Object-oriented Programming Concepts Research Articles

호환 가능한 HL7 파서의 개발

기존의 HL7 인터페이스는 서로 다른 버전의 HL7 메시지를 처리하기 위해 버전마다 별도의 패키지 또는 변환 모듈로 개발해야 한다. 본 연구는 HL7 V2.5에 정의된 버전 호환성 요구사항을 기반으로 버전 간 호환 가능한 HL7 파서를 설계하고 개발하였다. 파서의 구조는 객체지향 프로그래밍에서의 상속 개념을 이용하여 하위 버전의 HL7 메시지 요소의 클래스 객체를 상위 버전의 클래스 객체가 상속하였다. 따라서 HL7 메시지의 버전에 상관없이 상위 클래스 객체만을 사용하여 모든 버전의 HL7 메시지를 처리할 수 있었다. 개발한 파서의 호환성 평가는 700건의 류마티스 입원 환자 데이터를 이용하였으며 성공적으로 테스트를 수행하였다. 향후에는 버전 간 상호 호환 가능한 HL7 파서의 구조에 대한 연구를 지속적으로 할 것이다. The previous HL7 interface should be developed as a separate package or conversion module for each version to process HL7 messages from different versions. This study designed and developed an HL7 parser compatible among different versions based on the requirements of compatibility defined in HL7 V2.5. According to the structure of the parser, the inheritance concept in object-oriented programming was adopted so that the class object of the HL7 message from the lower version could be inherited to the class object of the upper version. Therefore, every version's HL7 messages could be processed using only the upper class' object regardless of the version. To evaluate the compatibility of the developed parser, 700 data sets about inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis were used. The 700 cases underwent the compatibility test successfully. In the near future, further research on the Inter-compatibility HL7 parser is planned.

Introduction to Develop Some Software Programs for Dealing with Neutrosophic Sets

In this paper, we have developed an Excel package to be utilized for calculating neutrosophic data and analyze them. The use of object oriented programming techniques and concepts as they may apply to the design and development a new framework to implement neutrosophic data operations, the c# programming language, NET Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio are used to implement the neutrosophic classes. We have used Excel as it is a powerful tool that is widely accepted and used for statistical analysis. Figure 1 shows Class Diagram of the implemented package. Figure 2 presents a working example of the package interface calculating the complement. Our implemented Neutrosophic package can calculate Intersection, Union, and Complement of the nuetrosophic set. Figure 3 presents our neutrosphic package capability to draw figures of presented neutrosphic set. Figure 4 presents charting of Union operation calculation, and figure 5 Intersection Operation. nuetrosophic set are characterized by its efficiency as it takes into consideration the three data items: True, Intermediate, and False.

A game-based approach to the teaching of object-oriented programming languages

Students often have difficulties when trying to understand the concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP). This paper presents a contribution to the teaching of OOP languages through a game-oriented approach based on the interaction with tangible user interfaces (TUIs). The use of a specific type of commercial distributed TUI (Sifteo cubes), in which several small physical devices have sensing, wireless communication and user-directed output capabilities, is applied to the teaching of the C# programming language, since the operation of these devices can be controlled by user programs written in C#. For our experiment, we selected a sample of students with a sufficient knowledge about procedural programming, which was divided into two groups: The first one had a standard introductory C# course, whereas the second one had an experimental C# course that included, in addition to the contents of the previous one, two demonstration programs that illustrated some OOP basic concepts using the TUI features. Finally, both groups completed two tests: a multiple-choice exam for evaluating the acquisition of basic OOP concepts and a C# programming exercise. The analysis of the results from the tests indicates that the group of students that attended the course including the TUI demos showed a higher interest level (i.e. they felt more motivated) during the course exposition than the one that attended the standard introductory C# course. Furthermore, the students from the experimental group achieved an overall better mark. Therefore, we can conclude that the technological contribution of Sifteo cubes – used as a distributed TUI by which OOP basic concepts are represented in a tangible and a visible way – to the teaching of the C# language has a positive influence on the learning of this language and such basic concepts.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a 3D Visualization Environment While Learning Object Oriented Programming

Students often face difficulties while learning Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts. Many researchers have proposed different approaches to improve the teaching and learning of OOP concepts. One possible method is to engage the students with stimulating 3D visualization environments to reduce the complexity while enhancing understanding of concepts. The visualization environments may improve programmer productivity and the OOP learning outcomes. However, still many researches’ conclusions were based on subjective assessments, where Computer Science (CS) lacks standard assessment methods for educators to measure their students’ learning outcomes. In this context, the purpose of this research is to illustrate a demonstration experiment using the Achievement Degree Analysis (ADA) approach to statistically evaluate the effectiveness of the visualization environment—ALICE— that is hypothesized to improve novice programmers’ understanding of OOP concepts at King Abdulaziz University’s (KAU), CS department female section, in Saudi Arabia. We focused on a specific intervention in OOP, but the experimental method could be applicable in a range of

Aspect-oriented RTL HW design using SystemC

With the increasing complexity of digital hardware designs, hardware description languages are being pushed to higher levels of abstraction, thus allowing for the use of design artifacts which were previously exclusive to the software domain. In this paper we aim to contribute to this scenario by proposing artifacts and guidelines for hardware design at the register transfer level using object-oriented and aspect-oriented programming concepts. Our methodology is based on features provided by SystemC, a C++-based hardware description language, and leverages on its synthesizable subset in order to produce designs suitable for circuit synthesis. Our experimental results show that the introduction of aspect-oriented design artifacts results in an increased level of flexibility and reusability while yielding a circuit area overhead of only 2.5% when compared to non-aspect-oriented designs.

An object-oriented framework for finite element analysis based on a compact topological data structure

This paper describes an ongoing work in the development of a finite element analysis system, called TopFEM, based on the compact topological data structure, TopS [1,2]. This new framework was written to take advantage of the topological data structure together with object-oriented programming concepts to handle a variety of finite element problems, spanning from fracture mechanics to topology optimization, in an efficient, but generic fashion. The class organization of the TopFEM system is described and discussed within the context of other frameworks in the literature that share similar ideas, such as GetFEM++, deal.II, FEMOOP and OpenSees. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the capabilities of TopS attached to a finite element framework in the context of fracture mechanics and to establish a benchmark with other implementations that do not make use of a topological data structure.

Using Animated Pedagogical Agents in Introductory Object Oriented Programming Concept (Java)

Using Animated Pedagogical Agents in Introductory Object Oriented Programming Concept (Java)

An Evaluation of Knowledge Transfer from Microworld Programming to Conventional Programming

Programming microworlds are being used for introducing students to programming for many years. Although many professors and school teachers report positive results from using programming microwords, these results are usually based on anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous empirical evaluation. A question that has not been answered yet with certainty is whether the knowledge acquired in the context of a programming microworld is transferred to a conventional programming language. In an attempt to investigate this issue we used a specially designed middle-term exam and a questionnaire at the end of an undergraduate Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) course. The course uses the programming microworld objectKarel for a short introduction to the most fundamental OOP concepts, and then the environment BlueJ and Java for presenting the real thing. The analysis of students' replies in the questionnaire shows that the introduction to OOP with the microworld helps the vast majority of students to comprehend fundamental concepts of OOP and what is more important is that this knowledge is transferred to Java afterwards. These results are supported by the comparative analysis of students' performance in written exams that took place in the context of two distinct offerings of the course, prior and after the use of the microworld in it.

An operational semantics for object-oriented concepts based on the class hierarchy

Abstract The formalisation of object-oriented languages is essential for describing the implementation details of specific programming languages or for developing program verification techniques. However there has been relatively little formalisation work aimed at abstractly describing the fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming, separate from specific language considerations or suitability for a particular verification style. In this paper we address this issue by formalising a language that includes the core object-oriented programming language concepts of field tests and updates, methods, constructors, subclassing, multithreading, and synchronisation, built on top of standard sequential programming constructs. The abstract syntax is relatively close to the core of typical object-oriented programming languages such as Java. A novel aspect of the syntax is that objects and classes are encapsulated within a single syntactic term, including their fields and methods. Furthermore, class terms are structured according to the class hierarchy, and objects appear as subterms of their class (and method instances as subterms of the relevant object). This helps to narrow the gap between how a programmer thinks about their code and the underlying mathematical objects in the semantics. The semantics is defined operationally, so that all actions a program may take, such as testing or setting local variables and fields, or invoking methods on other objects, appear on the labels of the transitions. A process-algebraic style of interprocess communication is used for object and class interactions. A benefit of this label-based approach to the semantics is that a separation of concerns can be made when defining the rules of the different constructs, and the rules tend to be more concise. The basic rules for individual commands may be composed into more powerful rules that operate at the level of classes and objects. The traces generated by the operational semantics are used as the basis for establishing equivalence between classes.

Bringing unity to the classroom

Unity is a game engine, created by Unity Technologies, that makes it possible to develop a wide range of games on diverse platforms. While used extensively in industry, it also has a number of features that make it particularly appealing for use in the classroom. Unity embraces the concept of object-oriented programming, but how it uses objects is somewhat non-standard, raising intriguing object-oriented design questions that can be addressed at a number of different levels. From a practical standpoint Unity is inexpensive, easy to use, has a fairly shallow learning curve, accommodates multiple scripting languages, and ships with intuitive prototyping tools. All this makes Unity attractive for those interested in teaching game programming. This paper will explore these features in depth, and look at the logistics and experiences of those attempting to bring Unity to the classroom.

Estimation of generic reusability for object-oriented software

Inheritance and templates are key concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP), and are essential for achieving reusability and extendibility. The aim of this paper is to explore traditional Halstead's metrics and use them to propose more software metrics related to generic method and attributes in an object-oriented software. These metrics measure quantitative generic construct with inheritance in an object-oriented code. Two metrics GRr (Generic Reusability Ratio) and ERr (Effort Ratio) are proposed in this paper. First metric GRr (Generic Reusability Ratio) measures impact of template in program volume and second metric ERr (Effort Ratio) measures impact of template in development effort. These metrics will be a tool for estimating and evaluating costs of program design and program tests as well as program complexity.

Estimation of generic reusability for object-oriented software an empirical approach

Inheritance and templates are key concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP), and are essential for achieving reusability and extendibility. The aim of this paper is to explore traditional Halstead's metrics and use them to propose more software metrics related to generic method and attributes in an object-oriented software. These metrics measure quantitative generic construct with inheritance in an object-oriented code. Two metrics GRr (Generic Reusability Ratio) and ERr (Effort Ratio) are proposed in this paper. First metric GRr (Generic Reusability Ratio) measures impact of template in program volume and second metric ERr (Effort Ratio) measures impact of template in development effort. These metrics will be a tool for estimating and evaluating costs of program design and program tests as well as program complexity.

A Petri Nets based Approach to Specify Individual and Collaborative Interaction in 3D Virtual Environments

This work describes a methodology that supports the design and implementation of software modules, which represent the individual and collaborative three-dimensional interaction process phases. The presented methodology integrates three modeling approaches: Petri Nets, a collaborative manipulation model based on the combination of single user interaction techniques taxonomy, and object-oriented programming concepts. The combination of these elements allows for the description of interaction tasks, the sequence of interaction processes being controlled by Petri Nets with the codes generated automatically. By the integration of these approaches, the present work addresses not only the entire development cycle of both individual and collaborative three-dimensional interaction, but also the reuse of developed interaction blocks in new virtual environment projects.

Representação de conhecimento em sistemas especialistas, visando à agricultura

From the available information in the D’Agostini e Schlindwein (1998) land use and management evaluation system a rule based expert system was developed whose knowledge was adequately represented hierarquically. Hierarquical representation is indicated for interpretation category expert systems that deal with classifica- tion, and may be used in land use determination systems such as the American and Brazilian. Introspection eases initial development of an expert system in cases where information for state definitions is found in the classification system itself, as in the D’Agostini e Schlindwein (1998) evaluation system. Object-oriented pro- gramming concepts are applied to system development. Keywords: artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, land classification, interpretation, sustainability.

A pedagogical approach to discussing fundamental object-oriented programming principles using the ADT SET

Computer science (CS) instructors look for "good" examples that allow in-depth discussion of the fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP), yet keep the implementation framework simple. This paper presents a case study that uses the abstract data type (ADT) Set as such a "good" example. Familiarity with the Set type and the need for relatively basic programming tools for its implementation enable to delve quickly into the desirable discussions. The paper suggests a teaching sequence that includes introducing the problem and different design considerations that relate to the structures of classes and operations; a discussion of the projection of the different designs chosen, focusing on the relations between the classes; and an additional presentation of different representations of the Set values involving efficiency aspects. The teaching sequence takes into account authentic inputs from students obtained while studying this example, and offers pedagogical guidelines for its use. The example can be used within diverse educational contexts and has already been applied in high school classes, pre-service teacher preparatory courses, and study programs for in-service teachers.

Data mining application on crash simulation data of occupant restraint system

This article presents an application of data mining method on finite element data and crashworthiness result data of an occupant restraint system. According to the characteristics of the CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) data, a framework for data preparation is developed based on object-oriented programming concepts. Training sets are built from data recorded in 98 crash simulations that adhere to FMVSS208, the America occupant crash protection testing standard. Relationship between design parameters and system effectiveness is implied in these data sets. Decision tree using C4.5 algorithm and attribute selection method based on attribute’s estimated importance are introduced to perform data mining on the building of training sets. The result yielded by data mining endows us with a deeper insight into the interrelations between the key design parameters and the performance of the occupant restraint system in crash simulations. Finally, the learned rules are tested on the real crash simulation data sets. The result of the testing shows that these rules are proper, and can been used as a guidance for the design of the occupant restraint system.

Visual Lisp/CLOS programming in OpenMusic

OpenMusic (OM) is a visual programming language developed on top of Common Lisp and CLOS, in which most of the functional and object-oriented programming concepts can be implemented and carried out graphically. Although this visual language was designed for musical applications, the focus in this paper is to describe and study OM as a complete general-purpose programming environment.

A proposal for teaching Object-Oriented Programming to undergraduate students

Various teaching approaches have been proposed for teaching Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) to novices. In this paper we present the results of studying students' conceptual grasp of OOP concepts in two distinct teachings based on the educational programming environments BlueJ and objectKarel. Also, students' replies regarding the effectiveness of objectKarel as a medium of introducing novices to OOP and preparing them for a transition to a conventional OOP language are presented. The main contribution of this paper relates to a new proposal for teaching OOP to undergraduate students, which is based on the combined use of objectKarel and BlueJ.

Systems-level modeling of cellular glycosylation reaction networks: O-linked glycan formation on natural selectin ligands

The emerging field of Glycomics requires the development of systems-based modeling strategies to relate glycosyltransferase gene expression and enzyme activity with carbohydrate structure and function. We describe the application of object oriented programming concepts to define glycans, enzymes, reactions, pathways and compartments for modeling cellular glycosylation reaction networks. These class definitions are combined with current biochemical knowledge to define potential reaction networks that participate in the formation of the sialyl Lewis-X (sLe(X)) epitope on O-glycans linked to a leukocyte cell-surface glycoprotein, P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Subset modeling, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis and adjoint sensitivity analysis are applied to refine the reaction network and to quantify individual glycosyltransferase rate constants. Wet-lab experiments validate estimates from computer modeling. Such analysis predicts that sLe(X) expression varies directly with sialyltransferase alpha2,3ST3Gal-IV expression and inversely with alpha2,3ST3Gal-I/II. SBML files for all converged models are available at http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~neel/bio_reaction_network.html

Issues in the instantiation of template classes

Teaching students to incorporate template classes into their C++ projects is an important concept in object-oriented programming. The most efficient implementation method for template classes is dependent on several factors. Two significant factors are different integrated development environments with differing requirements, and incongruous philosophies among instructors. Herein, several template class instantiation methods under Gnu compilers will be discussed, along with their pros and cons.