Conceptual Categories Research Articles

Dementia Care Decisions, Caregiving Situations, and Formal Service Use in Korean Immigrant Families: A Qualitative Application of a Sociocultural Model

Given the significant role of culture and place in dementia caregiving, we conducted a qualitative study with Korean American family caregivers of persons with dementia. Guided by the sociocultural model of dementia caregivers’ service use, we explored the categories of care decisions, caregiving situations, and formal service use within the context of culture and place. Data from in-depth interviews with 16 Korean American dementia caregivers living in the greater Los Angeles area were analyzed using the constant comparison method. Across the three conceptual categories, we derived eight themes: (1) personal motivation; (2) family context; (3) attitude toward formal care; (4) strains; (5) rewards; (6) language and geographic region; (7) knowledge and awareness; and (8) social support and cultural stigma. Our findings demonstrate not only varied experiences in care decisions, caregiving situations, and formal service use but also their interconnectedness. Supporting the influential role of culture and place in dementia caregiving, the findings include positive and negative elements within each domain and provide implications for programs and services to respond to identified needs and barriers.

Determinants of Dementia-Preventive Behaviors: A Scoping Review Based on the PRECEDE Model

As dementia is becoming a great challenge worldwide, modifying its risk factors is a primary preventive approach. However, there is a scarcity of integrated efforts to determine dementia-specific factors that influence preventive behaviors, particularly when considering a theoretical framework. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to map the evidence on factors affecting dementia-preventive behaviors based on the PRECEDE framework. Five electronic databases—PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL—were searched for articles published until May 2022, and only peer-reviewed studies were included to gather robust evidence. During the initial search, 37,331 articles were retrieved. Of these, 22 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the evidence synthesis. The scoping review identified 28 specific determinants within the six conceptual categories of the PRECEDE framework, thereby highlighting the multi-dimensional nature of factors influencing dementia-preventive behaviors. Future studies should consider multilevel and multi-dimensional personalized strategies to promote dementia-preventive behavior.

Politics of Secularisation, Religious Conversion, and “Saving” the (Hindu) Daughter under Hindutva: Re-reading the Hadiya Court Case

This article charts the different modalities of political transgression that marked an act of religious conversion and inter-faith marriage performed by a Muslim female subject in contemporary India, and the subsequent misreading of this transgression; a misreading made possible by liberal political thought’s delineations of the conceptual category of “interest”. Existing legal, political, academic, and popular discourses have read the prominent 2016 event of the conversion of a Hindu woman named Akhila into Islam, as either the “false consciousness” of a “vulnerable” individual whose self-interests were unintelligible to herself, or, as an unambiguous case of a “mature” woman in a “modernising” Kerala “choosing” to opt for an inter-faith marriage and to convert; a liberal idiom of choice that thereby needs to be safeguarded via Constitutional provisions. The article, even while acknowledging the political need to adhere to the latter reading/constitution of the female (Islamic) subject’s sovereign desire to convert, shows some of the limitations of both these ideologically antithetical positions. It argues that the desire of Hadiya (Akhila’s new name after converting to Islam) to convert remains unreadable by both the right-wing Indian judiciary, backed up by Hindutva forces, as well as the “left-liberal” feminist intelligentsia that sought to support her autonomy. In fact, both these ideologically opposed stances often legitimised each other. By examining the legal debates that took place in the Indian courts, the article shows how construing Hadiya’s act of conversion solely through the legal-juridical prisms of “religious freedom” and “choice”, pegged to the concept of self-interest, is vigorously insufficient.

Framing Facets of Social Participation: Older Adults' Experiences of "Social Online Meetings".

Changing demographics with an increased proportion of older adults indicate the need to develop new health-promoting interventions where the potential of digitization is considered. The aim was to explore and create an understanding of how social online meetings are experienced by older adults. Interviews with older adults generated data that were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. The participants were interviewed after participating in a digital health promotion group initiative provided in a municipality context. A core conceptual category and three subcategories reflected an intertwined process of discovering facets of social participation where internal reflections on personal values and needs were nurtured by an external driven process of becoming part of a group in an online context. Occupational therapists and other health and social care professionals need to consider the various facets of social participation when supporting older adults active and healthy aging.

Comparative didactics: Toward a generic model for analyzing content-specific dimensions of teaching quality

Since the 2000s, the Joint Action framework in Didactics (JAD) has been developed in the context of the expansion of the French-speaking research in Comparative didactics. Studies carried out with this framework typically investigate how knowledge content develop in teacher-student classroom interactions. From a quite different perspective, classroom research on teaching quality has also developed considerably in recent years. Despite the many efforts to better understand relations between generic versus subject-specific dimensions of teaching, this dichotomy remains strong in the debates on teaching quality. This contribution explores a comparative model for characterizing the quality of teaching practices from the conceptual categories of the Joint Action framework in Didactics (JAD-MTQ). Based on the comparison of teaching and learning practices in two school subjects—physics and contemporary dance—this paper pursues a twofold objective: (1) proposing a provisional set of generic criteria for capturing content-specific dimensions of teaching quality; and (2) highlighting certain methodological conditions for ensuring qualitative analyses of these dimensions of teaching quality.

Managerial and Organizational Implications Arising from the Implementation of Blockchain Technology in Supply Chains: An AS-IS and To-Be Analysis

Purpose: The main objective of this research is to highlight the managerial and organizational implications for businesses resulting from the implementation of blockchain logic and technologies. The functionalities of blockchain technologies are compared with the traditional approach to supply chain management to emphasize the impact they can have on managing intra-supply chain relationships and the organizational structure of companies involved in supply channels. Design/methodology/approach: To conduct this study, a conceptual study was carried out, starting from an analysis of the main characteristics of blockchain technologies, to build an AS-IS scenario compared with the TO-BE scenario resulting from the implementation of these technologies within supply chains. To conduct this study, conceptual categories of the viable system approach and process management perspective were utilized. The conceptual analysis was performed using a matrix representation, which correlates material, informational, and financial flows with the dimensions of traceability, transparency, and efficiency, before and after the implementation of blockchains in managing supply chain transactions. Findings: The study highlighted how the principles underlying blockchain can lead to overcoming the traditional indispensable search for trust among supply chain operators. Therefore, through these results, it is possible to hypothesize an improvement in the resilience conditions of companies operating in block–supply chains. Originality/value: This study contributes to investigating the relationship between blockchain and operational consonance among operators in managing interorganizational processes to improve conditions of efficiency, traceability, and transparency, which are functional in the resilience of companies involved in the supply chain compared to the changing dynamics of the context. Research implications: Trustless logic in the implementation of blockchain technologies leads to the configuration of a new concept of trust, connected to the entire supply chain system, as a result of the improvement in the security, visibility, and efficiency conditions of transactions. The increased visibility and transparency developed in block–supply chains prompt all actors involved in the supply chains to rethink information management, given the reduction in informational asymmetries and, thus, the optimization of transaction costs.

The Spirit of the Pluriverse: Africana Spirit-Based Epistemologies and Interepistemic Thinking

Abstract In this article, I argue that interepistemic thinking is characteristic of Africana spirit-based epistemologies and that such thinking is essential to the construction of the pluriverse. I demonstrate that the spiritual basis of many Africana epistemologies facilitates interepistemic thinking and the making of a more equitable, functional, and healthy “modernity.” This is despite narratives of modernity, such as that of Max Weber, that are embedded in a secular-rationalist ideology, which tend to mark spirituality as an invalid means of accessing, representing, or (re)producing truth, marking it as “primitive,” destined to disappear, and as incompatible with the so-called modern world. For this reason, decoloniality as it applies to an analysis of Africana spirit-based epistemologies must demonstrate the limited, Eurocentric nature of the secular-rationalist paradigm. I support these arguments through an analysis of the role of interepistemic thinking in the spirit-based epistemologies apparent in what are commonly referred to as African diasporic religions. In doing so, I will also offer a critical perspective on the application of religion as a conceptual category to the realities of the peoples of the African diaspora, following important recent scholarship in the study of religion. I will begin with a review of the nature of the pluriverse and a brief description of Nelson Maldonado-Torres’s (2008) critique of secularism, followed by an analysis of interepistemic thinking as it can be observed within Africana spirit-based epistemologies, and conclude with an explanation of how this may inform a critical reconsideration of the epistemic bases that undergird the modern/colonial world system.

Messaging About HIV Transmission Risk When Viral Load Is Undetectable: Reactions and Perceived Accuracy Among US Sexual Minority Men.

Scientific evidence indicates that HIV viral suppression to an undetectable level eliminates sexual transmission risk ("Undetectable=Untransmittable" or "U=U"). However, U=U messaging has been met with skepticism among sexual minority men (SMM) and others. In this survey-based experiment, we manipulated messaging about HIV risk and examined reactions and perceived message accuracy among US SMM. SMM living with HIV (n = 106) and HIV-negative/status-unknown SMM (n = 351) participated in an online survey (2019-2020). Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 messaging conditions, which varied by level of HIV sexual transmission risk associated with an undetectable viral load (No Risk [U=U]/Low Risk/Control). Participants reported reactions, message accuracy, and reasons for perceiving inaccuracy. We coded open-response data (reactions and reasons) into conceptual categories (eg, "Enthusiasm"). We compared reactions, accuracy ratings, and reasons by condition and serostatus. In the No Risk Condition, common reactions were Enthusiasm (40.0%), Skepticism/Disagreement (20.0%), and Agreement (19.4%), reactions common to comparison conditions. A higher percentage of HIV-negative/status-unknown participants (24.1%) expressed Skepticism/Disagreement in the No Risk Condition compared with other conditions (3.2%-9.7%). Participants living with HIV were more likely than HIV-negative/status-unknown participants to perceive the message as accurate in all conditions. In the No Risk Condition, common reasons for perceiving inaccuracy were Risk Misstated (46.1%), Oversimplified/Caveats Needed (17.1%), and Personal Unfamiliarity/Uncertainty (14.5%), reasons common to comparison conditions. Across conditions, 10.3% of participants attributed message inaccuracy to undetectable being misdefined. Most SMM reacted favorably to U=U messaging. However, many-especially HIV-negative/status-unknown SMM-expressed skepticism. Interventions are needed to enhance U=U understanding and acceptance.

Come cambia il lavoro organizzato nell’epoca della digitalizzazione. Una lettura eliasiana

This paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between managerial control and organizational autonomy of employees, by highlighting the general directions in which this relationship has developed over time since the post-Fordist turn of half a century ago. These changes are accelerated and made more evident by the processes that go by the names of automation (1980s-1990s), informatization (mid-1990s-early 2000s), and digitization/Fourth Industrial Revolution. To this end, primary research data will not be analyzed here; instead, a rather diverse literature will be reviewed, both theoretical and empirical, addressing key themes for interpreting the changing situations of organized labor. The interpretative framework is primarily constituted by some conceptual categories borrowed from Norbert Elias’ processual sociology, summarized in the following points: a) the processual conception of social reality; b) power relations; c) the process of civilization; d) the relationship between I-identity and We-identity in contemporary society. Digitalization in organized work accentuates a most general trend, already clearly observable in the past but especially from the post-Fordist turn, towards forms of managerial control based more on employees self-control and assessment of outcomes than direct supervision of the work processes.

Determination and assessment of the best interest of children: drawing lessons from stakeholders and the need for interdisciplinary education; the case of Cyprus

ABSTRACT Protecting vulnerable children is always a challenging and difficult task. Many of the challenges stem from the nature of the difficulties that children come across in their life and especially from the duration of time they have been exposed to. Atat the same time, problems arise due to lack of working protocols amongst agencies, lack of common understanding amongst professionals on how they determine and assess children best interest. Therefore, this cross-section study, commissioned by the Ombudsman of Children Rights in Cyprus, collected data through individual interviews and focus groups that were analysed using the content analysis method. Content analysis is performed by identifying specific conceptual categories, as they emerge from the literature review and the analysis and conceptual connection of interview data. The study aims were to gain knowledge on how involved stakeholdersagencies (governmental and non-governmental) a) understand the determination and assessment of a child within their working environment b) what are the procedures currently in action, in order to guarantee children’s best interest (BIC) and finally c) the level of children’s involvement in the decision-making process. Results of the study indicated lack of coordinated interdisciplinary synergies, lack of common understanding amongst professionals on how to ensure children’s best interest (BIC) and need for setting up a common framework both in practice and teachingeducational level in order to secure children’s best interest. Therefore, this study highlighted the need for curricula update that will promote and enhance interdisciplinary practices in child care. Focus is mainly given on how social work education can adopt this study results.

Utilizing large language models (LLMs) to pre-label candidate concepts from in conceptual development landscape reviews in oncology.

e23198 Background: Labeling and identifying concepts from qualitative studies and patient interviews in oncology can be challenging and time consuming, often requiring several iterations. Large language models (LLMs) may be tailored to serve as a ‘co-pilot’, thus reducing errors and time to completion. We therefore aimed to examine whether utilizing LLMs to pre-label concepts (i.e., how patient’s feel or function) from medical oncology literature text can be done at comparable accuracy as human. To examine whether such LLM pre-labelling can dramatically reduce the time required for manual labor in conceptual development landscape reviews in oncology. Methods: We developed GPT-4 (OpenAI) prompts to pre-label concepts reported in abstracts of qualitative study references. We further developed GPT-4 prompts to categorize each pre-labeled concept into one of the following relevant high-level category: clinician reported symptoms, cognitive impacts, symptoms due to treatment, symptoms due to diagnosis, emotional impacts, impact on caregiver, other impacts, physical appearance, physical function, and social impacts. The prompts were extended to also capture diagnosis, treatments, patient reported outcomes, as well as generic terms or irrelevant terms that would otherwise erroneously be captured under the concept category in the early iterations of the prompt-engineering. The prompts were tested on 48, 37, and 38 (total of 123) eligible references from three conceptual development reviews covering colorectal cancer (CRC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively. Results: The LLM pre-labelled a total of 153, 131, and 159 candidate concepts across the CRC, NSCLC, and AML reviews, respectively. In all three reviews, clinical reported symptoms, emotional impacts, and social impacts all accounted for 18-25% each of the pre-labelled concepts, whereas physical function and social impact accounted for 5-9% each. A total of 2 (1.3%), 3 (2.3%) and 4 (2.5%) pre-labels were predicted to belong to the wrong high-level category. Incorrectly categorized labels were dispersed across most categories and should have been categorized as ‘other impacts’. In the NSCLC review, one pre-label categorized as impact on caregiver and two as other impacts were erroneously extracted concepts. Conclusions: LLMs are effective at capturing and pre-labelling concepts for further review, evident by the high number of concept labels extracted. Further high-level categorization with LLMs to guide manual reviewers also appears highly accurate.

The Great Disciple Mahākassapa and his Parinibbāna

The 80 great disciples (asīti mahāsāvakas) are a conceptual category found in Pali commentarial literature dating from the 5th to the 10th century. Various forms of evidence, including archeology, epigraphy, and iconography, demonstrate the enduring popularity of these characters within mainland Southeast Asian Buddhist traditions. This popularity spans from the end of the 1st millennium to the present. The focus of this work lies in the Pali texts, which have been largely overlooked in comparison to the well-preserved accounts in vernacular languages. The study partially aims to address this gap by presenting a critical edition and new translation of a Pali text centered around the parinibbāna (final demise) of one of the most esteemed disciples, Mahākassapa.

The Use of Text Messaging as an Adjunct to Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Youth: Secondary Analysis.

As an established treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is now implemented and assessed in internet-based formats that, when combined with smartphone apps, enable secure text messaging. As an adjunct to such internet-based CBT (ICBT) approaches, text messaging has been associated with increased adherence and therapeutic alliance. This study analyzed data from the intervention arm of a randomized control trial evaluating 24-week ICBT for MDD (intervention arm) against standard-care psychiatry (waitlist control). The aim of this secondary analysis was to assess MDD symptom improvement in relation to the frequency and content of text messages sent by ICBT participants to Navigator-Coaches during randomized control trial participation. Higher text frequency in general and in 3 conceptual categories (appreciating alliance, alliance building disclosures, and agreement confirmation) was hypothesized to predict larger MDD symptom improvement. Participants were young adults (18-30 years) from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. The frequencies of categorized texts from 20 ICBT completers were analyzed with respect to MDD symptom improvement using linear regression models. Texts were coded by 2 independent coders and categorized using content analysis. MDD symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Participants sent an average of 136 text messages. Analyses indicated that BDI-II improvement was negatively associated with text messaging frequency in general (β=-0.029, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.048) and in each of the 3 categories: appreciating alliance (β=-0.096, 95% CI -0.80 to 0.61), alliance building disclosures (β=-0.098, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.084), and agreement confirmation (β=-0.076, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.25). Altogether, the effect of text messaging on BDI-II improvement was uniformly negative across statistical models. More text messaging appeared associated with less MDD symptom improvement. The hypothesized positive associations between conceptually categorized text messages and MDD symptom improvement were not supported in this study. Instead, more text messaging appeared to indicate less treatment benefit. Future studies with larger samples are needed to discern the optimal use of text messaging in ICBT approaches using adjunctive modes of communication. Clinical Trials.gov NCT03406052; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03406052.

Transition to intelligent accounting and reporting concepts. Formation of an intellectual valuation concept

Previously, in one of our publications, we proposed categories of digital concepts for accounting, reporting, analysis and auditing and justified their content. The rapid development of technology that has taken place since that time allowed us to assume that today it is already possible to talk about intellectual concepts in the above areas, including the intellectual concept of valuation in accounting and reporting. These questions are explored in this article. When conducting research, methods such as analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systematic approach were used. As a result of the research carried out in this work, proposals were made regarding the formation of an intellectual concept for valuation of accounting objects and reporting elements, as well as intellectual concepts of accounting and reporting in general. The results obtained in this article will be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the development of modern accounting and reporting, including valuation, which can be used in the educational process of higher educational institutions, as well as in the practical work of accounting departments of modern organizations.

High school students’ preconceptions about the concept of climate change considered from the perspective of visual representation

Preconceptions are an essential foundation for students, serving as a basis for more effective learning. In the context of climate change concepts, many students harbor misconceptions. One method to uncover students’ preconceptions is through the use of visual representations. Visual representations can elucidate students’ understanding of abstract and complex concepts. This study aims to examine and analyze the extent of high school students’ comprehension of climate change. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with a population and sample comprising 63 tenth-grade science students from a high school in Indonesia. Data collection techniques included observation and interviews, with semi-structured interviews being utilized in this study. The results reveal that students have varied understandings of the concept of climate change, with many exhibiting misconceptions. The study identifies three categories of climate change concepts: (1) correct concepts of climate change, representing 37%; (2) climate change concepts based on objects, as depicted in the visualizations provided by the respondents; and (3) incorrect concepts of climate change, representing 63%. Based on empirical evidence, the students’ preconceptions of climate change are predominantly at the macroscopic level.

The island, the prison, and the colony: Sardinian carceral and colonial geographies

AbstractAcross research on incarceration and insularity, recent trajectories have challenged conventional understandings of islands and prisons as isolated, autonomous units. Instead, they have directed attention toward their capacity to establish relations, circuits and routes. Beyond the focus on mobility and exchanges, this literature criticised the association between insularity, incarceration and confinement as the outcome of specific colonial epistemologies. This article builds on these literatures to investigate the case of Sardinia, a large Mediterranean island that plays a key role in the Italian carceral regime by providing a destination for thousands of Italian convicts. Despite being an Italian and European region, Sardinia's past and present exhibit distinct colonial qualities, which are visible in the structure of its carceral estate. The case study exemplifies how islands can hardly be interpreted as isolated units, given that their histories and geographies have implications that extend far beyond their coasts. In the case of Sardinia, the island combines modern penitentiaries with dynamics reminiscent of previous periods in the history of punishment, specifically penal colonies and convict transportation. This case study illustrates the benefits of an interdisciplinary approach that is willing to question the conceptual categories adopted, particularly those of island, prison and colony.

Becoming and Being a Midwife: A Theoretical Analysis of Why Midwives Leave the Profession

Since the introduction of the Ontario Midwifery Education Program in 1993, the attrition rate of midwives early (< six years) in their careers has been on the rise. The study aimed to develop an understanding of the reasons why graduate midwives leave the profession. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with nine former midwives, all graduates of the Ontario Midwifery Education Program. Interview transcripts were analyzed inductively, using the principles of grounded theory to identify conceptual categories, category properties and recurring themes. Key findings were validated by verification with participants. Three key categories emerged: 1) Becoming, 2) Being, and 3) Loss of Self. The implications of the findings of this study are useful to target areas which require more attention in order to reduce the loss of midwives in the province.

Participatory design of a virtual reality life review therapy system for palliative care

We present a novel Virtual Reality (VR) life review therapy system. Life review therapy is an intervention used by clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers for patients under palliative care to systematically examine various life experiences to resolve conflicts and complete life tasks. The goal of the therapy is to narrativize the patient’s life before death in order to come to terms with their mortality. Our VR life review therapy system allows therapists to perform their interventions in customized virtual spaces designed to encourage the patient to reflect and reminisce about their life experiences. Our system is also developed in response to mobility restrictions and COVID-19 pandemic-related quarantine measures that have separated patients under palliative care from family and friends, resulting in emotional and psychological distress. As VR systems related to health are increasingly being used by therapists in their interventions, it is of utmost importance that the health professionals who will be the end users of these systems are involved in the design process to create ethical healthcare technologies. In response, we initiated the participatory design and evaluation of our VR life review therapy system prototype with six clinical psychologists who have practical experience delivering life review therapy to patients in palliative care in the Hong Kong hospital system. In the study, each participant experienced the VR life review therapy system and evaluated its strengths and weaknesses through semi-structured interviews. The qualitative data gathered from these interviews was coded according to nine different categories; avatars, content design, evaluation, haptic sensations, interaction, gesturing and gaze direction, movement and navigation, non-verbal communication, soundtrack. These conceptual categories were chosen based on our analysis of common themes reported by the clinical psychologists’ experience of the system. Feedback from clinical psychologists on each of these categories was incorporated into the redesign and update of the final system. Overall, participants generally evaluated the system as feasible and effective for use with patients under palliative care, while movement and interaction were the features requiring the most improvement.

Definition and Key Attributes of Impact Investments as an Object of Management

Since the introduction of the term “impact investments” into active use in 2007, the debate about their content and distinctive characteristics in comparison with other classes of investments remain open. To date, there are many different, and in some cases incompatible, points of view in interpreting their definition. This complicates the effective management of impact investments and hinders the pace of industry scaling. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and systematize theoretical and practical approaches to defining the concept of impact investments, as well as to identify their inherent demarcation features that determine the management features and peculiarities. The research methodology includes the analysis of publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals, comparison of the content of reports and reports of international organizations and institutions, as well as quantitative and qualitative content analysis of media materials relevant to this topic. The results obtained indicate the validity of accepting impact investments as an independent conceptual category and the expediency of their allocation and separation into an independent class of investments; their key attributes are established; the principles and features of the management approach applied to them are revealed. The paper has practical significance for actors and participants of the investment sphere as well as researchers and practitioners interested in innovative approaches to investing in social and environmental well-being.

An Overview of Privacy-Enhancing Technologies in Biometric Recognition

Privacy-enhancing technologies are technologies that implement fundamental data protection principles. With respect to biometric recognition, different types of privacy-enhancing technologies have been introduced for protecting stored biometric data which are generally classified as sensitive. In this regard, various taxonomies and conceptual categorizations have been proposed and standardisation activities have been carried out. However, these efforts have mainly been devoted to certain sub-categories of privacy-enhancing technologies and therefore lack generalization. This work provides an overview of concepts of privacy-enhancing technologies for biometric recognition in a unified framework. Key properties and differences between existing concepts are highlighted in detail at each processing step. Fundamental characteristics and limitations of existing technologies are discussed and related to data protection techniques and principles. Moreover, scenarios and methods for the assessment of privacy-enhancing technologies for biometric recognition are presented. This paper is meant as a point of entry to the field of data protection for biometric recognition applications and is directed towards experienced researchers as well as non-experts.