Concept Of Anonymity Research Articles

TEAP: trust‐enhanced anonymous on‐demand routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

Security plays a major role in implementing mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) for communication in an adverse environment. This study introduces the concept of anonymity for an informant who identifies and reports anonymously the misbehaviour of the users in the network. The trust-enhanced anonymous on-demand routing protocol (TEAP) is proposed to restrain the misuse of anonymity in two methods. In the first method, a user is revealed as a misbehaving user to other users, if it does not send any cooperative message, upon receiving two warnings. In the second method, if a user attempts to send multiple claims against a particular user for the same reason it will also be termed as a misbehaving user. The TEAP protocol is designed based upon broadcast with trapdoor information is a cryptography concept which is used to detect the misbehaving users anonymously in the network. The simulation results prove the necessity of anonymity in MANET and the effectiveness of this protocol in achieving such anonymity.

Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition

The present research studied the impact of three typical online communication factors on inducing the toxic online disinhibition effect: anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact. Using an experimental design with 142 participants, we examined the extent to which these factors lead to flaming behaviors, the typical products of online disinhibition. Random pairs of participants were presented with a dilemma for discussion and a common solution through online chat. The effects were measured using participants’ self-reports, expert judges’ ratings of chat transcripts, and textual analyses of participants’ conversations. A 2 × 2 × 2 (anonymity/non-anonymity × visibility/invisibility × eye-contact/lack of eye-contact) MANOVA was employed to analyze the findings. The results suggested that of the three independent variables, lack of eye-contact was the chief contributor to the negative effects of online disinhibition. Consequently, it appears that previous studies might have defined the concept of anonymity too broadly by not addressing other online communication factors, especially lack of eye-contact, that impact disinhibition. The findings are explained in the context of an online sense of unidentifiability, which apparently requires a more refined view of the components that create a personal sense of anonymity.

Reviewing Manuscripts for Biomedical Journals

Writing for publication is a complex task. For many professionals, producing a well-executed manuscript conveying one's research, ideas, or educational wisdom is challenging. Authors have varying emotions related to the process of writing for scientific publication. Although not studied, a relationship between an author's enjoyment of the writing process and the product's outcome is highly likely. As with any skill, practice generally results in improvements. Literature focused on preparing manuscripts for publication and the art of reviewing submissions exists. Most journals guard their reviewers' anonymity with respect to the manuscript review process. This is meant to protect them from direct or indirect author demands, which may occur during the review process or in the future. It is generally accepted that author identities are masked in the peer-review process. However, the concept of anonymity for reviewers has been debated recently; many editors consider it problematic that reviewers are not held accountable to the public for their decisions. The review process is often arduous and underappreciated, one reason why biomedical journals acknowledge editors and frequently recognize reviewers who donate their time and expertise in the name of science. This article describes essential elements of a submitted manuscript, with the hopes of improving scientific writing. It also discusses the review process within the biomedical literature, the importance of reviewers to the scientific process, responsibilities of reviewers, and qualities of a good review and reviewer. In addition, it includes useful insights to individuals who read and interpret the medical literature.

Probabilistic and nondeterministic aspects of anonymity

The concept of anonymity comes into play in a wide range of situations, varying from voting and anonymous donations to postings on bulletin boards and sending emails. The protocols for ensuring anonymity often use random mechanisms which can be described probabilistically, while the agents’ behavior may be totally unpredictable, irregular, and hence expressible only nondeterministically. Formal definitions of the concept of anonymity have been investigated in the past either in a totally nondeterministic framework, or in a purely probabilistic one. In this paper, we investigate a notion of anonymity which combines both probability and nondeterminism, and which is suitable for describing the most general situation in which the protocol and the users can have both probabilistic and nondeterministic behavior. We also investigate the properties of the definition for the particular cases of purely nondeterministic users and purely probabilistic users. We formulate the notions of anonymity in terms of probabilistic automata, and we describe protocols and users as processes in the probabilistic π -calculus, whose semantics is again based on probabilistic automata. Throughout the paper, we illustrate our ideas by using the example of the dining cryptographers.

Opacity generalised to transition systems

Recently, opacity has proved a promising technique for describing security properties. Much of the work has been couched in terms of Petri nets. Here, we extend the notion of opacity to the model of labelled transition systems and generalise opacity in order to better represent concepts from the literature on information flow. In particular, we establish links between opacity and the information flow concepts of anonymity and non-inference. We also investigate ways of verifying opacity when working with Petri nets. Our work is illustrated by two examples, one describing anonymity in a commercial context, and the other modelling requirements upon a simple voting system.

Revisiting the Four Horsemen of the Infopocalypse: Representations of anonymity and the Internet in Canadian newspapers

The concept of anonymity is central to much discussion about the Internet. In this paper, we wish to identify the term's work in the context of more expansive claims about the function, value and consequences of networked information technology in society. We argue that themes and topics in a sample of Canadian print news stories are exemplary of a discourse about the Internet in which anonymity is portrayed as an element that facilitates positive or negative social outcomes of the technology.

An Identity-Free and On-Demand Routing Scheme against Anonymity Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Introducing node mobility into the network also introduces new anonymity threats. This important change of the concept of anonymity has recently attracted attentions in mobile wireless security research. This paper presents identity-free routing and on-demand routing as two design principles of anonymous routing in mobile ad hoc networks. We devise ANODR (ANonymous On-Demand Routing) as the needed anonymous routing scheme that is compliant with the design principles. Our security analysis and simulation study verify the effectiveness and efficiency of ANODR.

Beyond anonymity, or future directions for internet identity research

This article draws on empirical research into internet use by minority ethnic women to consider whether anonymity remains a useful focus for sociocultural studies of internet identities. The central argument of the article is that the time has come for internet identity research to reposition itself conceptually, to move away from a preoccupation with the generalized, enduring claim that internet identities are anonymous, multiple and fragmented-not only because, in some cases, online identities are continuous with offline selves, but also, more importantly, because common uses of the concept of anonymity are limited as starting points for carrying out analyses of internet experiences. In short, it argues that the terms of internet identity research are problematic, that contexts matter, and that studies of internet identities need to engage with and learn from ongoing debates within cultural studies which call into question the usefulness of the very concept of identity.

Anonymity in large societies

In a social choice model with an infinite number of agents, there may occur “equal size” coalitions that a preference aggregation rule should treat in the same manner. We introduce an axiom of equal treatment with respect to a measure of coalition size and explore its interaction with common axioms of social choice. We show that, provided the measure space is sufficiently rich in coalitions of the same measure, the new axiom is the natural extension of the concept of anonymity, and in particular plays a similar role in the characterization of preference aggregation rules.

Providing Anonymity in Unconditionally Secure Secret Sharing Schemes

We discuss the concept of anonymity in an unconditionally secure secret sharing scheme, proposing several types of anonymity and situations in which they might arise. We present a foundational fram...

Living in a Land of Epithets: Anonymity in Judges 19-21

Recently, scholars such as Cheryl Exum and Mieke Bal have utilized a literary method for understanding the peculiar narrative technique of the Judges corpus. Exum explains that the narrator is utilizing the disintegration of his own plot to exhibit the dissolution of Israel's society, and Mieke Bal emphasizes the 'incoherence' of chronology as a means rather than an obstacle to understanding Judges. Moreover, I am suggesting that the narrator is applying disintegrating characterization to reflect a macabre society in which individuals dehumanize. This dehumanizing propelled the entire nation toward internal, self-imposed exile. Furthermore and more importantly, the narrator employs the concept of anonymity as a major literary technique to display both the universality of 'every one doing right in his own eyes' and the annihilation of the identity of the powerless individual which leads to the dismemberment of familial, tribal and national wholeness. Anonymity in Judg. 19-21 as a literary technique symbolizes and epitomizes the gradual, downward spiraling disintegration that is occurring increasingly throughout the narrative until the community faces radical anarchy in chs. 17-21.

Anonymity and whistleblowing

This paper examines the moral arguments for and against employees' blowing the whistle on illegal or immoral actions of their employers. It asks whether such professional dissidents are justified in disclosing wrongdoing by others while concealing their own identity. Part I examines the concept of anonymity, distinguishing it from two similar concepts — secrecy and privacy. Part II analyzes the concept of whistleblowing using recent definitions by Bok, Bowie and De George. Various arguments against anonymous whistleblowing are identified and evaluated. The author concludes with a defense of the practice in terms of social benefits — primarily the redressing of wrongdoing.

Anonymity and Genesis of Society

Anonymity is the concept which shows the problem of “man and society, ” for a society generates when a man with his proper name becomes anonymous. Alfred Schutz's concept of anonymity is helpful in considering this problem.Schutz supposes a “we-relation” as a virtual source of light which projects the degrees of anonymity. The “we-relation” is based on a reciprocal “thou-orientation, ” in which one grasps the “Other” (fellow-man) in temporal and spatial immediacy. The more we approach the mediate experience of the “Other” (contemporary), the smaller is the degree of immediacy and the higher is the degree of anonymity. (Alfred Schutz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World, Heinemann, 1974, p.73.) It should be noted that temporal and spatial immediacy is not a sufficient condition for the “we-relation, ” but it is a necessary condition.Schutz's concept of anonymity is made up four phases.1. Anonymity as TypicalityWe can see this phase when the “Other” is experienced as a functional type (eg. postman) through typification or anonymization.2. Anonymity as an UnknownIn the second phase the “Other” cannot be identified as a special person and biographical knowledge about him is not stocked.3. Anonymity as a Principle of Construction of the Social World4. Anonymity which Pregiven Social Structure HoldsInstitutions, language and artifacts are highly anonymous spheres. They are on the one hand constructs by typification or anonymization, and on the other hand they are the elemental parts in setting the scene for the “we-relation.” I believe that in Schutz's theory construction (the third) and pregiveness (the fourth) of society are bound with the key terms-“we-relation” and anonymity. “Generalized others” (G.H. Mead), “self” and “das Man” (Heideggar) are related to these two phases.I think that this articulation of anonymity will be useful in analyzing various problems of modern and contemporary society.

The Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology

The cultural pattern peculiar to a social group functions for its members as an unquestioned scheme of reference. It determines the strata of relevance for their "thinking as usual" in standardized situations and the degree of knowledge required for handling the tested "recipes" involved. The approaching stranger, however, does not share certain basic assumptions which alone guarante the functioning of these recipes. He has to place in question what seems unquestionable to the in-group and cannot even put his trust in a vague knowledge about the general style of the pattern but needs explicit knowledge of its elements. This entails a dislocation of the stranger's habitual system of relevance. A thorough modification of his schemes of orientation and interpretation and of his concepts of anonymity, typicality, and chance is the prerequisite of any possible adjustment.