Concept Of Metacognition Research Articles

Development of metacognitive skill in teaching mathematics

The study of metacognitive processes in the context of training and education is currently undoubtedly a priority in metacognitive psychology as a whole. The importance of this group of studies is due in many respects to the large representation of the class of processes in question in educational activities. At the same time, work in this area is not limited to a sample of primary school children, as this has been a significant amount of time. In recent years, the inclusion of the category of metacognition in education affects the educational activities of senior students, graduate students, and generally people involved in continuing education. The study described in this article aims at investigating the relation between the development of metacognition skills and success in learning algebraic identity formulas among middle school students. It uses a quantitative approach. Participants are about 50 students of 7th grade from Oral Bilim Innovation Liceum in Kazakhstan and are divided into two groups, namely experimental and control group. The data is collected by taking a pre-test and post-test from both classes. The diagnostic test is constructed by the researcher and confirmed by university professors. During the research students in the experimental group are familiarized with the concept of metacognition and its strategies such as thinking aloud, self-questioning, reflection and active learning strategies by applying them to solve problems with identity formulas. Finally, the data will be analyzed with t-test and much deeper conclusion will be drawn about the development of metacognitive strategies among students in teaching mathematics.

How certain can we really be that our boss is trustworthy, and does it matter? A metacognitive perspective on employee evaluations of supervisor trustworthiness

SummaryThis research helps to integrate the metacognitive concept of evaluation certainty into the trust literature by demonstrating that certainty can amplify the effects of trustworthiness evaluations and stabilize trustworthiness evaluations over time. Across an experimental study (Study 1) and a multiwave survey of employees (Study 2), we show that trustworthiness evaluations exert a stronger influence on individuals' trust at higher levels of certainty and that trust transmits the multiplicative effects of trustworthiness evaluations and certainty on key indicators of employee risk‐taking including reliance and disclosure behavior. Further, in Study 2, we show that certainty can help predict change in trustworthiness evaluations over time. Finally, in a two‐wave field survey (Study 3), we examine factors that influence evaluation certainty and show that relational transparency and leader prototypicality (LP) have interactive effects on employees' certainty such that the influence of relational transparency on certainty will be more positive at higher levels of LP. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Relação entre conhecimento metacognitivo e desempenho em princípios de contagem

Este artigo objetiva investigar o conhecimento metacognitivo de alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental, em relação às sessões de intervenção que os sujeitos participaram, e verificar se este conhecimento corresponderia ao desempenho dos estudantes em avaliação dos princípios de contagem. Para tanto, inicialmente são discutidos estudos buscando evidenciar o conceito de metacognição e sua relação com a matemática. Este estudo contou com 60 alunos de 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de 3 escolas públicas de Porto Alegre. A investigação do conhecimento metacognitivo ocorreu através de três perguntas realizadas, pela pesquisadora, ao final da última sessão de uma intervenção em princípios de contagem. As respostas das crianças foram categorizadas e relacionadas com o desempenho destas em avaliação dos princípios de contagem. Os resultados evidenciam que a maioria dos alunos mostrou bom conhecimento metacognitivo, demonstrando correspondência entre o que responderam à pesquisadora e o desempenho na avaliação.

La bitácora de diseño, artefacto cognitivo de aprendizaje. Externalización de modelos mentales y metacognición

La bitácora, un instrumento utilizado en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en diseño, suele utilizarse como registro del proyecto y no como un medio de externalización de los modelos mentales de los estudiantes y su transformación durante el curso de una asignatura. En este artículo de reflexión teórica se indaga por cómo la bitácora de diseño puede ser un artefacto cognitivo de aprendizaje para promover la metacognición en el proceso formativo. Para ello, se propone una aproximación cognitivista histórico-cultural en relación con el concepto de metacognición, como un aspecto fundamental para que se dé el aprendizaje en profundidad y comprender así la bitácora de diseño desde la noción de artefacto cognitivo, la cual se construye en las relaciones entre los agentes involucrados en el aula. Se establece el marco conceptual desde donde se formulan las categorías y posibles variables para comprender las representaciones externas que se presentan en la bitácora de diseño: sus niveles físico, simbólico y cognitivo. Las representaciones externas, como elementos simbólicos, son evidencia de los modelos mentales del sujeto y su aproximación a la solución de problemas desde el pensamiento diseñístico. Como resultado, se presenta una matriz con rasgos observables de las dimensiones y procesos metacognitivos.

Levels of Structural Integration Mediate the Impact of Metacognition on Functioning in Non-affective Psychosis: Adding a Psychodynamic Perspective to the Metacognitive Approach.

Synthetic metacognition is defined by integrative and contextualizing processes of discrete reflexive moments. These processes are supposed to be needed to meet intrapsychic as well as interpersonal challenges and to meaningfully include psychotic experience in a personal life narrative. A substantial body of evidence has linked this phenomenon to psychosocial functioning and treatment options were developed. The concept of synthetic metacognition, measured with the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A), rises hope to bridge gaps between therapeutic orientations and shares valuable parallels to modern psychodynamic constructs, especially the ‘levels of structural integration’ of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2). As theoretical distinctions remain, aim of this study was to compare the predictive value of both constructs with regard to psychosocial functioning of patients with non-affective psychoses, measured with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (MINI-ICF-APP). It was further explored if levels of structural integration (OPD-LSIA) would mediate the impact of metacognition (MAS-A) on function (MINI-ICF-APP). Expert ratings of synthetic metacognition (MAS-A), the OPD-2 ‘levels of structural integration’ axis (OPD-LSIA), psychosocial functioning (MINI-ICF-APP) and assessments of general cognition and symptoms were applied to 100 individuals with non-affective psychoses. Whereas both, MAS-A and OPD-LSIA, significantly predicted MINI-ICF-APP beyond cognition and symptoms, OPD-LSIA explained a higher share of variance and mediated the impact of MAS-A on MINI-ICF-APP. Levels of structural integration, including the quality of internalized object representations and unconscious interpersonal schemas, might therefore be considered as valuable predictors of social functioning and as one therapeutic focus in patients with non-affective psychoses. Structural integration might go beyond and form the base of a person’s actual reflexive and metacognitive capabilities. Psychotherapeutic procedures specific for psychoses may promote and challenge a patient’s metacognitive capacities, but should equally take the need for maturing structural skills into account. Modern psychodynamic approaches to psychosis are shortly presented, providing concepts and techniques for the implicit regulation of interpersonal experience and aiming at structural integration in this patient group.

Concepts of Metacognition in the Treatment of Patients with Mental Disorders

While metacognitive interventions are gaining attention in the treatment of various mental disorders, a review of the literature showed that the term is often defined poorly and used for a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches that do not necessarily pursue the same goal. We give a summary of three metacognitive interventions which were developed within a sound theoretical framework—metacognitive therapy, metacognitive training, and metacognitively-oriented integrative psychotherapies—and discuss their similarities and distinctive features. We then offer an integrative operational definition of metacognitive interventions as goal-oriented treatments that target metacognitive content, which is characterized by the awareness and understanding of one’s own thoughts and feelings as well as the thoughts and feelings of others. They aim to alleviate disorder-specific and individual symptoms by gaining more flexibility in cognitive processing.

A new perspective on the relationship between metacognition and social cognition: metacognitive concepts as socio-cognitive tools

I defend an alternative to the two traditional accounts of the relationship between metacognition and social cognition: metacognition as primary versus social cognition as primary. These accounts have complementary explanatory vices and virtues. They also share a natural assumption: that interpretation in terms of mental states is “spectatorial”, aiming exclusively for an objective description of the mental facts about self and others. I argue that if one rejects this assumption in favor of the view that interpretation in terms of mental states also plays important regulative roles with respect to minds and behavior, a new and superior conception of the relationship between metacognition and social cognition comes into view. On this conception, person-level metacognitive concepts are socio-cognitive tools that shape us into better cognitive agents and more predictable cognitive objects, thereby enhancing our abilities at social coordination. Mastery of these metacognitive concepts relies on subpersonal, non-conceptual, procedural metacognition. This reconceptualization of the relationship between metacognition and social cognition combines the complementary explanatory virtues of the two traditional conceptions, while avoiding their complementary explanatory vices.

Metacognition in Psychology

How has the concept of metacognition been used within basic and applied psychological research? We begin our answer by presenting a broad definition of metacognition, a historical overview of its development and its presence in research databases. To assess which function and facets are most frequently addressed within each of the sub-disciplines, we present results from separate literature searches. We then review how metacognition has been defined and empirically explored within selected sub-disciplines in terms of typical research questions, conceptual definitions, how the concept has been measured, and examples of interesting findings and implications. We identify similarities, inconsistencies, and disagreements across fields and point out areas for future research. Our overall conclusion is that it is useful to consider metacognition as a broad umbrella concept across different domains and across basic and applied research. Nonetheless, we recommend that researchers be more specific and explicit about their approach and assumptions whenever using metacognition in their research.

Meta-Cognition: A Theoretical Overview

The recent developments in the field of education demands better pedagogical approaches and classroom practices. In recent years the concept of metacognition has emerged as a major focus of research interest in cognitive psychology. There has been a growing recognition that metacognition or self-awareness ‘including awareness of ourselves as learners, helps us to learn more effectively’. Metacognition refers to higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning. Activities such as planning how to approach a given learning task, monitoring comprehension and evaluating progress towards the completion of a task are metacognitive in nature. Because metacognition plays a critical role in successful learning, it is important to study metacognitive activity and development to determine how students can be taught to better apply their cognitive resources through metacognitive control. The article throws light on some of the important metacognitive strategies also. 

Improvising musicians' self-regulation and distributed creativities: A phenomenological investigation

This paper explores musical improvisation, examining the learning processes utilized in acquiring improvisational skill, and the development of creative processes and expression of six elite Australian improvisers. Taking a socio-constructivist approach to examining how groups and individuals engage in, sustain, support, and productively develop processes of collaborative learning, this phenomenological study investigates the temporal and sequential characteristics of SRL and SSRL regulation that can inform teachers’ facilitation of group learning in the creative music ensemble. Concepts of meta-cognition and regulation of activity as a stable trait are challenged by the diverse ways self-regulation, co-regulation and socially shared regulation impact and shape thinking and learning. Distributed development and refinement of strategies and conceptualizations shaped by individual, teacher-student, and group activity impacting feedback, reflection and goal-setting of creative processes are discussed, with findings suggesting multiple creativities are distributed and interrelated amongst individual, teacher-student pairings and wider shared group activities. The study argues for informed thinking and teaching that develop multiple distributed creativities and awareness in teacher practice that enhance effective regulatory processes and learning.

Models of Metacognition

Thinking is a common process. Cognitive ability includes knowledge, memory and metacognition. Knowledge requires memory. These two are inextricably linked. Parents and teachers need to encourage children to take an active role in their learning and show them how to use what they know to the best advantage. Cognition is primarily a mental process. A successful theory of cognition would answer both the epistemological and biological questions. The purpose is to put forward a theory of cognition, that should provide an epistemological insight into the phenomenon of cognition. The concept of metacognition involves knowledge and control of self and control of the process. A metacognitive process consists of planning, strategies, knowledge, monitoring, evaluating and terminating. The Automation of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes, Social and Emotional aspects of Metacognition, Domain General Versus domain specific Metacognitive Skills. Mata cognition, Intelligence and adaptive behaviour, Ann Brown distinguished between knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition, Private Speech and Development of Metacognition is the models of metacognition.

Metacognition-based process improvement practices

While cognition is the knowledge structure used by people to make an assessment or decision, metacognition is the higher-order process controlling that existing knowledge structure. Thus, the functional role of metacognition in process improvement practices (PIP) is quite different from the role of cognition. Metacognition has been studied in several disciplines, including education, psychology, and neuroscience; however, research has yet to address the role of metacognition in an operations management context. Thus, the present study explored how a process improvement leader's metacognitive awareness influences PIP effectiveness. A survey was conducted with process improvement leaders from U.S.-based firms. Results revealed that managerial metacognition was positively related to adaptive PIP performance within the organization. There was also a positive synergistic relationship between managerial metacognition and PIP implementation on a firm's competitive advantage. We discussed practical and theoretical implications as well as future research agendas for how managerial metacognitive skills can be utilized for advantageous operational activities. This study not only contributes to the operations literature by providing new insights into the relationship between psychological and methodological mechanisms in PIP implementation but also provides the first step toward theory-building in terms of metacognition concepts in operations management.

Influence of metacognitive awareness on engineering students’ performance: a study of listening skills

Abstract Educative learning equips learners not with a mechanical set of skills but with a fertile thinking that enables them to holistically nurture their knowledge and skills. Metacognitive awareness, an advanced understanding and execution of skills helps learners not only acquire knowledge of their own cognitive processes but also manage learning activities. This paper aims to trace the impact of metacognition on the extent of the learning (listening skills), the difference between the levels of understanding (assumed and attained), learning of the performance and application of theoretical knowledge of listening skills among engineering students. The study proposes a five-step AWARE concept of metacognition to help the learners become more aware of and reflect on their learning. The study has used consecutive sampling technique and participants are engineering students of BITS Pilani, India. Engineering students assume that their level and clarity of awareness is very high but the findings do not support their assumption. There is a gap in the theoretical acquisition and practical applicability. Metacognition helps learners understand what they know, what they do not know, what they learn, and how they learn. Understanding of and clarity about the process of learning would enable the engineering students to use their listening skills in the learning factories to facilitate the sharing of information.

Metacognition and recovery in schizophrenia: From research to the development of metacognitive reflection and insight therapy

Metacognition refers to a spectrum of activities which spans from noticing discrete experiences to synthesizing them into a larger sense of the self and others. Evidence suggesting that deficits in metacognition are broadly present in schizophrenia and represent a potent barrier to recovery from schizophrenia has led to increasing interest in the development of metacognitively oriented treatments. In this article, we will describe the development of one such treatment, metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT), an integrative form of psychotherapy defined by eight core elements. We will first discuss the concept of metacognition as a means to operationalize the processes which enable persons to have a sense of themselves and others available for reflection and that can then serve as the basis for effective and agentic responses to psychosocial challenges. We will then discuss methods for assessing metacognition, the development of MERIT as a treatment that targets metacognition, and how MERIT compares with other treatments. Next, we will discuss empirical support for MERIT’s role in recovery including its potential to assist persons to develop their own personally meaningful sense of their challenges and then decide how to effectively respond to those challenges and manage their own recovery.

Cognitive style assessment among medical students: A step towards achieving meta-cognitive integration in medical education.

Knowledge of cognition and its regulation are important meta-cognitive activities, which are crucial for enhancement of learning. Their explicit teaching is meaningful and necessary yet seldom undertaken systematically in medical education programmes. We aimed to identify the cognitive styles using the Alert Scale of Cognitive Style among our undergraduate students. Students were also sensitized about different cognitive styles, their implications in strategic learning and the importance of meta-cognitive approach in education. Feedback from students was obtained to understand their awareness, perspectives and relevance of meta-cognitive concepts. The intervention enhanced awareness of students about their own cognitive style and its implications to learning processes. The middle brain cognitive style was the most common (51.2%), followed by the right and the left brain cognitive styles (29.5% and 19.4%, respectively). A significant shift from the left towards the middle or the right cognitive style was observed in clinical years. No significant association was observed between a cognitive style and various variables such as age, gender and handedness. Incorporation of meta-cognitive learning practices in medical education offers a basis for enhancing classroom teaching, thereby making it learner-centric. The study helped students in identifying the way they process information and in identifying their preferred methods of assimilating knowledge. Identification of cognitive diversity is a primary pedagogic act for improving competence in learning. Meta-cognitive skills can be harnessed to bring about consonance of the left, right and middle brain cognitive styles to achieve better learning outcomes.

Online identification of a rotary wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle from data streams

Until now the majority of the neuro and fuzzy modeling and control approaches for rotary wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), such as the quadrotor, have been based on batch learning techniques, therefore static in structure, and cannot adapt to rapidly changing environments. Implication of Evolving Intelligent System (EIS) based model-free data-driven techniques in fuzzy system are good alternatives, since they are able to evolve both their structure and parameters to cope with sudden changes in behavior, and performs perfectly in a single pass learning mode which is suitable for online real-time deployment. The Metacognitive Scaffolding Learning Machine (McSLM) is seen as a generalized version of EIS since the metacognitive concept enables the what-to-learn, how-to-learn, and when-to-learn scheme, and the scaffolding theory realizes a plug-and-play property which strengthens the online working principle of EISs. This paper proposes a novel online identification scheme, applied to a quadrotor using real-time experimental flight data streams based on McSLM, namely Metacognitive Scaffolding Interval Type 2 Recurrent Fuzzy Neural Network (McSIT2RFNN). Our proposed approach demonstrated significant improvements in both accuracy and complexity against some renowned existing variants of the McSLMs and EISs.

The Challenges of Writing in School: Conceptualizing Writing Development Within a Sociocognitive Framework

This article argues for a conceptualization of school writing that emphasizes how cognitive and sociocultural factors interact. In academic, professional, and affinity-based communities, an emphasis on standards of quality drives the adoption of such practices as revision and peer and expert review. In school, everyday writing practices center around demonstrations of knowledge (taking notes, writing summaries, providing personal responses to readings, completing worksheets, etc.) where the teacher is often the sole or primary audience. This context tends to privilege knowledge-telling strategies and prioritize fluency and efficiency of expression. When these sociocultural factors interact with cognition, group differences tend to emerge, as knowledge telling provides few opportunities for disadvantaged groups to overcome barriers linked to differences in prior knowledge, fluency, attention management, or motivation. It also affects the efficacy of instructional practices, because cognitive ability and social identity affect how students internalize the metacognitive concepts and strategies characteristic of expert writers.

How metacognition and (reading) strategies develop according to Vygotsky

The paper addresses the concepts of metacognition and (reading) strategies, the origin of which is usually traced back to the 1970s. However, the paper argues that conscious awareness, which Vygotsky introduced as early as the 1930s, is another term for metacognition. Further, according to Vygotsky, “… conscious awareness enters through the gate opened up by scientific concept” (Vygotsky 1987: 191, italics added), meaning that metacognitive skills develop in instruction, as a function of student’s work with academic concepts. This hypothesis, however, seems to be ignored by contemporary, mainstream researchers. For example, an influential study like PIRLS, contradictory to Vygotsky’s hypothesis, assumes that students already at the end of the elementary stage apply metacognitive skills – included reading strategies – in order to construct meaning in reading.

Motivational Design and Problem-Based Learning May Increase Student Engagement in Information Literacy Instruction Sessions

A Review of:
 Roberts, L. (2017). Research in the real world: Improving adult learners web search and evaluation skills through motivational design and problem-based learning. College & Research Libraries, 78(4), 527-551. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.78.4.527
 
 Abstract
 
 Objective – To determine whether the use of the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) Model of Motivational Design, combined with the Problem-Based Learning approach, improves the skills, confidence, and perception of workshop relevance among non-traditional students in information literacy sessions.
 
 Design – Experimental study, one group pre-test and post-test.
 
 Setting – Community college in Denver, Colorado, United States.
 
 Subjects – 41 community college students.
 
 Methods – A convenience sample of three community college student groups each attended an information literacy session. The session was constructed using principles and strategies outlined in the ARCS Model of Motivational Design and the Problem-Based Learning approach. Pre-test and post-test instruments were developed by the author after a literature review. The students were given the information literacy-related pretest before the session. After receiving instruction, the comparable posttest (with different literacy challenges) was administered.
 
 Main Results – A comparison of the pre-test and post-test results showed that there were increases in the students’ search skills; their confidence in their own search skills; and their perceptions of workshop relevance in relation to their needs and to real-world situations.
 
 Conclusion – This study focuses on the use of motivational design for information literacy instruction. It addresses a gap in the research literature, as it explicitly examines issues of concern regarding the instruction of non-traditional students. The conjunction of the ARCS Model and Problem-Based Learning is considered to be an effective strategy for improving learning and perceptual outcomes for non-traditional students in information literacy contexts. This is important because: 1) information literacy skills are a central aspect of successfully transitioning from the educational setting to the modern workplace; 2) increased confidence can enhance students’ sense of self-empowerment and self-efficacy, as well as decreasing “library anxiety”; and 3) establishing a sense of the personal relevance of information literacy engages students with tools that they can and will actually use in work and life situations.
 
 In addition, the author connects these findings to two other areas. One is the new ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries) Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education; the author notes that “threshold concepts”, defined by Roberts as “big picture ideas that are foundational to the field”, relate best to teaching techniques such as problem-based learning. The other is the concept of metacognition, which is an aspect of metaliteracy; the author states that the study’s information literacy session addressed three of four metaliteracy goals being considered. Future avenues of research and collaboration will include librarians working with learning scientists around the Framework content; finding new and engaging methods for teaching literacy concepts and assessing learning; incorporating metacognitive awareness into teaching and assessment; and specifically focusing on transferable skills and knowledge, in the service of preparing non-traditional students for the world of work.

メタ認知は教授-学習の成因か成果か : 数学教育におけるメタ認知概念の拡張に関する考察

メタ認知は教授-学習の成因か成果か : 数学教育におけるメタ認知概念の拡張に関する考察