Concept Of Legitimacy Research Articles

Enhancing supportive intention through perceived legitimacy: Social media influencer leadership and charismatic legitimization in CSR communication

Partnering with social media influencers (SMIs) in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives has become increasingly popular, but their role in conveying CSR initiatives remains unclear. Grounded in legitimacy theory and Max Weber’s concept of charismatic legitimation, this research investigates how SMIs’ leadership in opinion and taste impacts the normative and pragmatic legitimacy of CSR initiatives. An online survey of 491 U.S. influencer followers shows that perceived SMI opinion leadership enhances CSR normative legitimacy, which in turn increases stakeholders’ willingness to support. Our findings contribute to public relations and CSR research by highlighting the importance of CSR legitimacy, introducing charismatic legitimation to explain SMIs’ roles, and distinguishing between opinion and taste leadership. These insights help companies choose SMIs who enhance CSR legitimacy and support.

Taken for granted or wilfully ignored? Seeking legitimacy for the entrepreneurship educator

PurposeThis study offers insights into how the entrepreneurship educator (EE) is legitimised in higher education.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory study is based on content analysis of 73 university programme specifications, 61 university strategies and 35 job advertisements. The study uses Suchman’s (1995) conceptualisation of organisational legitimacy to assist in categorising the results according to type of legitimacy.FindingsConnections are made between the legitimacy of the EE and wider societal discourses surrounding the legitimacy of enterprise/entrepreneurship as expressed in university strategies. Attempts to legitimise the EE specifically, as opposed to “the educator” more broadly understood, are quite limited. Programme specifications mainly offer a cognitive form of legitimacy relating to teaching, with elements of pragmatic legitimacy arising from educators’ links to industry and research prowess. Job descriptions are more focused on the educator’s research as a form of legitimation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study creates a baseline of knowledge surrounding the legitimacy of the EE, which raises important questions as to how the educator is supposed to add value in relation to different stakeholders.Originality/valueThe concept of legitimacy, despite widespread application in other disciplines, has found very limited application in the study of EE. Using three sources of data, the paper offers a first application of Suchman’s (1995) conceptualisation of legitimacy to entrepreneurship education. It thereby offers a critical perspective on the role of the EE as shaped by institutional norms.

The rhetorical dimension of the sanctity of the Hijab in ancient Iraqi art

We all know for certain that the hijab plays a role in preserving the safety of society and its correct growth. Through this study, we tried to explain the concept of the hijab in its legitimate form, as in the first chapter, and openness through pictorial metaphors that embodied diverse rhetorical dimensions that did not undermine the legitimate concepts through the civilization of ancient Iraq, as in the second chapter, and then confirming the study of the sanctity of the hijab and its need, as in the third chapter. One of the results of this study was to stand on the statement of the need for the hijab and its authenticity, and that the civilization of ancient Iraq accompanied the functions of the sanctity of the hijab in a simulated and non-simulated way that found its openness translated towards the concepts of (power, law, protection, positivity, health, goodness, etc.). Recommendations were presented, the most important of which were: It is necessary to intensify such studies that touch on the connections of social reality and its civilizational and legal dimensions, which contributes to the current generation’s understanding of the concept of images of laws of life systems that have become almost present, if not missing, which led to the emergence of distorted pictorial alternatives drifting towards the common collapse. Here lies the importance of the study in serving the community as well as students, researchers, institutions, and specialized cultural and artistic clubs, and answering the following research problem question: What is the rhetorical dimension of the sanctity of the hijab in ancient Iraqi art?.

Fragile legitimacy of multi-academy trusts in England: the case for a clear set of indicators to engender trust in the academised school system

ABSTRACT The UK 2019–2024 Conservative Government’s ambition was for all schools in England to be part of a multi-academy trust (MAT), a publicly funded body outside of local authority control (Department for Education 2022a). The preference for larger, geographically widespread MATs has resulted in a centralised system, where governance and management of schools is potentially detached from local views and concerns, leading to questions over the legitimacy of these organisations as providers of education. Through the use of phenomenology and organisational theory, this paper explores conceptions of legitimacy for stakeholders in four MATs. It highlights the fragility of an education system over-reliant on the reputation and expertise of the founding CEO, and trustees who often lack educational and pedagogical knowledge, with limited understanding of local issues. This article argues that the lack of plurality and representation on trust boards, limits agency for academy leaders and diminishes space for local voices to be heard. The inadequacies of applying organisational theory to identify legitimacy are exposed. A more insightful model is presented, including a set of ‘MAT legitimacy indicators’: appropriate knowledge, expertise and values of those in management and governance; cultural and demographic representation in governance; plurality through diversity of voice and dissensus.

Bernard Williams’ legitimate authority between universalism and relativism

ABSTRACT This paper is divided into two main parts. In the first half, I identify a tension within Bernard Williams’ political realist conception of political legitimacy. On the one hand, he was committed to a peculiar universalist criterion of political legitimacy – what is politically unacceptable is summed up in the old Catholic saying quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab omnibus creditum est. On the other, he supported the idea that what counts as political legitimacy depends on what we, in the here and now, deem to be politically legitimate – thus suggesting some kind of relativist criterion for political legitimacy. In order to eliminate this tension, I propose a two-step reconstruction of Williams’ works on political philosophy. The second half of the article assesses three criticisms to Willliams’ conception of political legitimacy levied by contemporary political realists. I use my two-step reconstruction of Williams to reject two of these three objections. In addressing the third, I sketch a reading of Williams’ notion of political legitimacy in the context of his ethical project as a whole and, in so doing, overcome the difficulty.

Political Participation Of Beginners In The 2024 General Election In Cirebon City

Political participation involves political awareness and faith in government, which is directly connected to the concepts of democracy and legitimacy. The relationship between political participation, democracy and legitimacy is very close. This research highlights the preparation of Cirebon City for the 2024 General Election with a focus on the participation of new voters. This research aims to explore the experiences and perspectives of new voters through interviews, documentation, and observation to understand their political participation in depth. In addition, this study also aims to record the efforts of the Cirebon City KPU in overcoming obstacles to the participation of new voters. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological paradigm approach. Descriptive data, both written and oral, were collected directly from first-time voters through interviews, documentation, and observation. Descriptive research, as Whitney describes, plays an important role in building a systematic, accurate and factual narrative. The results of this study describe the phenomenon of political participation of novice voters in Cirebon City and reveal the relationship between various aspects that influence it. The research also notes the efforts of the Cirebon City KPU in overcoming obstacles to the participation of first-time voters, including the use of social media, especially TikTok, to effectively disseminate information and attract the attention of first-time voters. This research shows that the political participation of novice voters in Cirebon City has a close relationship with the concepts of democracy and legitimacy. The Cirebon City KPU's efforts in using social media as a means of communication have made a positive contribution in increasing the participation of novice voters ahead of the 2024 General Election. The narrative generated from this research not only describes the phenomenon of political participation, but also provides a deeper understanding of the various aspects that influence the participation of novice voters.

The relationship between political legitimacy and economic legitimacy: empirical explorations of a novel research approach on legitimacy

The paper outlines key points of a novel research approach to empirically investigate the question of legitimacy in modern societies. This new research approach utilizes a functionalist perspective to expand the concept of legitimacy. Accordingly, the conceptual framework discusses how legitimacy can be employed in different domains of society. In particular, it proposes to conceptualize both the legitimacy of the political system (political legitimacy) as well as the legitimacy of the economic system (economic legitimacy). The main objectives of the study are to (1) develop conceptualizations that are empirically plausible for the two types of legitimacies; (2) to empirically verify the operationalization; and (3) to assess empirically the relationship between these two types of legitimacies and identify interdependencies between them. The paper employs a macro-level research design to understand the relationship between political and economic legitimacy, where the main units of analysis are countries. The study compiles a new country-level dataset of indicators for political and economic legitimacy based on a large selection of secondary cross-national data sources. It employs then structural equation modeling to established empirical measurement models for political and economic legitimacy. Moreover, the relationship of political and economic legitimacy is explored with a cross-lagged panel model. The paper establishes that political and economic legitimacy are two distinct concepts empirically. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that political legitimacy has a negative influence on economic legitimacy, whereas economic legitimacy does not effect political legitimacy. Overall, the paper shows the viability of this new research approach and potential pitfalls for future research. The empirical evidence should be interpreted with caution due to low data quality, nonetheless the paper contributes to taking a step closer toward understanding how governments can ensure stable societies.

ETSI’s legitimacy as an ESO in times of crisis: commentary on Volpato and Eliantonio, Temple and De Vries

This commentary reflects on the contributions by Volpato and Eliantonio, Temple and De Vries, which focus on the important question of the legitimacy of ETSI’s governance. The authors discuss different concepts of legitimacy, confirming its multifaceted character. The commentary sheds light on their relevance to discussions about ETSI's responses and adaptations to the European Union’s demands and expectations set out in the European Union Standardization Strategy. This commentary contributes to this discussion by offering a dynamic account of legitimacy and illuminates how legitimacy demands and dynamics manifest in decision-making processes within ETSI. ETSI only to a certain degree has ceased the opportunity presented by the Standardization Strategy to increase its legitimacy by enhancing its responsiveness to societal stakeholders. Questions are raised for further research about ETSI’s autonomy, the consequences of current and ongoing decision-making for ETSI’s legitimacy, as perceived by the European Commission and other stakeholders, and ETSI’s relative influence and authority in the wider standardization field. It is argued that ETSI's upholding of European values, including respect for human rights, should be a measure of ETSI's legitimacy and rulemaking influence as a European standardization organization within Europe, and globally.

POLITICAL POWER, AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY: ANALYSING THE INCONSISTENCY OF MILITARY RULE WITH DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN WEST AFRICA

On January 28, 2024, the media came alive with the news of the three Francophone West African countries leaving the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Before this, the military junta of the Niger Republic had approached the ECOWAS Court of Justice praying for the lift of sanctions imposed upon them by the ECOWAS, the quest to lift these sanctions failed because the court made it clear that it recognizes only democratic government as the only legitimate government. The three questions that this article seeks to answer are whether there is any country in West Africa with a democratic military government, whether the military juntas of these countries can withdraw from ECOWAS through media announcements, and whether their withdrawal from ECOWAS has implications. To answer these questions, this article examines the concept of political power, authority, and legitimacy by adopting theoretical and doctrinal study of primary sources and secondary sources. This study examines and evaluates information and provisions contained in international treaties, conventions and protocols, journal articles, books, newspapers, and materials sourced from the internet.

The evolution of political power legitimacy conceptions

The concept of the power legitimacy as one of the problems in the field of public administration was first mentioned by the German jurist G. Jellinek of the late 19th - early 20th century, then it was deeply developed in the theory of political domination by M. Weber. Realizing the importance of this issue, scientists from different countries one way or another turned to it and refined its various aspects. This article provides a critical analysis of the basic concepts of the legitimacy of power, based on the contribution to the development of this issue by M. Weber, D. Easton, I. Cerovac, J. Rawls, D. Estlund and J. Habermas. Since the problem of the legitimacy of power is directly related to the maintenance of a democratic regime, the declared concepts are considered in the context of the varieties of democracies for which they were created. The purpose of this study is not only to analyze successive concepts of the legitimacy of political power, but also to identify their relationship with the prevailing ideas about democracy in science and society at the time the concept appeared. The study was carried out within the framework of a systematic approach using general theoretical methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization and classification, as well as the case study method for country analysis.

Political legitimacy in Rawls’ early and late political liberalism – Two diverging interpretations

This article assesses Frank I. Michelman’s constitution-centered and proceduralist interpretation of Rawls’ conception of political legitimacy and argues that it merits attention because it highlights the institutional aspects of Rawls’ understanding of political legitimacy for constitutional democracies. However, the article also questions Michelman’s interpretation of Rawls’ ‘liberal principle of legitimacy’ (LPL) and the later ‘idea of political legitimacy based on the criterion of reciprocity’ (ILBR). As Michelman rightly points out, for the exercise of political power to be legitimate in a constitutional democracy, it must be in accordance with a constitution that is itself legitimate or reasonably acceptable to free and equal citizens. Yet, the article argues that Rawls’ two legitimacy formulations are attempts to make an additional point: Namely that when democratic citizens exercise political power in ‘the fundamental political issues’, or in issues that shape the basic justice of society or the essentials of the constitution itself, they must respect the ideal of public reason – or ensure themselves and other citizens that their exercise of political power is in accordance with the underlying basic political-moral ideas of persons and society that make the constitution itself acceptable to them. The LPL and the ILBR are conceptions of political legitimacy, not in the sense of setting up a criterion for when a specific law is legitimate, but in the sense of outlining civic or “office-specific” constraints that citizens and public officials must put on their reasoning and exercise of political power in the fundamental political issues for the practice of a constitutional democracy to be legitimate, or well-ordered, reasonably just, and stable for the right reasons – in the long run. The article also discusses why Rawls saw the need to reformulate the LPL, and how the later ILBR assigns a new significance to citizens’ actual use of public reason and their intersubjective deliberation.

Innovation sociale et fourniture de ressources à but non lucratif : une analyse du discours

This research adopts a resource dependency approach to support the process of social innovation application within the context of nonprofit resource procurement using a comparative sample of re- source-providing organizations (n = 8) and nonprofit resource recipients (n = 10). An organizational discourse analysis was adopted to explore concepts of power and legitimacy across groups revealing several ways that social innovation is employed and challenged by both resource recipients and providers. Further, a text coverage analysis revealed several discrepancies with the use of terminology between sub-samples. Together, these novel analytical approaches provide a narrative regarding the ways in which social innovation is co-conceptualized within nonprofit resource provision, including examining the role of language and power between stakeholder groups.

The roots of legitimacy in ethnic-cultural festivals and their influence on residents’ loyalty: an analysis of two Brazilian Oktoberfests

PurposeLegitimacy is a classic theme, quite present in organisational studies in general, but in the field of tourism it still has room to advance. For that reason, this research seeks to delimit the concept of legitimacy and adapt it to the context of tourism events; and seeks to validate a measurement instrument that allows to evaluate of its recognition in the imagination of residents, and to evaluate the impacts of this construct on residents’ trust in the organisers of Brazilian Oktoberfest, on the negative externalities of those events and, ultimately, on the achievement of residents’ loyalty.Design/methodology/approachThe locus of the research are the cities of Blumenau, Santa Catarina and Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Catarina, both located in southern Brazil, whose residents answered an online questionnaire about the legitimacy of the Oktoberfest held there. A total of 365 valid questionnaires were collected, tabulated in statistical software and interpreted using exploratory-confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling.FindingsThe results show that festival legitimacy is a theoretical construct that can be measured as either a first-order or second-order factor, consisting of three factors, called moral legitimacy, pragmatic legitimacy and cognitive legitimacy.Originality/valueThis research provides a valid and reliable tool for assessing local residents' acceptance of ethno-cultural festivals. It also shows variations in the perception of legitimacy, demonstrating that this can influence other aspects of residents' perception of ethnocultural events.

Deliberative mini-publics as a Confucian institution

This article constructs a positive case for deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) from the perspective of contemporary Confucian political philosophy. Extant empirical and normative studies of DMPs have treated them primarily as a concrete way to instantiate the deliberative conception of legitimacy advocated by Western political philosophers such as John Rawls and Jurgen Habermas. Almost no attention has been paid to how certain non-Western philosophies like Confucianism could provide different understandings of such an institutional innovation. The article fills this gap by exploring why DMPs should be incorporated into the two ideal types of regimes considered by today’s Confucian political philosophers, Confucian democracy and Confucian political meritocracy. In this regard, it makes an original contribution to both the field of democratic theory and the emerging paradigm of Confucian public administration.

Legitimacy in Internal Conflict: Insurgency and Counterinsurgency

Max Weber's (the Weberian) concept of legitimacy is the most applied form of legitimacy but lacks the concept to address the contemporary complex issues that are prevalent in today's unconventional conflicts. Legitimacy is neither state-centric nor top-down alone. It is dynamic and may shift from one group to the other in the contested security environment and, take the bottom-up approach. The 'Western' Counterinsurgency undermines the power of the insurgents who would build their legitimacy to advance their cause. This is mainly because the 'Western' view of state formation dominates discussions on legitimacy. Insurgents and counterinsurgents both compete for legitimacy at the local level, to win over the belief and trust of the people that primarily give the legitimacy the shape of bottom-up.

Hunting the watchmen the Ulster Defence Regiment and IRA strategy

ABSTRACT The Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) were unique within the context of the Troubles-79% of their nearly 200 UDR casualties came while off-duty. This article frames these attacks, assesses their impact and concludes whether certain individuals (such as Catholics) were specifically targeted. I demonstrate that such tactics were ruthless pragmatism and were influenced by regionality. The IRA focused on eliminating security forces, although some pursued personal vendettas. I forward that overall, the IRA consistently demonstrated a concept of target legitimacy – ‘legitimacy frameworks’. I conclude that these practices are not only common, but should be anticipated in counterinsurgencies.

Article: Throughput Legitimacy of the Peer Review Process of the Four Beps Minimum Standards: A Case Study

This article focuses on the Base Erosion Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project and more specifically on the peer review of the four BEPS minimum standards. The first part of this contribution introduces the analysis of this process in the context of a case study of seven countries participating in the BEPS Inclusive Framework: Cameroon, Congo, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Peru, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam. Thereafter, this article will provide the analysis of the peer review process by using the concept of throughput legitimacy developed by Schmidt (in other areas than tax law) that includes accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness. Its use can contribute to enhancing the governance of the peer review process and increasing legitimacy at the same time and thereby strengthening countries’ compliance with the four BEPS minimum standards. Its use can also facilitate helping countries that are part of the BEPS Inclusive Framework to build trust in the peer review process. In light of the findings of the case study, this article concludes that there are throughput legitimacy deficits and that these should be addressed by the OECD and countries participating in the BEPS Inclusive Framework. This article’s preliminary findings can be used for further research by the OECD, regional organizations, scholars, civil society, and think tanks to improve countries’ compliance with the four BEPS minimum standards. Beps, Peer Review Process, OECD, International Taxation, Legitimacy, Throughput Legitimacy, Inclusive Framework, Developing Countries

Unstable platforms: Uber’s business model and the challenge of organisational legitimacy

ABSTRACT Lauded as the poster child of the sharing economy, the success of Uber’s business model was once viewed as inexorable. However, a disastrous Initial Public Offering and a series of legal rulings since have led some to question whether it has a viable model at all. This changing sentiment raises important questions about how we define a business model and understand the determinants of its success and failure. Rejecting the dominant diagnostic approach, this paper synthesises critical accounting work on business models as narratives with Suchman’s concept of organisational legitimacy. We argue that business models are narratives articulated by firms in order to achieve both pragmatic and moral legitimacy. In contexts where stakeholder interests diverge, this requires careful framing in order to foreground certain economic and moral representations whilst omitting others. Business model narratives are consequently partial, unstable and open to contestation. Applying this formulation to Uber, we argue that its pragmatic legitimacy was contingent upon a particular set of conjunctural conditions and the undisclosed exploitation of legal grey areas in order to grow at scale. We highlight the tensions that emerge when those undisclosed practices become a focal point for social mobilisation and understand Uber's recent problems as emerging from external challenges to the moral legitimacy of its business model narrative. The paper contributes to accounting research on business models and legitimacy and presents a revisionist account which positions platforms as fragile economic and moral entities dependent on conjunctural institutional and capital market arrangements, rather than heroic technological disruptors.

External democracy promotion in times of internal rule-of-law crisis: the EU and its neighbourhood

ABSTRACT This article seeks to unpack the implications of the deteriorating rule of law within the EU’s eastern members for the EU’s external democracy promotion. We examine the legitimacy of the EU’s support for democracy in the European neighbourhood in light of the internal EU rule-of-law crisis. Adopting a sociological perspective, we emphasize local perceptions of the EU by tracing the legitimation dynamics at play in neighbouring societies. We adopt a tripartite conception of external legitimacy based on appropriateness, utilitarian consensus, and empathy. Using representative public opinion surveys, we show that the democratic erosion in the eastern EU members has not (yet) negatively impacted the EU’s credibility in supporting democracy in the neighbourhood. The article contributes to the research on the legitimacy of EU foreign policy and the literature on the legitimacy of international organizations. It also contributes to the broader effort at provincializing International Relations and decentring EU foreign policy studies.

How does social entrepreneurship achieve sustainable development goals in rural tourism destinations? The role of legitimacy and social capital

Rural tourism has emerged as a pivotal catalyst for local economic development, particularly in emerging economies. However, sustainable rural tourism development should not solely prioritize economic outcomes but also emphasize social values. Social entrepreneurship underscores both economic and social values, presenting a viable approach to attaining sustainable development goals (SDGs) in rural areas. This study introduces the concepts of legitimacy and social capital to examine how social entrepreneurship achieves SDGs in rural tourism destinations using a case study of Mingyue village in China. The findings suggest that social enterprises establish their legitimacy by effectively navigating institutional complexity while also fostering social capital at the community level, which ultimately facilitates the transition of the community from “low legitimacy-low social capital” to “high legitimacy-high social capital.” Throughout this process, social entrepreneurship promotes individual empowerment and enhances collective efficacy, thereby contributing to achieving SDGs. In essence, this paper constructs a theoretical framework illustrating how social entrepreneurship achieves SDGs while providing valuable insights into exploring the sustainable development of rural tourism driven by such entrepreneurial endeavors.