Control Concept Research Articles

DSP-based Control of Standalone PV/Battery Hybrid System

This paper investigates and presents the control and energy management of a typical standalone photovoltaic/battery hybrid system. The studied system in this paper includes two DC-DC converters. The first is a DC-DC boost converter works as a maximum power point tracker for the PV array, while the other is a bidirectional DC-DC converter used to regulate the DC bus voltage and to provide the necessary energy to the load by compensating the power deficit continuously. Generally, the developed control strategies in literature for such a system are based on proportional-integral (PI) controllers due to their simplicity of implementation, or by using some advanced nonlinear control concept, however this latter requires knowledge of system parameters and exact mathematical model for the design phase, which is sometimes difficult to obtain and makes the control technique sensitive to parameter variations. In order to overcome the previously mentioned drawbacks, this paper presents a model-free control technique based on a simplified version of fuzzy logic controller (FLC), this approach allows to keep the same implementation simplicity of PI controller and to considerably reduce the complexity of the conventional FLC. Experimental studies on a test bench were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTAION OF SAFETY MEASURES CAUSE BY DROWSINESS DETECTION IN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE

Driver’s drowsiness is the major problem that causes road accidents. Unlike normal facial expression, drowsiness is defined to be a condition of exhaustion, where the expression of the face is different from usual. The important steps in detecting drowsiness are face detection and expression detection. When the detection occurs that time the hazard lights are activate automatically to warn other drivers that the vehicle is a temporary obstruction. Also we have proposed new safety method using Ultrasonic sensors. It is used to detect the obstacles in which by using transmitter and receiver signals. The barrier principle determines the distance from the sensor to the reflector (Retro-Reflective Sensor) or to an object (Through-Beam Sensor) in the measuring range. The distance measurement using ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and their distances. Once the obstacle has been detected and safe separation distance is reached, the vehicle will automatically get stopped and also shared control concept for lane keeping assist (LKA) systems of intelligent vehicles. The core idea is to combine system perception with robust control so that the proposed strategy can successfully share the control authority between human drivers and the LKA system. This shared control strategy is composed of two parts, namely an operational part and a tactical part. Two local optimal-based controllers with two predefined objectives (i.e., lane keeping and conflict management) are designed in the operational part. The control supervisor in the tactical part aims to provide a decision making signal which allows for a smooth transition between two local controllers. The control design is based on a human-in the-loop vehicle system to improve the mutual driver-automation understanding, thus reducing or avoiding the conflict. In particular, the control design is formulated as an LMI optimization which can be easily solved with numerical solvers. The effectiveness of the proposed shared control method is clearly demonstrated through various hardware experiments with human drivers. Its controls the steering and to go on the straight road.

Computer-based design and development of a fully automated assembly of aircraft doors made of thermoplastic composite material

For production of aircraft doors using innovative lightweight materials, a fully automated assembly process was developed. Therefor a door structure of an overwing-exit-door is to be joined from thermoplastic composite material components. The innovative material enable the use of new joining concepts. The assembly process was virtually simulated in order to forecast production time, process sequence, provision of operating resources and investment costs. Relevant manufacturing equipment was designed and accessibilities of the clamping and joining tools as well as collision areas were determined and optimized. To quality management, process control concept was developed with which geometric deviations of the components can be automatically compensated.

Progress in Orthotopic Pig Heart Transplantation in Nonhuman Primates.

Xenotransplantation of porcine hearts has become a promising alternative to human allotransplantation, where organ demand still greatly surpasses organ availability. Before entering the clinic, however, feasibility of cardiac xenotransplantation needs to be proven, ideally in the life supporting orthotopic pig-to-nonhuman primate xenotransplantation model. In this review, we shortly outline the last three decades of research and then discuss in detail its most recent advances. These include the genetic modifications of donor pigs to overcome hyperacute rejection and coagulation dysregulation, new organ preservation methods to prevent perioperative xenograft dysfunction, experimental immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies to inhibit the adaptive immune system and systemic inflammation in the recipient, growth control concepts to avoid detrimental overgrowth of the porcine hearts in nonhuman primates, and lastly, the avoidance of porcine cytomegalovirus infections in donor pigs. With these strategies, consistent survival of 6-9months was achieved in the orthotopic xenotransplantation model, thereby fulfilling the prerequisites for the initiation of a clinical trial.

Control Concept for Coupled Robots and Stiffness Analysis

Modular manufacturing systems are constantly evolving. One goal is to increase flexibility. Industrial robots play a major role in this development as they are characterized by high flexibility. However, they have disadvantages in terms of rigidity, which affects their accuracy as well. These disadvantages can be minimized by coupling robots in parallel. When coupled, those systems are redundant, which leads to new challenges in system control to avoid internal stress in the joints. This paper attempts to solve these problems by selectively disengaging or locking of individual joints of the coupled system to make the system explicit. In addition, the effects on system stiffness are analyzed.

STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL AS A TOOL FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN DENIM PANT PRODUCTION

In this study, after defining the concepts of quality and quality control, the concept of statistical process control tools is examined. As a result of the data obtained from denim pants produced by a textile company operating in the ready-to-wear sector, defects were analyzed using statistical process control techniques. In this study, flowchart, control charts, pareto analysis, p-control diagram, cause-effect diagram, and grouping techniques were used. With the use of basic statistical process control tools, the most recurring defects were, and these defects were divided into subheadings for more detailed analysis. In this way, it was tried to prevent the repetition of defects by going down to the root causes of the detected defects. The causes of possible defects that may occur during production and solution suggestions were categorized. By going down to the basic causes of the detected defects and categorized them, defects were prevented by presenting and implementing solution suggestions. It is expected that the study with this different perspective will be an example of the sector and related fields as an alternative method. The aim of this study is to examine quality control practices in the garment industry, contribute to statistical control methods and problem-solving procedures, produce suggestions for problem-solving approaches, and disseminate improvement studies.

Multi Controller Placement Optimization in Software Defined Network Controllers by using Genetic Algorithm

SDN stands for software-defined network, and it gives scalability to manage the network by giving the concept of centralization and open control. The key concept of software-defined networks is that it separates the control mechanism and data mechanism, so the controller of SDN is only responsible for controlling the network functions. The controller can be programmed or decoded as per the need of the network administrator, whether the network administrator wants to expand the network or downscale the existing network. Open flow is the protocol which is used to build communication between controllers and a switching node. Open flow protocol is responsible for synchronizing and receiving the flow table when the request from the switches increases to control the level and multiple routing information comes to the controller. The controller could not be able to manage such an overflow of information. As a result, the performance of the controller was affected. In this paper genetic algorithm technique is used to resolve the load balancing issue between the multiple controllers. The proposed solution of algorithm will perform the method of selection, crossover, and mutation techniques to optimize the load balancing of controllers. The proposed technique will be compared with some benchmark algorithms, and it will be proved that the proposed GA outperforms as compared to other existing algorithms. By optimizing network performance and resource utilization, the research contributes to building resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable industrialization.

Analisis Pengendalian Persediaan Produk Dengan Metode Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Menggunakan Framework Laravel

The importance of managing stock makes it one of the processes that determine performance efficiency and maximize company income. In the process of determining the stock of goods requires sales data as well as the cost of the process of ordering and storing goods. The process of determining the stock of goods is not easy because many factors are calculated at once so it requires the help of a computer to be able to provide fast and precise conclusions. The method commonly used in maximizing the process of determining stock of goods is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. The goal is to produce the most efficient amount of stock to optimize the company's needs so that it can meet customer needs. This butinara store wants to apply the concept of control of the inventory of goods ordered at an optimal minimum cost. With the development of this goods supply application, it can later become a source or reference in the world of sales so that it can be used as a lesson for technological developments

Maximizing stroke recovery with advanced technologies: A comprehensive assessment of robot-assisted, EMG-Controlled robotics, virtual reality, and mirror therapy interventions

Inconvenience caused by stroke brings physical disability found in many people which restricts their daily life activities. Globally, it was predicted that the prevalence of stroke will rise to 21.9 % by 2030. To improve the sensory and motor recovery of the stroke survivors, they required high attention for their controllability and adaptability. About 80 % of stroke victims have upper-limb motor deficits which affects their daily living activities. Due to technological advancement in rehabilitation engineering with new interventions, traditional physical therapy for stroke patients now translates into new rehabilitation strategies which help in fast recovery of motor tasks with intention motions. Electromyography (EMG) based stroke rehabilitation now being developed for enhancement and assessment of motion control in clinical settings. The integration of EMG-based intervention provides the feasibility to use the concept of myoelectric control with therapeutic settings. In this paper, the use of EMG-based robot aided therapy has been discussed and highlights the contribution of interventions for stroke rehabilitation. Furthermore, discussion also emphasis on virtual reality and mirror therapy and their latest interventions and approaches carried out by different investigators for the evaluations and assessment of stroke rehabilitation in lieu of considerations for improved functional motor task. The most widely used functional outcome measures for conducting clinical assessment of stroke patients in randomized control trials (RCTs) are Fugl-meyer assessment-upper extremity (FMA-UE), a score range from 0 to 66points, Fugl-meyer assessment for lower extremity (FMA-LE) has a score from 0 to 34 points, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), a scale from 0 to 57 points, the Functional independence measure (FIM) has a scale of 18–126 points, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), a scale from 0 to 5 points and Box and block test (BBT). Furthermore, in most of the RCTs the statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 (95 % confidence interval). Moreover, future directions suggested that for real time autonomous detection of motion intentions, the EMG-based machine learning must be involved with robots, virtual reality and mirror therapy-based interventions to achieve 95 % accuracy that could leads to the development of intelligent rehabilitation interventions for stroke survivors.

Возможности субъектного подхода в изучении отношений криминогенной личности к социальному окружению

Introduction. The study is devoted to the description of the possibilities of the subjective approach to identifying the criminogenicity of the individual on the example of his/her relations to the social environment. It notes the disparate perceptions of criminogenicity, which requires the integration of scientific knowledge. The author suggests the possibilities of the subjective approach to describe the criminogenicity of personality. The specificity of the description of criminogenicity in individual-psychological and socioenvironmental concepts is determined. The current state of genetic and neuropsychological studies of personality criminogenicity is described. The role of socio-environmental concepts is revealed. The importance of society in the formation of criminogenicity is noted in the concepts of anomie, social control and socialisation of personality. The importance of subjective attitude mediating the influence of individualpsychological and social-mediological factors is emphasised.&#x0D; Methods. The methodology of the subject approach was applied in the research process, general scientific (induction, analysis, synthesis) and private-scientific (extrapolation) research methods were used.&#x0D; Results. The possibilities of the subjective approach to the analysis of the causes of criminogenicity of personality, which are not explained by individual-psychological and socio-environmental concepts of criminogenicity, are described. It is determined that criminogenicity can be considered as a socially negative form of self-actualisation of personality. The self-actualisationis explained through the purposeful manifestation of cognitive and regulatory abilities in order to achieve a personally significant goal. At the same time subjectivity is characterised by defects of moral and ethical sphere, allowing preferring criminal behaviour to law-abiding in the situation of choice. It is noted that the manifestation of subjectivity can be characterised in the context of relations to the social environment, acting as a means of achieving selfrealisation.&#x0D; The results extend and clarify the possibilities of the subjective approach as applied to the analysis of criminogenic personality. The peculiarities of the implementation of subjectivity of a criminogenic personality in terms of overcoming the difficulties of life activity, formation of self-relationship and involvement of others in self-realisation are shown. The prospects of studying the causes, state and characteristics of relations of criminogenic personality to social environment as a source of new information about criminalisation and decriminalisation of personality are outlined.

NIR-hyperspectral imaging and machine learning for non-invasive chemotype classification in Cannabis sativa L

The current public acceptance rate towards medical cannabis feasibility has led to a worldwide increase in this plant species production. Nevertheless, the currently transforming legal framework does not prevent the originally unlawful knowledge around cannabis breeding, which lacks quality control regulations or standards for correct manufacturing processes, a fact that could subsequently lead to uncontrolled and even harmful crop products. In this line, the objective of this work was to develop a non-invasive methodology for cannabis chemotype classification in different cultivars during the plant cultivation process, in order to keep undoubtful production control over cannabis crops. Hence, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), coupled with various multivariate data analysis approaches, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), enabled the non-invasive in-situ analysis of the plants. Hence, two PLS-DA classification models were trained with the plant spectral data for three chemotypes, based on the cannabinoid content of the plant inflorescences, with the difference between both approaches being the regard of the stem part of the plant as a bias. Thus, obtained sensitivity and specificity values in the inflorescences were 0.845/0.845 for Chemotype I, 0.954/0.920 for Chemotype II, and 0.888/0.925 for Chemotype III. At last, a hierarchical PLS-DA, which considered the stem as a bias, presented an overall 94.7 % trueness in the external validation of 57 different plant individuals, divided as 92.3 % trueness for chemotype I, 100.0 % trueness for chemotype II and 88.9 % trueness for chemotype III. Based on these results, the proof of concept for comprehensive agricultural control of cannabis crops through a non-invasive analytical technique was demonstrated, a previously unproven fact. Therefore, this work could further pave the way for non-invasive technology development for horticultural quality control in medical cannabis productions, as this emerging industry will require strict control over the cannabis chemotypes, with the strong advantage of avoiding destructive and time-consuming analytical techniques such as chromatography.

Lucky artists

AbstractImagine an artist creating new work, a painter applying paint to canvas with a brush, for example. Assuming she acts intentionally, is she responsible for the work she creates? Is she responsible, in particular, for whatever value her finished work has? In the first part of the paper, I formulate an argument for the claim she is not; I call this the Luck Argument. According to that argument, an important aspect of the work's value is due to luck, so not something for which the artist is responsible. I then go on to challenge the Luck Argument. I suggest that intentional control is not the only type of control artists exercise over their bodily activity. There is another type, which I call receptive control. The concept of receptive control makes it possible to challenge a crucial premise in the Luck Argument.

Gain scheduled task space control of multi DOF machine tools with non-linear parallel kinematics

Machine tools with multiple degrees of freedom and parallel kinematics offer tremendous opportunities for new kind of processes but at the same time also a lot of control challenges. They are subject to uncertainties in the form of kinematic errors, elasticities and thermal deflections. Their kinematic non-linearity requires the application of model-based control concepts whose full effectiveness can only be unlocked through controls in the task space. In particular, kinematic singularities occur in forming machines such as presses, which make closed-loop control at corresponding operating points considerably more difficult. In this paper, we use the example of a servo-driven press with three ram degrees of freedom to show how parallel kinematic machine tools can be controlled via inverse differential kinematics models in task space and to what extent the controls can benefit from scheduled gain factors. The results are validated both simulatively and experimentally. In the experimental tests, three-dimensional tool paths are traced that can be used to carry out orbital forging processes. Furthermore, the example of a punch hole rolling process demonstrates that the ram pose is controlled more accurately, which also has positive effects on the resulting workpiece geometry. The performance of the developed gain scheduling task space control is compared with that of a robust and non-robust control with static gains.

A perspective and reflection on Chinese food from the public management perspective

In an era of rapid globalization and an increasingly modernized risk society, risk control faces more complex challenges. The transitional period in Chinese society itself has certain flaws that amplify the threat of risks to social security while weakening the effectiveness of risk control during the transitional phase. It can even be argued that the flaws inherent in transitional societies are significant sources of risk themselves. Risks in modern society exhibit characteristics such as suddenness, uncertainty, and structural fractures. With the continuous expansion of the public domain and increasing complexity of public affairs in China during the transitional period, the societal structure is gradually shifting from management to governance, driven by practical considerations for maintaining political stability. From the perspective of public management, facing the severe issue of food safety under the dual pressures of the impact of risk society and the instability of the transitional period, it is insufficient to rely solely on traditional risk control concepts and methods. Instead, there is a need to promote the democratization of professional knowledge through the improvement of legal mechanisms, communication mechanisms, and interest mechanisms. This ensures the democratization of professional knowledge, fosters the development of "citizen science," and guarantees the public's right to participate, including the rights to be informed about risks, freedom of choice, and the right to knowledge participation. Thus, it rebuilds public trust in the social system, genuinely safeguarding the "safety on the tip of the tongue."

Control Concept for a Molten Salt Receiver in Star Design

A promising approach to reduce the system costs of molten salt solar receivers is to enable the irradiation of the absorber tubes on both sides. The star design is an innovative receiver design, pursuing this approach. The unconventional design leads to new challenges in controlling the system. This paper presents a control concept for a molten salt receiver system in star design. The control parameters are optimized in a defined test cycle by minimizing a cost function. The control concept is tested in realistic cloud passage scenarios based on real weather data. During these tests, the control system showed no sign of unstable behavior, but to perform sufficiently in every scenario further research and development like integrating Model Predictive Controls (MPCs) need to be done. The presented concept is a starting point to do so.

Sequential Model Predictive Control for Grid Connection in Offshore Wind Farms Based on Active Disturbance Rejection

In order to harness a greater share of wind energy resources, offshore wind energy projects are venturing into deep-sea locations. In this progression, the issue of grid integration control becomes increasingly challenging. Traditional Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been introduced in offshore wind energy grid integration control due to its merits, such as not requiring modulators, dispensing with decoupling, incorporating constraint handling, and facilitating online optimization. However, it heavily relies on a model and consequently experiences a substantial loss of control effectiveness in the face of system parameter variations. In light of this, this study presents an active-disturbance-rejection-based three-vector sequence model predictive control approach. This method effectively mitigates the influence caused by changes in system parameters, endowing the system with self-disturbance rejection capabilities and enhancing its fault recovery abilities. The method employs self-disturbance control to track voltage reference values and employs the concept of sequence control to eliminate weighting factors in the cost function. Furthermore, it employs three-vector control to achieve error-free operation. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed method effectively minimizes voltage and power transients. It demonstrated superior control effectiveness and shorter response times, enabling the system to rapidly restore to a stable operational state following disturbances.

International experience of public administration and control in the public procurement

Introduction. The regulation of public procurement has always attracted legislators around the world, because the global economy with its economic, legal and political relationships is closely intertwined with the micro-economies of each state. The paper summarizes the international experience of public administration and control in the public procurement and its adaptation in Ukraine in the context of globalization processes. The purpose of the paper is the generalization of modern concepts of state regulation and control of public procurement; adaptation of foreign experience in the efficiency of public procurement in Ukraine. Results. The experience of foreign countries shows the presence of two powerful groups of system control in different countries: two-channel and single-channel system control with courts of ordinary and specialized jurisdictions. Among the key factors inherent in the foreign control system are such as multi-channel, variability, regulation and preventive. Taking into account the EU Directives on system control and legal protection in terms of effective procurement allows maneuvering between public law and civil law, which disciplines actors of public procurement. The domestic system control in the field of public procurement lacks effective regulatory and methodological documents capable of preventing at a high level any manifestations of abuse of government power (the experience of Singapore and the UK). In particular, in terms of regulating the effectiveness of planning, conducting and monitoring the work of state control bodies over public procurement. The Ukrainian system of public procurement lacks such features as impartiality in tenders, high examination of procurement performance, and civil control by society. Along with financial, quantitative, and qualitative losses, political losses are also characteristic of Ukraine in terms of the deterioration of the investment climate in the country, the weakening of the country’s economic and financial system, violation of the principles of free competition, etc. Conclusion. It seems advisable to develop preventive scenarios for «tracking» the procurement system with calculation of the probability of abuse of power, that is, the «chance» on each channel: from the announcement of the tender to its completion. All this together will work like the British or Singaporean model of strengthening the political image of the country, preventing any manifestations of corruption in this area of activity. A necessary innovation seems to be a preventive-oriented and risk-oriented approach to government regulation and control in the public procurements.

Low voltage–driven high-performance thermal switching in antiferroelectric PbZrO 3 thin films

Effective control of heat transfer is vital for energy saving and carbon emission reduction. In contrast to achievements in electrical conduction, active control of heat transfer is much more challenging. Ferroelectrics are promising candidates for thermal switching as a result of their tunable domain structures. However, switching ratios in ferroelectrics are low (&lt;1.2). We report that high-quality antiferroelectric PbZrO 3 epitaxial thin films exhibit high-contrast (&gt;2.2), fast-speed (&lt;150 nanoseconds), and long-lifetime (&gt;10 7 ) thermal switching under a small voltage (&lt;10 V). In situ reciprocal space mapping and atomistic modelings reveal that the field-driven antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition induces a substantial change of primitive cell size, which modulates phonon-phonon scattering phase space drastically and results in high switching ratio. These results advance the concept of thermal transport control in ferroic materials.

Analisis sistem pengendalian intern pada dana pensiun bulanan di PT. Bank Mandiri Taspen KC Manado

The aim of this research is to find out directly the internal control system for monitoring monthly pension fund payments at PT. Bank Mandiri Taspen KC Manado.This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The data collection technique uses interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out based on the COSO control concept framework. The results of this research indicate that internal control of monthly pension funds at Bank Mandiri Taspen KC Manado has been effective. This is proven by the implementation of five components and 17 principles of internal control according to control theory.

Data-driven soft sensors in pulp refining processes using artificial neural networks

Pulp refining processes are most often complicated to describe using linear methodologies, and sometimes an artificial neural network (ANN) is a preferable alternative when assimilating non-linear operating data. In this study, an ANN is used to predict pulp properties, such as shives (wide), fiber length, and freeness. Both traditional process variables (external variables) and refining zone variables (internal variables) are necessary to include as model inputs. The estimation of shives (wide) results achieved an R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.9 (0.7) for the training and (validation) sets. Corresponding measures for fiber length and freeness can be questioned using this methodology. It is shown that the maximum temperature in the flat zone can be modeled using the external variables motor load and production instead of the specific energy. This resulted in an R2 of approximately 0.9 for the training sets, while the R2 for the validation set did not reach an acceptable level – most likely due to inherent non-linearities in the process. Additional results showed that the consistency profile is difficult to estimate properly using an ANN. Instead, a model-driven sensor is preferred to be used. The main results from this study indicate that shives (wide) should be the prime candidate when introducing advanced pulp property control concepts.