Conceptual Aggregation Research Articles

The Act Singularity in the Scope of Conceptual Aggregation in Turkish Criminal Law

The Act Singularity in the Scope of Conceptual Aggregation in Turkish Criminal Law

The Rise of Health

The emergence of key concepts in Reinhart Koselleck’s sense has been much discussed in conceptual history, but mainly for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The article documents a post–World War II emergence of the concept of health, from relative anonymity to becoming a key concept, comparable to concepts such as politics, democracy, and culture. While previous research has emphasized conceptual mobility, this article focuses on conceptual aggregation, where the concept of health assembles and assimilates meanings, becoming essential to discourse. This is explained with reference to the development of the welfare state and the political use of a positive, expanded health concept. The article utilizes a collocation analysis of Norwegian digitized newspapers 1950–2010, culled from the uniquely extensive database of the Norwegian National Library.

Bin Yang on the Global History of Cowries

Abstract Bin Yang correctly states that cowrie shells (250 species) and cowrie monies (two species mostly) deserve far more attention in global histories than they have received. He provides the most comprehensive view of the global history of cowries and cowrie monies to date. Multiple shell monies proliferated worldwide, but they did not concentrate within China (except Yunnan) nor within Europe. Why did specific cowries accumulate only in certain specific geographical locations? Yang establishes a general answer: cultural preferences for holding specific objects, including specific monies, determined where the shells were concentrated. He offers global evidence that, I argue, contradicts mainstream economic theory, which is based upon conceptual aggregation of diverse monies into amorphous stocks of (national or regional) money (singular). Yang demonstrates repeatedly that distinct market locations and distinct market prices existed for specific cowrie and other shell monies (plural) throughout global history. His evidence starkly demonstrates inadequacies of mainstream monetary theory (although he does not say as much). The relentless evidence of the existence of monetary disaggregation, evidence highlighted throughout Yang’s volume, demonstrates an urgent need for alternative monetary theories that portray prices and stocks of individual monies in conformity with empirical evidence provided by archival historians.

What facilitates Bayesian reasoning? A crucial test of ecological rationality versus nested sets hypotheses.

Different theoretical views about Bayesian reasoning (ecological rationality and nested sets views) both claim support from results showing that natural sampling, whole numbers, and pictorial representations help with reasoning performance, although they differ in explaining how those results occur. Three studies (total N = 653) use minimally different numerical presentation formats-varying the singular or plural tense of the context story topic-and presence or absence of an additional icon array picture, to better understand the mechanisms driving these reasoning performance results. Plural wording, indicating a conceptual aggregation (i.e., frequencies) rather than just numerical whole numbers, consistently boosted performance. Icon arrays, in contrast, were helpful only when alongside single-tense information. These results fit more consistently with an ecological rationality view which has long argued that the mind is adapted to work best with frequentist information.

THE VIEW TO COLLISION OF NORMS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW

Topicality and issue of a subject-matter Collision of norms in criminal law is incompleteness of legal provisions concerning collision of norms in Criminal law, despite the fact that such legal provisions have been developed in legal doctrine and recognized in case law. Goal of an article is to summarize and show these legal provisions in order to help readers and law enforcers to discern between multiplicity and aggregation of criminal offences, and collision of norms of the Criminal law.In essence – collision of norms of Special part of Criminal law differs from multiplicity (especially a conceptual aggregation) of criminal offences with a count of criminal offences and bodies of the crime (corpus delicti) corresponding to such offences. In a case of multiplicity two or more separate (unitary) criminal offences correspond to two or more bodies of the crime (corpus delicti) which are set out in Criminal law. Collision of norms of Special part of Criminal law occurs where two or more bodies of the crime (corpus delicti) corresponds to one, separate (unitary) criminal offence.In collision between general and special norm of a Special part of Criminal law, special norm (provision) must be applied.In collision between partial (narrower) and complete (broader) norm of Special part of Criminal law, broader norm (provision) must be applied. If such partial (narrower) norm sets out more severe punishment than a complete (broader) norm, both norms must be applied in accordance with rules of conceptual aggregation.In collision between aggravating and mitigating norms (provisions) mitigating norm must be applied, that is – a norm with a lesser punishment.In collision between mitigating norms (provisions), more mitigating norm must be applied.In collision between aggravating norms, more aggravating norm must be applied, that is – a norm wish sets out more severe punishment.Collision of norms (provisions) in administrative violations law is also decided in accordance the same rules of legal norm collision resolution, despite the fact that Latvian Administrative violations code does not contain relevant legal provisions.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF SEPARATE (UNITARY) CRIMINAL OFFENCES

The article analyses the aspects of the understanding of separate (unitary) criminal offense. Under Section 23 of the Criminal Law, separate (unitary) criminal offenses can be subdivided into simple and complex unitary criminal offenses. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of complex criminal offenses, such as constituent criminal offenses, continuous and continuing criminal offences. The criteria for the delimitation of complex offenses from conceptual aggregation and factual aggregation of criminal offenses are also considered.

CONCEPTUAL AGGREGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES SEPARATION FROM COLLISION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW NORMS

The topic of the paper is the conceptual aggregation of criminal offences separation from collision of the Criminal Law norms. The conceptual aggregation of criminal offences is the most difficult type of all multiplicity types of criminal offences. This research paper provides an overview of the conceptual aggregation of criminal offences separation from collision of the Criminal Law norms. In the paper is given analyses of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences separation from collision of the Criminal Law norms. At the end of research paper is given conclusion and the proposal to separate the conceptual aggregation of criminal offences from collision of the Criminal Law norms.

Problems of Classifying an Aggregation of Criminal Offences

This article analyses an aggregation of criminal offences as one of types of multiplicity of criminal offences and the problems of its qualification. The issue is topical from both theoretical and practical point of view, since the process of applying legal norms is often associated with difficulties in determining whether a separate (unitary) criminal offence has been committed, or a multiplicity of criminal offences is to be established; errors are made in distinguishing a factual aggregation of criminal offences from the legal institute, such as collision of legal norms. By emphasising different elements of the said legal institutes, recommendations correspondent to practice needs, which are based on the legal framework, conclusions of the theory of criminal law and of case-law, as well as analysis of practice are offered. Particular attention is paid to compound criminal offences, the structure of which includes serious consequences, reference to the application of violence or inflicted bodily injuries, and in the process of qualification of which one has to encounter the formation of a conceptual aggregation, which is related to serious problems in practice. Likewise, the authors establish that the legislator, in designing the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Law, has failed to observe all the conditions of development thereof. Thus, a conceptual aggregation of criminal offences, which, in our opinion, should be an exception in cases of compound criminal offences, becomes a regularity authorised by the legislator. Likewise, the article provides a reasoned opinion on the qualification solution in the event if one criminal offence is a way (tool, method) by which another criminal offence is committed, as well as on the formation of an aggregation of criminal offence stipulated by CL Sections 177 and 178 implemented in practice, thus violating provisions of collision of general and special norms included in CL Section 26 Paragraph five.

ROLE OF GUILT FORM IN QUALIFICATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES CONCEPTUAL AGGREGATION

The topic of the paper is the influence of fault on the qualification of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences. The concept of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences in Criminal Law of Latvia has been more misleading then introduces clarity. The conceptual aggregation of criminal offences is the most difficult type of all multiplicity types of criminal offences. This research paper provides an overview of the influence of fault on the qualification of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences. At the beginning of research paper is given an overview of the concept of fault and an overview of the concept of conceptual aggregation of criminal offenses. After that is given analyses of separate conceptual aggregation qualification cases, assessing the influence of fault on the qualification of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences. At the end of research paper is given conclusions regarding the influence of fault on the qualification of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences.

SEPARATION OF THE COMPETITION OF CRIMINAL LAW NORMS AND THE CONCEPTUAL AGGREGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES

The article analyses two independent Criminal law institutes – competition of criminal law norms and conceptual aggregation of criminal offences, which mutually excludes each other in the same offence and has their own legal validity in qualification of the offence. In case of competition, the offence should be qualified according to one of the competing standards, but conceptual aggregation of criminal offences – according to two or more norms of the criminal law.

Network topology and mean infection times

A fundamental concept of social network analysis is centrality. Many analyses represent the network topology in terms of concept transmission/variation, e.g., influence, social structure, community or other aggregations. Even when the temporal nature of the network is considered, analysis is conducted at discrete points along a continuous temporal scale. Unfortunately, well-studied metrics of centrality do not take varying probabilities into account. The assumption that social and other networks that may be physically stationary, e.g., hard wired, are conceptually static in terms of information diffusion or conceptual aggregation (communities, etc.) can lead to incorrect conclusions. Our findings illustrate, both mathematically and experimentally, that if the notion of network topology is not stationary or fixed in terms of the concept, e.g., groups, belonging, community or other aggregations, centrality should be viewed probabilistically. We show through some surprising examples that study of transmission behavior based solely on a graph’s topological and degree properties is lacking when it comes to modeling network propagation or conceptual (vs. physical) structure.

DETERMINATION OF PUNISHMENT FOR AGGREGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES

The purpose of the article is to identify the problems related with signs of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences, find the problems and offer possible solutions. The actuality of article – signs of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences people understand different, because they have different views about the origins of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences. The author concludes that some of the signs of conceptual aggregation of criminal offences are general, mislead and does not comply with conceptual aggregation of criminal offences.

FROG - Fingerprinting Genomic Variation Ontology.

Genetic variations play a crucial role in differential phenotypic outcomes. Given the complexity in establishing this correlation and the enormous data available today, it is imperative to design machine-readable, efficient methods to store, label, search and analyze this data. A semantic approach, FROG: “FingeRprinting Ontology of Genomic variations” is implemented to label variation data, based on its location, function and interactions. FROG has six levels to describe the variation annotation, namely, chromosome, DNA, RNA, protein, variations and interactions. Each level is a conceptual aggregation of logically connected attributes each of which comprises of various properties for the variant. For example, in chromosome level, one of the attributes is location of variation and which has two properties, allosomes or autosomes. Another attribute is variation kind which has four properties, namely, indel, deletion, insertion, substitution. Likewise, there are 48 attributes and 278 properties to capture the variation annotation across six levels. Each property is then assigned a bit score which in turn leads to generation of a binary fingerprint based on the combination of these properties (mostly taken from existing variation ontologies). FROG is a novel and unique method designed for the purpose of labeling the entire variation data generated till date for efficient storage, search and analysis. A web-based platform is designed as a test case for users to navigate sample datasets and generate fingerprints. The platform is available at http://ab-openlab.csir.res.in/frog.

Improving the business impact of foresight

Achieving an impact on business decision-makers with foresight does not appear to be an easy task. Therefore, the Macro Trends team at Deutsche Bank Research has formulated some criteria to guide foresight projects. They should aim to produce plausibility, provide convenience and inspiration as well as an appropriate time perspective with regard to the content of foresight results. In addition, a structured way of producing and delivering foresight, a seamless inclusion in organisational procedures, a high level of interaction with decision-makers, ideational entrepreneurship, innovation regarding communication with business people, and persistence and synchronisation with the business organisation are the key criteria for achieving a higher impact from foresight projects. To live up to these criteria, the Macro Trends team has developed a ‘trend map’ which provides a conceptual aggregation of trends – to provide orientation for decision-makers and stakeholders.

Economic Interpretations of Intergenerational Correlations

Since accurate prediction ultimately determines the usefulness of theory, our paper gives the reader a taste of some predictions derived from economic theory and some empirical successes and failures. We provide only a taste, because there are a great many economic models relevant to intergenerational correlations— such as models of educational attainment, neighborhood effects in schooling, family formation and fertility choice, occupational choice and discrimination—and quite a variety of predictions that might be derived from these models. However, a simple model of investment and intergenerational decision making can be interpreted as a conceptual aggregation of many more detailed economic models. We present such a model and from it derive one class of predictions that has received substantial attention in the empirical literature—the role of endowments and credit markets in determining intergenerational correlations.

Developing indicators for environmental policy: data-driven and theory-driven approaches examined by example

This paper investigates the issues involved with environmental indicator development for policy by looking at three recent examples from data and theory-driven approaches. The “Environmental Sustainability Index 2001” report from World Economic Forum, YCELP and CIESIN is taken as an example of the data-driven approach, whereby data availability is the central criterion for indicator development and data is provided for all selected indicators. The other two examples are theory-driven, whereby, the focus is on selecting the best possible indicators from a theoretical point of view and data availability is considered only one of the aspects involved. These examples are the Heinz Center’s1999 report on the “State of the Nation’s Ecosystems” and the US National Research Council (NRC) report on “Ecological Indicators for the Nation”. The reports and approaches are discussed and compared in order to determine their strengths and weaknesses. From this lessons are drawn for future environmental indicator work as a basis for policymaking. In the conclusions four important issues are addressed: (1) data availability; (2) ecosystem specificity of indicators; (3) spatial and conceptual aggregation of indicators and (4) baseline or reference values for indicators. For each of these issues recommendations are made.

FMS scheduling and control: Learning to achieve multiple goals

Abstract This paper describes FMS-GDCA, a loosely coupled system using a machine learning paradigm known as goal-directed conceptual aggregation (GDCA) and simulation to address the problem of Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) scheduling for a given configuration and management goals. The main advantage of FMS-GDCA is that it provides a manufacturing manager with an extremely flexible and goal-seeking control mechanism that allows for a continuous improvement in decision outcomes. The manager can choose a goal or a combination of goals or a combination of goals or can prioritize the partial goals by assigning weights. Given the goals, FMS-GDCA attempts to achieve them to the best of its ability. If it cannot meet the goals due to its lack of knowledge, it will acquire the relevant knowledge from data and solve the problem. The results indicate that FMS-GDCA can consistently produce improved overall performance over the traditional scheduling techniques.

Growth and Fluctuations of Fiji's Exports, 1875-1978

At a 1975 conference devoted to the development problems of small island economies, a paper addressed to the familiar theme of export dependence and economic instability came to the general conclusion that small countries are highly sensitive to external disturbances.' One of the commentators on the paper disputed both the conclusion and what he held to be an implicit assumption that the external shock waves breaking over island economies are of greater magnitude than those affecting large economies.2 On the basis of a cross-sectional analysis of 44 less developed countries, Erb and Schiavo-Campo had indeed concluded that at least in 1954-66, a relatively large less developed country had a much greater chance of being characterized by relatively low instability of merchandise exports than had a relatively small less developed country.3 They had also cautioned, however, against generalizing any finding on export instability, including their own findings, to the whole of development experience. In the early debate on export instability and economic development, many statements of the instability thesis went so far as to imply that less developed countries invariably have highly unstable export earnings, and that they all suffer significantly from such instability. In its needed efforts to counteract this untenable proposition, the instability antithesis all too often fostered, purposely or inadvertently, the impression that export instability is never an important obstacle to the economic progress of poor countries. The more recent literature has abandoned the impossible level of geographic and conceptual aggregation of the earlier debate in two important ways. First, the export instability propositions have begun