unclear whether the competition effect generalizes to the processing of novel compounds (e.g., grassladder), and second, it is not yet known whether competition between possible relational meanings extends to compounds when they are read in a sentence context. A series of self-paced reading tasks examined whether the competition effect operates regardless of (i) compound type (existing vs. novel), and (ii) whether sentence context (semantically supportive vs. semantically non-supportive) moderates the competition effect. The experiments confirmed that reading times of novel and existing compounds read in sentences were impacted by entropy of conceptual relations. Moreover, the effect was equally strong in both sentence context types. Additional analyses indicated that relational meanings are more ambiguous and flexible across different contexts for novel compounds compared to existing compounds.

Constructing complex social categories under uncertainty

Conceptual combination is the act of building complex concepts from simpler ones. Although research has examined how inferences about compound objects (e.g., fuzzy chair) are produced from their constituent concepts, little is known about the combinatorial processes that produce inferences about compound social categories (e.g., Irish musician). Using a computational approach, we investigated the relationship between ratings of 25 nationality-occupation combinations and ratings of their constituent concepts along the attribute dimensions of warmth and competence. We found that people incorporate uncertainty into their perceptions of compound social categories. Further, people are more likely to use a linear combination strategy when they are more certain about the attributes of the constituents and less familiar with the combination. Conversely, when social combinations are more familiar, their judged attributes deviate further from the predictions of a combinatorial model and are shared across participants, suggesting that stereotype-based knowledge plays a central role in the representation of complex social groups. Twenty-five non-human animal combinations (e.g., circus snake) serve as a comparison and were rated on size and ferocity. We found evidence that familiarity has different effects on the strategies used to combine person concepts and animal concepts, pointing to the possible existence of both common and distinct mechanisms for constructing social and non-social categories.

Conceptual development in face-to-face interaction: creating knowledge in a co-creation workshop

In this study, conceptual development and interactive practices related to it in face-to-face discussions of a working community to find out, how new knowledge on an issue important for the working community is created in organizational settings. Ethnographic approach is used to examine the process of knowledge creation. Videotaped face-to-face discussions are analysed in a detail to analyse the conceptual development and interactive practices related to it. Face-to-face discussions are analysed in the light of conversation analysis and the relevance of the discussions in the longer knowledge creation process is analysed by using ethnographic knowledge of the work in the community. The results indicate, that the new conceptual combinations, extensions and reframings were used frequently especially to build bridges between people coming from different backgrounds. In addition, their use allowed the participants to develop ideas concerning new technological solutions. Examining dialogues is essential in understanding knowledge processes in organizations. However, it is concluded, that longer phases of discussions and other knowledge processes in organizations should be included in the analysis, to be able to understand the relevance of the face-to-face discussions.

Multi-Objective Load Balancing in Cloud Computing: A Meta-Heuristic Approach

Workload balancing in cloud computing continues to be a significant topic, notably within the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) paradigm. Site or web service being overcrowded or underloaded impairs the waiting times or culminates in a system malfunction, and it is indeed an issue that need not happen with cloud storage. To overcome such issues, a suitable access schedule should be devised, allowing the organization to spread work and overall resources available, a process known as load balancing. As a response, a unique multi-objective load balancing framework is presented in this research for optimum load balancing in the cloud. The suggested multi-objective load balancing paradigm considers power usage, bandwidth consumption, migration costs, memory usage, and load balancing parameters (Response time, Turnaround time, Server load). A novel hybrid optimization technique-Mouse Customized Golden Eagle Optimization (MCGEO) model is developed for optimal load balancing, which is conceptual combination of traditional Golden Eagle Optimizer (GEO) and Cat and Mouse-Based Optimizer (CMBO). Therefore, the newly developed hybrid optimization model improves convergence and addresses the optimization problems in load balancing. The proposed MCGEO achieved a throughput value of ∼281.6255, at 150 tasks for the cloud environment-2 this proves the superiority of the proposed approach.