Philosophical Concepts Research Articles

Reflection of the phenomenon of altruism in the interdisciplinary context of social work

ABSTRACT This theoretical study provides a multidisciplinary perspective on the phenomenon of altruism with the aim of reflecting on its significance in the social work profession. Considering its origins in religious traditions, the authors point to its significance within Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Subsequently, the importance of altruism within philosophical concepts, developmental psychology and, last but not least, personality psychology is presented. As social work adopts insights from other disciplines, the authors do not neglect to emphasize altruistic concepts in the context of maintaining professional ethics related to professional boundaries in the social worker-client relationship. The aim is also to highlight the reflection of altruism in an interdisciplinary context that can contribute to the strengthening of the relationship between social workers and clients, which can contribute to good social work practice.

Education and Culture in the Universality of Fundamental Rights

Objective: Carry out reflection on the importance of quality education and culture in an inclusive way in the broasdest role to promote citizenship. Theoretical Framework: Teaching and learning in human rights education to create citizens aware of their roles in transforming society, is the great challenge of the 21 st century. Educating is giving people dignity and conditions for discerning existing realities and democratically transforming them for the common good. Respect for diversity and plurality of ideas build a more just and humane society. Method: The methodology used to develop this work was documentary and bibliographic, to consolidate the theme. Philosophical and legal concepts were used in the development. Results and Discussion: The Brazilian Constitution promulgated in 1988 guaranteed citizenship based on the individual-family-society tripod. Respect for the culture of each society with its singularities and education bring with it the essence that liberates the individual from prejudices. Education and culture promote respect and possibilities for all individuals to achieve economic, social and political satisfaction. Research Implications: Create reflections on the role of education and culture as agents that promote the transformation of the individual into a full citizen; knowledgeable about their rights and duties in a contemporary society that is increasingly unequal and thirsty for social justice. Originality/Value: This study evokes reflection on the role of man as a subject of law and owner of his will; with rights and duties towards society. The bonds of prejudice will be undone to make a society more fair with opportunities and fraternal (regardless of color, sex, sexual preference, ethnicity).

Enhancing Educational Administration Based on Taoist Thought of Higher Vocational Colleges in Hebei Province

This study will start from the current background of government policies and administration of higher vocational education development in Hebei Province and thoroughly investigate the main problems affecting the reform and development of vocational education in Hebei Province. By introducing Taoist thought, it effectively improves the many deficiencies in educational administration of Hebei Vocational and Technical Colleges, which is not only conducive to improving the internal administration level and service quality of the colleges, but also conducive to creating a more harmonious and efficient learning environment for teachers and students. The ultimate goal is to achieve a new educational administration model that meets the requirements of the times and philosophical concepts and lay a solid foundation for cultivating first-class talents.

Being as the Unity of Substance and Accident in the Metaphysics of the Peripatetic

Representatives of “Falsafa” rationalistically interpreted the ontological and logical-epistemological nature of the categories. They tried to highlight the most general concepts about the world and ways of knowing it. Objective reality appears to Peripatetic thinkers, primarily as the unity of substance and accident. Therefore, the categorical table of the Eastern Peripatetics was built according to a certain system and, to a certain extent, corresponds to the principle of substantial connection of categories. The basis of the substrate of categorical statements is substance. Separate categories such as quality, quantity, relation, place, time, action, possession and others concretize from various sides and reveal its content and essence. Representatives of medieval Arabian philosophy on the basis of the teachings of ancient philosophers proposed number of philosophical concepts in their treatises. The separate categories put forward by Peripatetics as time, space, place, quality, quantity are revealed in their essential characteristics.

Exploring the experiences of children's palliative care for forced migrant families in the United Kingdom: an interpretative phenomenological study.

This study focused on understanding the experiences of forced migrant families and the health care professionals who care for them within palliative care. Palliative care for children requires an active, holistic approach to care, with a focus upon improving quality of life. Forced migrant families encounter a range of additional challenges including the loss of family, belongings, and all sources of familiarity and support. The difficulties of navigating complex bureaucratic systems can confound access and communication difficulties. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methodology was used in this study to privilege participant perspectives and apply an active in-depth cyclical process of reflection and reflexivity. Advisory group members provided expertise in childhood illness, palliative care and forced migration, throughout the study. The Silences Framework offered novel theoretical and philosophical concepts, which helped to situate and prioritise the "silences" within the marginalised discourses of forced migration and palliative care. Seven family members and seven health care professional participants were interviewed from hospital, hospice and community palliative care settings in the UK. Four overarching themes were identified related to experiences of loss and grief, communication, faith and coping strategies and alienation and discrimination. Compassionate, empathetic, family-centred care which valued family belief systems and coping strategies, optimised care. Learning with and from families was described by all participants, which enhanced understanding and fostered mutual respect. However, barriers included poor access to services and resources, protocol-led care, limited time with families, communication barriers and staff burnout. The findings suggest the need for a specific educational pathway for palliative care professionals to include spiritual care provision, cultural humility, and moral reasoning. Interdisciplinary education including the use of lived-experience expert insights is also advocated. Sufficient time to build relationships, the importance of interpreter support and the need for better access to hospice care for forced migrant families is also recommended.

The Concept of Legal Egalitarianism in Heterogeneous and Culturally Homogeneous Societies

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concepts of legal egalitarianism and formal equality both in European legal orders and in legal orders of non-European cultural code in historical retrospect and modern times. The author traces the origin, emergence and development of the concept of formal equality and the accompanying philosophical and legal egalitarian doctrine that has gained dominant positions in the legal orders of European and other countries of the world after the French Revolution of 1789. The author examined historical material and scientific positions of various scientists — sociology, cultural science, social anthropology, political science, history and legal theory. The author reflects on the possibility and effectiveness of the uncontested existence and application of egalitarian legal doctrine in the context of complex heterogeneous multicultural societies. At the same time, the author questions the views on the essence of formal equality as a philosophical and legal concept and principle of law that exist in modern theoretical and legal studies.

Transforming Ethics in the Digital Era: A Philosophical Review of the Ethics of Multicultural Societies

The digital era has changed the way society conveys and receives information, which has implications for how society understands and responds to ethical issues in multicultural societies. The ethical dynamics in a multicultural society reflect the complexity and diversity of moral values that emerge from the encounter of various cultures. In this context, each cultural group brings a unique set of ethical norms and principles, which can differ significantly from one another. These differences can influence various aspects of social life, from how to communicate, to business decisions, to daily practices. Philosophical concepts about ethics can be applied to understand and overcome ethical challenges in the digital era, including 1). Deontology, deontology requires society to consider whether society's actions, such as sharing information or using other people's personal data, can be made into general rules that apply to everyone without harming individual rights, 2). Utilitarianism, a utilitarian approach will consider how this decision affects the welfare of the majority of users, 3). Existentialism, an existentialist approach can be used to assess the extent to which digital technology, such as social media and artificial intelligence, strengthens or reduces individual freedom, and 4). Pragmatism, this concept can be applied in developing privacy policies or online content regulations, a pragmatic approach will focus on what really works in protecting users and encouraging positivity.

Philosophical Concepts of Administrative Leadership in China: A Comparative Analysis of Four Leadership Philosophies Across Time

Philosophical Concepts of Administrative Leadership in China: A Comparative Analysis of Four Leadership Philosophies Across Time

Chinese Landscape Painting and Daoist Thought in the Tang Dynasty - Wang Wei’s Landscape Paintings

With the growing interest in the influence of Taoist thought in Chinese art, this study examines the profound influence of Taoist thought on Wang Wei‘s (699-759) landscape paintings and its importance in the development of Chinese art. The emphasis of the research focuses on Wang Wei‘s artistic contributions as a founding father of landscape painting, especially his use of Taoist philosophies in his works. Using literature analysis, the study examines Wang Wei‘s innovations in techniques such as Zhi Hei Shou Bai and Liu Bai which reflect the Taoist concepts of simplicity, non-interference, and the harmonious balance between form and space. The findings suggest that Wang Wei‘s success in translating complex Daoist concepts into visual representations significantly influenced the aesthetics of his time and laid the foundation for the standards of literati painting in later generations. Furthermore, the findings emphasize that Wang Wei‘s artistic achievements not only had a significant impact on later artists but also contributed to the spread of Taoist philosophy in Chinese culture. The relationship between Taoist philosophy and Chinese landscape art may be the subject of future research. It could examine how other Tang painters used philosophical concepts in their works of art. It might also draw comparisons between literary figures such as Wang Wei and Li Bai. An enhanced comprehension of Taoism‘s impact on the Tang dynasty‘s creative and intellectual milieu would result from this method.

THE RELEVANCE OF MEHDI HAIRI YAZDI'S EPISTIMOLOGY WITH THE TRADITION OF BOARDING-BASED HIGHER EDUCATION AT THE PESANTREN ZAINUL HASAN GENGGONG

Mehdi Hairi Yazdi is a prominent modern philosopher who sought to revive Islamic philosophy by integrating it with Western thought. Drawing on Suhrawardi’s philosophy of illumination, Mehdi explored its alignment with Western philosophical concepts. A key contribution of his thought to modern Islamic philosophy is the concept of Hudhuri science, an epistemology based on intuition and reason. This research examines the relevance of Mehdi’s epistemology to the Pesantren-based higher education tradition at Pesantren Zainul Hasan. Employing a qualitative method with content analysis, the study explores the relationship between Mehdi’s epistemology and the Pesantren’s educational practices. Findings indicate that the Pesantren Zainul Hasan tradition emphasizes critical reasoning, religious practices, and the pursuit of spiritual blessings, forming the foundation of its higher education epistemology. Both the Pesantren’s approach and Hudhuri epistemology share commonalities in acquiring knowledge through Sufistic and rational paths.

Екзистенційні виміри війни в есе Ернста Юнґера «Війна як внутрішнє переживання»

This article explores the existential dimensions of war as presented in Ernst Jünger’s essay “War as Inner Experience”. As a direct participant in World War I, Jünger centers his reflections on the protagonist’s (his own) personal engagement with the destructive phenomenon of war, which serves as a means for self-transformation and the integration of these experiences into a cathartic process. The study underscores that Jünger’s poetic portrayal of combat operates as an attempt to grapple with human existence in its most critical and extreme states. Invoking Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept of the “Übermensch”, the analysis posits that war gives rise to a new archetype of soldier – individuals who, through an ongoing process of existential transformation, adeptly navigate societal destruction and derive self-identification from their wartime experiences. Existential categories such as solitude, fear, anxiety, freedom, and faith are intricately woven into each chapter of Jünger’s work. The study further identifies key binary oppositional existential themes that form the conceptual core of Jünger’s narrative. These include the oppositions “Eros and Blood”, “The Trench and Pacifism”, and “Horror and Courage”, which reflect the author’s moral and philosophical contemplation of his wartime experiences. The dichotomy of “Eros and Blood” serves as a metaphor for the tension between the polarities of “life and death”. Blood is emblematic of the mortal violence inflicted upon the enemy, whereas Eros, by contrast, signifies the affirmation of life and a quest to reclaim vitality. Similarly, “The Trench and Pacifism” illustrates the gulf between the harsh realities of frontline existence and the utopian aspiration for peace. The trench becomes a symbol of dehumanization, while pacifism embodies the longing for a harmonious world. Lastly, Jünger’s existential pair “Horror and Courage”, forged through the crucible of war, captures a spectrum of emotional extremes. Horror immobilizes and disorients, whereas courage replenishes the inner resolve of the soldier, enabling decisive action. Through such oppositional binaries, Jünger constructs a conceptual framework in which war emerges as a transformative force, capable of forging a new human identity.

Philosophical and Anthropological Vision of the Idea of Spirituality in Isaac Asimov’s Foundation Trilogy

Purpose. The article is a philosophical and anthropological representation of the idea of spirituality in The Foundation Trilogy by the American science fiction writer, philosopher, populariser of science Isaac Asimov. Theoretical basis. The study is based on an understanding of the worldview imperatives of Asimov’s work, which highlight his philosophical and anthropological vision of spirituality as a historically established property of a rationally organised society and a key condition for its progressive evolution. The emergence, stochasticity and eventuality of the development of the modern global society brings the content of A. Azimov’s philosophical and anthropological ideas to a fundamentally new level of understanding of the further development of humanity. Asimov’s articulation of the idea of spirituality in The Foundation Trilogy allows us to define the philosophical and anthropological concept of the writer in the fullness of its social, philosophical, existential and axiological dimensions. Originality. The authors have substantiated the expediency and relevance of considering the idea of spirituality in A. Asimov’s Foundation trilogy in the semantic field of philosophical anthropology. It is shown that Asimov’s philosophical anthropology has a clearly expressed teleological "load". In the writer’s interpretation, a person of the future is not a "posthuman" with a biological nature altered by special technologies, but a person focused on spiritual development and self-improvement based on the eternal values enshrined in the mental code of Homo sapiens – happiness, love, freedom, dignity, independence, patriotism. Conclusions. Foundation is a multifaceted work, rich in plot, compositionally mosaic and polyphonic, in which, at first glance, it is difficult to identify any dominant idea. In the course of the study, it was found that one of the main content centres in A. Asimov’s works is the philosophical and anthropological discourse, in the space of which considerable attention is paid to human spirituality.

Main Paradigms of the Concept of Evil in Western Anthropological and Psychological Studies

Purpose. The authors aim to investigate the evolution of the paradigm shift of the concept of evil in Western philosophical and psychological thought. Theoretical basis is determined by the latest methodological approaches in studying the relationship between philosophical, psychological, and theological approaches to understanding the essence of evil and its manifestations. Originality. For the first time in Ukrainian philosophical literature, a systematization of the evolution of the concept of evil in the philosophical and psychological sciences has been carried out. Conclusions. Analyzing the main mythological, theological, philosophical, and psychological concepts of evil provides an opportunity to systematize them through the main five paradigms. The primordial paradigm can be considered dualistic, which retains its influence until our time. Evil is understood in it as the personification of natural disasters, diseases, human crimes, and a force opposing Good. Ancient philosophy and Christianity try to deprive evil of its ontological status: evil does not exist as such but is only a lack of Good. Based on this understanding, a privative paradigm was formed, which dominated the European philosophical and theological consciousness for more than a millennium. It became the basis for philosophical theodicy: the justification of the all-good God in the face of clearly existing evil. But at the end of the 18th century, it gave way to the dialectical-romantic paradigm, the most vivid representatives of which are Schelling, Hegel, and Nietzsche. The concept of evil is reinterpreted and considered as a necessary component of the world, which, along with good, belongs to a higher reality. The concept of evil receives a new understanding in the psychoanalysis of Freud, Jung, and Fromm: its source is determined by the human subconscious, and its external manifestation is aggression. A similar understanding of evil is inherent in many other psychological schools, some of which also conducted psychological experiments on the originally evil nature of man. However, such "experiments" are characteristic of the social practices of totalitarian regimes, based on which the concept of the "banality" of evil arises. The appearance of the latest postmodern paradigm of understanding evil is connected with the attempt of some thinkers to reject all previous concepts of evil and a kind of return to the oldest dualistic paradigm. It would seem that the fall of most totalitarian regimes and the expectation of the "end of history" did not give grounds for popularizing this paradigm. Still, the events of the early 20s of our century indicate the need for its actualization.

The Phenomenon of Heroism in the Understanding of Philosophical Anthropology

Purpose. In today’s global society, traditional values, including patriotism and heroism, have been called into question. However, the new challenges of hybrid warfare require new manifestations of heroism, and thus a new philosophical understanding of it. The main purpose of this article is to provide a philosophical and anthropological understanding of heroism as the ultimate manifestation of the strength of the spirit, which combines the institutional foundations of the public good and the individual will to achieve it. Theoretical basis. The phenomenon of heroism is studied in the classical works of Homer, Plutarch, and Thomas Carlyle. Important contemporary philosophical and anthropological interpretations of this phenomenon are provided by Friedrich Nietzsche, Helmut Plessner and Albert Camus, according to whom every person can become a hero, provided that he or she demonstrates strength of spirit and an unbreakable desire to fight and win. Therefore, the phenomenon of heroism is gaining popularity and, although it can never be total in society, it can become a subject of education and self-education. Originality. The strength of a warrior’s spirit is reflected in his or her everyday resilience, which has no gender. Its vivid embodiments in modern society can be traced to the heroism, dedication and perseverance of a warrior in a hybrid war. These new incarnations not only confirm the established philosophical and anthropological ideas about heroism, but also give it new features. Conclusions. The modern rethinking of heroism on the example of the ultimate manifestation of the strength of spirit in a hybrid war has made it possible to clarify its philosophical and anthropological concept. The exemplary steadfastness and consistency in manifesting democratic values in extremely unfavourable circumstances makes modern heroes not only professional military men, but also all citizens who demonstrate their best social virtues in defence of the social institutions of democracy. Modern hybrid warfare creates a frontier of heroic confrontation with totalitarianism on a global scale. The modern hero appears as an exemplary citizen of his/her nation-state and at the same time demonstrates the virtues of a true representative of the global civil society.

ТHE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO HESIODS AS THE BIRTH OF PHILOSOPHICAL ONTOLOGY

The work of Hesiod, an ancient Greek epic poet, is considered, in particular, his poem “Theogony”, as one of the first cosmogonic constructions in European culture. Particular attention is drawn to the image and concept of Chaos – the initial state of the world, which also has a creative, creative essence. The primary instances that appear together with Chaos – Gaia, Tartarus and Eros also act as elements of the basic ontological model. The attitude of the ancient philosophical tradition to the concept of Chaos, which was problematized even by the pre-Socratics and compared with the famous Orphic cosmologies, is analyzed. In this sense, the image of Chaos in Hesiod can be considered as the first principle of building the world by analogy with the search for arché in later philosophers, as well as in its abstract, idealized form – the initial theoretical model of being and the beginning of ancient ontology. Of particular interest in this sense is Chaos, a rather complex and mysterious reality that is primary in relation to others and, moreover, is itself a creative force. The problem can be formulated as follows: can Chaos in Hesiod’s poem be considered a mythological-poetic ontology, an analogue and prerequisite of the philosophical concept of being, or even a certain essence of the world, its eternal integral part. The task of the study is to describe a general approach to understanding Chaos in Hesiod’s poem as an ontological essential first principle, which serves as a prototype of the philosophical ontology of later philosophers. Chaos can be interpreted as the original state of being and as a reference system for all world coordinates and the ideal beginning of the world. The original, initial state of the world, as well as the origin of the latter, is a cross-cutting theme of ancient Greek philosophy and science. Already in the early theogony, in the Orphics and in Hesiod, we find a certain mythological-poetic and, at the same time, religious-philosophical model of the origin of the world and its first elements. It would be too bold to consider these rather fantastic images and constructions as a real philosophical or scientific theory, which already in the understanding of the ancient Greeks should have had clearly defined principles and a consistent logical structure. Nevertheless, already in the first attempts to describe the structure of the universe we see an attempt to find the beginning from which a kind of ontological intuition of ancient Greek philosophy begins and which will later lead to the emergence of the main philosophical schools. Moreover, this intuition allowed us to pose a question that is still the basis of ontological problems. Even a preliminary consideration of the historical-philosophical material demonstrates the possibility of various interpretations of the ontological constructions of early ancient cosmogonies. The vision of Chaos in Hesiod proposed here is the first step towards a hermeneutic reconstruction of the primary foundations of ancient Greek philosophy and its mythological and poetic origins.

English language as a cognitive tool for learning philosophy: A comparative analysis from Moroccan higher education

This study explores the intricate relationship between language and cognition, concentrating on how linguistic competence affects philosophical knowledge acquisition. The study, which was carried out at Cadi Ayyad University, examines the learning results of two different groups of college students who are all fluent in English as a second language: final-year English Studies students and Philosophy Studies students. Determining if a linguistic foundation facilitates a quicker and more profound comprehension of philosophical notions in comparison to a philosophical background devoid of advanced language instruction is the main goal. The results show that students who had a strong background in English Studies were more accurate and efficient at understanding abstract philosophical concepts than their Philosophy Studies counterparts. This result emphasizes how important language is as a tool for communication as well as a possible container of thinking that shapes and facilitates cognitive processes. The work also tackles the age-old philosophical query of whether knowledge can be conceptualized and comprehended apart from language structures. These observations have important ramifications for multidisciplinary education, especially in higher education in Morocco. The research promotes creative instructional approaches that cross disciplines, foster critical thinking, and aid in students' holistic development by highlighting the advantages of combining language and philosophical training.

Legal Consciousness as a Philosophical and Legal Category: Historical and Contemporary Interpretations

The relevance of this study stems from the need to develop a comprehensive understanding of legal consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon, to create a theoretical foundation for effective practices in legal education and legal socialization, and to deepen knowledge of the mechanisms of formation and functioning of the legal system. Despite a significant number of studies dedicated to legal consciousness, there is still no unified, comprehensive model in the scholarly discourse that adequately describes this multifaceted phenomenon. The absence of such a model complicates further development in the theory of law and philosophy of law. Modern studies increasingly demonstrate that legal consciousness is an integrated socio-legal category. That is, it is not confined solely to philosophical and legal discourse but also encompasses psychological and social aspects. This broad scope presents challenges for research while simultaneously opening new perspectives for scholarly analysis. The aim of this work is to identify and describe the evolution of scholarly approaches to understanding legal consciousness. Such an analysis allows for identifying key stages in the development of the concept of «legal consciousness», determining dominant paradigms and concepts, analyzing the interconnection of philosophical, psychological, and sociological aspects of legal consciousness, and revealing unresolved issues and prospects for further research. The methodological aspects of the study include: historical analysis (examining the evolution of the concept of legal consciousness in the context of the development of philosophy, law, and society), comparative analysis (comparing various theoretical approaches to understanding legal consciousness), and an interdisciplinary approach (integrating philosophical, legal, psychological, and sociological research methods). This enables an analysis of the dynamic evolution of the concept, from ancient philosophical concepts to contemporary sociocultural interpretations; an understanding of shifting emphases, from moral and philosophical aspects to psychological, sociological, and cultural dimensions; and an examination of the influence of historical contexts – how the understanding of legal consciousness has changed in various sociocultural conditions. The research results identify the following key trends: interpretive pluralism – the absence of a single definition and the diversity of approaches to analyzing legal consciousness; interdisciplinarity in research – the interaction of philosophy of law, sociology, psychology, and other sciences in the study of this phenomenon; and problematization – growing interest in studying the distortions of legal consciousness in the context of modern social transformations. The conclusions of the study can be used as a theoretical basis for developing effective mechanisms to form society’s legal consciousness.

Философское наследие В.С. Соловьева в содержании нового университетского курса «Основы российской государственности»

The article is devoted to the explanation of the need to include V.S. Solovyov’s philosophical concepts in the content of the new course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” in connection with the high relevance of the philosophical heritage of V.S. Solovyov for the disclosure in this course of issues reflecting the specifics of the Russian worldview, which was formed on the basis of traditions Russian philosophical thought. The philosophy of all-unity of V.S. Solovyov has become one of the ideological doctrines of modern Russian civilization. It is also shown that in the popularization of the civilizational approach of N.Y. Danilevsky, it was V.S. Solovyov who played a special role. A point of view is being developed according to which, although V.S. Solovyov did not claim his own civilizational approach, in his works one can see a fully formed version of the civilizational approach, which is no less, and maybe even more, relevant than other versions for the new course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood”. It is shown that the philosophical ideas of V.S. Solovyov, presented not only in his main philosophical works, but also in his poetic work, can provide invaluable help for the content of the course. The author gives arguments about the heritage of the great Russian philosopher containing many predictions regarding the challenges and threats that arise before Russian civilization in the 21st century.

“Little” Immortality: Immortological Theme in the Internet Microformats

This article correlates in content with the previous article in the journal. Internet microformats (short stories, gifs, pics, memes, demotivators, etc.) have a short life compared to “monumental” content, but are characterized by a high speed of circulation and reproduction. Metaphorically, this allows us to designate their life cycle and the specifics of penetration into the information environment, and from there to the consumer, as “virulent”. However, unlike the previous publication, this article has a different specialization. We have shifted our focus from considering trending memes in 2024 to the topic of corporeality and immortality. The correction of the focus is due to several reasons: firstly, immortality does not have a clearly established status (science / parascience / philosophical concept). At the same time, immortological ideas are integrated into the current agenda of intellectual communities and cultural spheres (business, intelligentsia, politics, religion, science), and claim to implement reformist projects (letters from “Russia 2045” to the president, the organization of the part «Evolution 2045», etc.). Secondly, immortality is associated with a deep desire, an archetypal mode of human existence, reproduced in mythology (search for a source in nature), religion (afterlife), art (religious and mythological plots), philosophy (cosmism), and science (?). The role of the latter is claimed by the often identified immortality and transhumanism, operating with the concept of “practical immortality”. In microformats, the topic is diffracted, falling into different contexts. The goal of this article is not to reduce it to some common semantic denominator, but to provide a working assembly of popular patterns of immortality in tags and memes.

Монгол хүний мөн чанарын асуудалд

Needless to say, the reform of Mongolian education in the 21st century is complicated, but there are many important goals that need to be attained and can be implemented. One of those important goals is to understand the nature of the Mongolian person and identify who they are, and subsequently elaborate, implement rational policies for the development of Mongolian citizens.The issue of the nature of the Mongolian people is an important topic to be studied in the framework of the Mongolian education development philosophy today. This theme has a broad content and the nature of the Mongolian people has been studied to a certain extent in the scientific area of anthropology, biology, educational studies, psychology, linguistics, history, demography, and sociology in our country. However, these sciences do not consider the issue of human nature holistically\comprehensively, instead they study it in individual, specific areas. But the study of human nature in philosophy covers other aspects of humanity under its umbrella.The study of man and his nature is one of the eternal issues of philosophy. Philosophical anthropology is an area of philosophy with theory and methods that seeks to understand the nature, or essence of human beings. Human nature is the central concept of philosophical anthropology, which comprises the fundamental characteristics that make a person human, must be developed in a person, and have a decisive effect on human life. There is a lack of philosophical research sought to study the main, defining characteristics such as, which makes a Mongolian person a Mongolian, which ought to be developed in the Mongolian people, and bring a decisive impact on the lives of the Mongolian people.Therefore, in this brief presentation we aimed to clarify the nature of the Mongolian person based on the research of prominent philosophers Ts.Balkhaajav and N.Khavkh that studied the nature of the Mongolian person and the philosophical anthropological concepts. The concept of the nature of a Mongolian person represents a set of common characteristics that define the distinguishing qualities attributes of a Mongolian person. We put forward the idea that the common characteristics which define the nature of a Mongolian person should be the qualities of being intelligent, humane, hardworking, cultured, responsible and fair.