Concept Of Causality Research Articles

Concepts of Statistical Causality and Strong and Weak Properties of Predictable Representation

The paper considers the statistical concept of causality in continuous time, which is based on Granger’s definition of causality. We give necessary and sufficient conditions, in terms of statistical causality, for the preservation of the strong property of predictable representation for stopped martingales when filtration is decreased. This concept of causality is also connected to the preservation of the strong property of predictable representation under a change in measure. In addition, we give conditions, in terms of statistical causality, for martingales to have strong and weak properties of predictable representation. The results are applied to the problem of pricing claims in incomplete financial markets.

자기신체사고 담보에서 보험자의 보상책임 발생요건

In order for an insurer to be liable for compensation in the first party injury insurance case, the accident must have occurred “while the insured was in possession, use, or control of the insured automobile, and (1) was caused by the operation of the insured automobile, or (2) was caused by the operation of the insured automobile if the insured was a passenger in the insured automobile.”
 The case concerned the recognition of the insurer's liability for compensation for bodily injury in an accident in which the driver of a small truck slipped and fell while climbing on the roof of the driver's cabin to cover the tarpaulin to protect the cargo from rain. The Supreme Court overturned the judgments of the first courts and appellate courts and ruled that the driver's injuries met the requirements for compensation for the first party injury insurance. In other words, even if a device is used in accordance with its intended use and is 'temporarily' used for a purpose other than its intended use, if the overall ‘use in accordance with the intended use' can be evaluated as the cause of the accident, it can be said to have broadly recognized the scope of insurance accidents by interpreting it as being included in the first party injury insurance stipulated in the auto insurance contract.
 Since 1999, when the definition of operation in Article 2 of the Compulsory Motor Vehicle Liability Act was amended, the Supreme Court has issued many judgments on the causation of operation, but there are many cases that do not provide clear standards, and in some cases, there are contradictory conclusions regarding the recognition of a substantial causal relationship between operation and an accident despite similar facts.
 Since the essential function of the Compulsory Motor Vehicle Liability Act is to guarantee compensation for damages to “victims of accidents caused by the operation of a motor vehicle” as a means of transportation, it is considered unreasonable to expand the concept of operational causation to an unlimited extent.
 The accident in the subject case was a simple safety accident caused by the driver's negligence. The Compulsory Motor Vehicle Liability Act defines the definition of operation as follows, The term ‘operation’ means using or managing motor vehicles according to their usage, regardless of whether they transport persons or objects. The ruling appears to be an overly broad interpretation of what it means to operate.
 Therefore I disagree with the reasons for the Supreme Court decision.

The Natural Growth of the Person in Polo

In Polo’s anthropology, the personal transcendentals constitute the first act of the human being. To achieve an understanding of the contribution to the natural growth of the person of human actions performed in space and time, it is required to investigate how the intensity of this act can increase naturally in the context of the doctrine of act and potency. Review of the constitution of human beings in Aristotle, Aquinas and Polo and the real distinction between their ontological components, together with the concept of instrumental causality served to propose an explanation of the natural growth of the person.

Application of the Concept of Statistical Causality in Integrable Increasing Processes and Measures

In this paper, we investigate an application of the statistical concept of causality, based on Granger’s definition of causality, on raw increasing processes as well as on optional and predictable measures. A raw increasing process is optional (predictable) if the bounded (left-continuous) process X, associated with the measure μA(X), is self-caused. Also, the measure μA(X) is optional (predictable) if an associated process X is self-caused with some additional assumptions. Some of the obtained results, in terms of self-causality, can be directly applied to defining conditions for an optional stopping time to become predictable.

Kausalsätze verstehen: Schülervorstellungen zu kausalen Zusammenhängen und kausalen Konnektoren

Research on connectors is an indispensable part of German didactics, since they contribute decisively to the creation of coherence and facilitate the reception of texts. What concepts students have about (causal) connectors is rarely addressed in didactic research. Yet, the elicitation of students' concepts is a central starting point to make new knowledge connectable and to enable knowledge construction (cf. Gropengießer & Marohn, 2018). In this paper, we will discuss the results of an exploratory qualitative study in which language-related student concepts of causality and causal connectors were collected, which is an important starting point of the conceptual change approach (cf. Möller, 2007; Benesch & Winkler, 2016). Via cooperative thinking aloud (cf. Schuttkowski, Rothstein, Schmitz & Gräsel, 2015), the concepts of five student tandems (n = 8 students) on causal connections and causal connectors were videographically elicited and analyzed using content structuring qualitative content analysis (cf. Kuckartz, 2018). The meta-linguistic utterances show that sixth grade students have a broad range of different concepts about causal connections and the function of causal connectors.

Kiszámítható jövő

The calculable futureCan the future be calculated? I would like to point out that, from a practical point of view, it is simply counterfactual to give a categorically negative answer to the question. Common sense and science work in the context of calculations. The concept of causality and temporality requires a distinction between events; it assumes uninterrupted continuity and a fixed sequence of elements appearing in the continuity. I argue that in this process, there are privileged positions in terms of calculations: the present in the case of time and the cause within the causal relation.

Causation in neuroscience: keeping mechanism meaningful.

A fundamental goal of research in neuroscience is to uncover the causal structure of the brain. This focus on causation makes sense, because causal information can provide explanations of brain function and identify reliable targets with whichto understand cognitive function and prevent or change neurological conditions and psychiatric disorders. In this research, one of the most frequently used causal concepts is 'mechanism' - this is seen in the literature and language of the field, in grant and funding inquiries that specify what research is supported, and in journal guidelines on which contributions are considered for publication. In these contexts, mechanisms are commonly tied to expressions of the main aims of the field and cited as the 'fundamental', 'foundational' and/or 'basic' unit for understanding the brain. Despite its common usage and perceived importance, mechanism is used in different ways that are rarely distinguished. Given that this concept is defined in different ways throughout the field - and that there is often no clarification of which definition is intended - there remains a marked ambiguity about the fundamental goals, orientation and principles of the field. Here we provide an overview of causation and mechanism from the perspectives of neuroscience and philosophy of science, in order to address these challenges.

Politics, History and Logic in Max Weber

The article illustrates the different meanings of the term “logic” in Weber's work and then proceeds to discuss his approach to the explanation of historical events and in particular to counterfactual analysis. Weber's epistemology is first situated within the neo-Kantian debates of his time as well as legal positivism and historical jurisprudence. The article then focuses on this author's conception of science as a value sphere, on the aims and methods of explanation in the social and historical sciences and on the key concepts of possibility judgements and adequate causation. The central role played by counterfactuals and modal logic is illustrated through the example of the battle of Marathon, which Weber himself saw as the starting point of a causal chain leading to the rise of Western rationalism. The article concludes by highlighting the pioneering role of Weber's counterfactualism for the subsequent development of possible worlds theory and its use in the causal analysis of singular historical events.

Russian and Chinese national personalities: based on the material of phraseological units and proverbs with the concept of "religion"

This article is devoted to the linguistic and cultural description of the national personality in Russian and Chinese. The subject of this study is the Russian and Chinese language personality. The object of this study represents national cultural similarities and differences; Russian and Chinese national personalities. The purpose of the study is to identify universal and national-specific linguistic and cultural features of Russian and Chinese national personalities based on phraseological units, proverbs of Russian and Chinese languages, which reflect the concept of "religion". The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the lexico-semantic and linguocultural analysis of phraseological units, proverbs of religious subjects can be used in educational activities in courses of lexicology, linguoculturology, linguistic and cultural studies, sociolinguistics. The provisions and conclusions of the study can be applied in lexicographic practice in compiling dictionaries of phraseological units, as well as in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language, spreading Chinese culture in Russia. To solve the problem, the following research methods are used: the method of continuous sampling of material from dictionaries of the Russian and Chinese languages, the method of linguistic and cultural commentary and the comparative-contrastive method. Russian and Chinese national personalities are analyzed for the first time in the article, which has not previously been described in the aspect of comparative linguoculturology, the traditional national religious value of Russian and Chinese personalities is considered for the first time, their stereotypical ideas and character traits under the influence of religion are indicated. This is the scientific novelty of this study. The research shows that phraseological units and proverbs with the concept of religion recorded in Russian and Chinese lexicographic sources differ in quantity and content. The universal traditional religious values of the compared national personalities include faith in the existence of evil and good spirits, love of kindness and the idea of the goodness of human nature. Unlike the Russian people, the Chinese national personality is characterized by non-religion. For the Chinese personality, such religious values as longevity and immortality, great kindness, the desire for a simple life and love of nature, reward for good and evil, the concept of cause and effect, pious faith in the Buddha are of great importance; and for the Russian, a sense of guilt, thirst for suffering and the self-worth of the sacrifice itself, kindness, hard work, patience and faith.

JSM Method for Automated Research Support and Trust in its Results

The article discusses the conditions for accepting the results of JSM research. Three types of truth values are defined - correspondent, coherent and pragmatic. Pragmatic truth values are determined through semantic types of empirical regularities. Three types of trust in JSM studies are considered: maximum, acceptable, and minimum. The quality characteristics of JSM research are also determined. Establishment of trust is carried out in the cognitive interface module of intelligent systems (IS-JSM). IS-JSM are a constructive tool for knowledge discovery. The article proposes improved definitions of induction and abduction – the logical means of the JSM method of ARS, based on the principles of constructive evolutionary epistemology and the concept of empirical qualitative causality.

КАУЗАЛДЫҚ ҰҒЫМЫНЫҢ ФИЛОСОФИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ЛИНГВИСТИКАЛЫҚ ЗАҢДЫЛЫҚТАРЫ

The article describes the consideration of functional grammar in the philosophic and linguistic sciences in the causal category, which is one of the new directions in linguistics. The concept of causality originates in the science of general philosophy. It follows the philosophical research that linguistics, including those considered as a special concept of functional grammar, is interpreted as a natural phenomenon. The fact that the study of global linguistics and Kazakh linguistics are formed on the basis of speech activity attracts the attention of scientists to the study in several aspects. It is proved that the causal category attracted the attention of philosophers to the search for motives, causes of the basic concepts of being in life, the reality that induced the interest of linguists. The article focuses on the integration of philosophical and linguistical patterns of the causal concept as a complex body within the framework of the interrelation of semantic levels of all linguistic groups, and not in a narrow sense. The disclosure of the semantic–functional purpose of causality shows that the nature of language and semantic aspects are various. Therefore, considering the activity of causal concepts from the point of view of the theory of the functional-semantic field, it is possible to fully recognize the nature of this category by specifying the paradigm and syntagmatic correlations of all linguistic means and revealing their semantic structure. At the same time, language levels that belong to the causal category can be considered not only grammatically, but also occupying a place in categories that can be expressed through other degrees of language. Therefore, causal progress falls into a philosophical and linguistic classification. In philosophy, it searches for the cause of the world, the creation, of being, in linguistics, it is conceptualized as a functional semantic category expressing the essence and content of this cause through a series of different linguistic operations. It is entrenched that the linguistic techniques that reveal the essence of causal semantics are very diverse, and its paradigm is proposed on the basis of scientific concepts for plain systematization.

Understanding Things by Knowing How to Use Them

In this paper, I argue that Hegel’s account of causality as developed in the Science of Logic can be described as a ‘manipulationist’ account of causality. First, some conceptual clarifications will help set our sights on the goal of the paper. What is a theory of causality comprised of? And what is a manipulationist account of causality? Next, I sketch the development of those concepts in the SL that are relevant to the present topic (e.g., causality, objectivity, and the idea). Here, Hegel moves from developing the concept of causality to unfolding a set of objective causal relations. The latter is then understood as a theory and hence as a product of the self-conscious mind that filters for relevancy and usability. I argue that Hegel’s account of causality does meet the criteria for being understood as an example of a MAC.

Membedah Kasus Kopi Sianida Jessica Wongso dengan Ajaran Kausalitas

The case of "Jessica Wongso Cyanide Coffee" is in the public spotlight because of the controversy involving the death of Wayan Mirna Salihin after drinking coffee at a café in Jakarta. In this study, we dissected the case with a doctrinal approach to causality, focusing on identifying the cause-and-effect relationship between Jessica Wongso's actions and the criminal outcomes that occurred. The in-depth analysis covers various aspects, including the identification of causal actions through forensic and toxicological evidence, Jessica's role in events, as well as the relevance of the principle of causality in the context of criminal law. This study delves into the details of criminal legal proceedings, outlines the role of toxicological evidence in confirming cyanide content in victims' bodies, and discusses the complexity of causality in the context of criminal acts. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, this article discusses the legal and ethical implications surrounding Jessica Wongso's liability, as well as considering the causal elements that might influence the court's decision. In conclusion, this research contributes to an in-depth understanding of how the concept of causality is applied in controversial and complex legal cases such as "Jessica Wongso's Coffee Cyanide."

Causes, processes and consequences of earthquakes. Investigating Swedish 12-13-year old students’ geographical understanding

The aim of this study was to investigate students’ conceptions of causes, processes and consequences of earthquakes and to examine their geographical understanding of such hazards in terms of spatial and societal-nature relations. Data consists of 134 responses from 12 to 13-year-old students who had completed an assignment in the Swedish national test in geography (2013). The responses were analysed using content and thematic analyses. Data was complemented with interviews. Results show that many students hold alternative conceptions of processes causing earthquakes at different plate boundaries, and why poor societies are more severely affected by earthquakes than rich societies. Furthermore, results show that students have a limited understanding of the extent and location of earthquakes in the world. We conclude that instruction aiming to develop students’ understanding of earthquakes as a geographical phenomenon and hazard may integrate map-reasoning skills with examples that support contextual thinking. We also suggest that in order to develop students’ relational thinking on society and nature, instruction can utilise the concept of “capital”. Furthermore, teaching needs to take in to account and design instruction to meet students’ alternative conceptions that societal consequences of earthquakes are solely predetermined by natural factors such as climate or heat.

Mach's principle and Mach's hypotheses

We argue that the fundamental assertion underlying Mach's critique of Newton's first law is that inertial motion is not motion in the absence of causes; rather, it is motion whose cause lies in some homogeneous aspect of the environment. We distinguish this formal requirement (Mach's principle) from two hypotheses which Mach considers concerning the origin of inertia: that the distant stars play (1) a merely “collateral” or (2) a “fundamental” role in the causal determination of inertial motion.In his later writings, Mach deliberately avoids referring to the concept of causation, and indeed, this has made the interpretation of Mach's principle a subject of widespread controversy. However, in his earlier writings, the substance of Mach's critique is less ambiguously expressed. Therefore, close attention is given to Mach's early writings and the evolution of his thought. Various accounts in the secondary literature on Mach's principle, in particular those of Norton and DiSalle, are assessed on this basis. We end with a defence of the Machian status and legitimacy of the early Einstein's research program.

Is algorithmic credit scoring a ‘high risk’?

Current proposals of European regulations — the EU Artificial Intelligence Act and the UK pro-innovation approach to regulating artificial intelligence (AI) — either define credit scoring as a ‘high-risk’ application or mention credit scoring in the context of issues of ‘fairness’. Therefore, the question of whether algorithmic credit scoring is a ‘high risk’ might be a rhetorical one. Banks and lenders, however, have to comply with these proposed (and probably upcoming) regulations and explain that the current (and future) algorithms are compliant. This paper will use the — existing and indisputable — ‘gender pay gap’ together with a toy model of credit scoring based on income alone to discuss the regulatory requirements and the potential statistical methods to prove compliance. Although these regulations are triggered by the developments of ‘artificial intelligence’, all such tolls are nothing more than ‘statistical classifier’ and can be discussed — in a nutshell and with many simplifications — using this toy model. A closer examination of the statistical concepts reveals that simple correlations alone (eg a test of whether any outcome is independent of a sensitive parameter ‘gender’) cannot provide any answer about any ‘perpetuation of historical patterns of discrimination’ or any ‘fairness’. It requires advanced statistical methods (based on the concepts of mitigation and causality) to show that credit scoring is fully gender agnostic and, consequently, poses no risk to fundamental rights, as long as similar economic situations generally result in similar outcomes (score value or credit approvals). This argument, however, requires an understanding of advanced statistical approaches, and common misunderstandings can expose lenders to reputational risk. While banks and lenders have to use such advanced approaches to prove compliance, they have, in parallel, to communicate the underlying causality to the stakeholders in an understandable manner.

The Impossibility and Necessity of Causality in Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Education

AbstractAccording to Niklas Luhmann, causality is both an impossibility and a necessity in education. On the one hand, the task of the teacher is an impossible one, because teaching as communication is a closed system that cannot determine the learning of pupils' psychical system in any causal sense. On the other hand, one cannot practice as a teacher without a belief in causality, i.e., in a causal connection between teaching and learning. In his article “The Child as the Medium of Education,” Luhmann focuses on the enablement of education, despite its impossibility. His answer is that one thing that makes education possible is the emergence of the symbolically generalized medium “the child.” In this article, Lars Qvortrup focuses on Luhmann's understanding of causality. According to Luhmann, causality is not a simple, ontological fact, but the result of the attribution of certain causes to certain effects. The conclusion is that causality as an attribution category — and not causality as an ontological fact — is another thing that makes education possible. Qvortrup also concludes, however, that Luhmann is not alone in criticizing the traditional, mechanical concept of causality. Other contemporary philosophers and sociologists have pointed out that in order to analyze causality in complex social systems, one has to select some causal factors and ignore others. While others do this based on seemingly pure scientific and statistical criteria, Luhmann focuses on attribution as a social construction of causality.

Disaster, Heaven, and Political Responsibility: Mencius and Dong Zhongshu on Humane Government

AbstractThis paper investigates the Confucian conception of political responsibility as a political virtue essential for an ordinary non-Confucian ruler's actualization of humane government by paying close attention to the early Confucian discourses of Heaven and disaster. After briefly discussing Confucius's seminal idea of responsibility, this paper shows how Mencius developed the political conception of responsibility, as a noncausal responsibility shared by the ruler and the virtuous ministers for a humane government, especially under the condition of natural disasters. It then discusses how the Han Confucian philosopher Dong Zhongshu reformulated the Mencian theory of responsibility and humane government under radically altered political circumstances by advancing a new version of Confucianism, central to which is the causal conception of political responsibility. This paper concludes by discussing how the evolution of Confucian political theory from Mencius to Dong Zhongshu should be understood with a view to the question of political legitimacy.

Mutual entailment between causation and responsibility

The standard view in philosophy is that responsibility entails causation. Most philosophers treat this entailment claim as an evident insight into the ordinary concepts of responsibility and causation. Further, it is taken to be equally obvious that the reversal of this claim does not hold: causation does not entail responsibility. In contrast, Sytsma and Livengood have put forward an account of the use of ordinary causal attributions (statements like “X caused Y”) that contends that they are typically used interchangeably with responsibility attributions (statements like “X is responsible for Y”). Put in terms of the concepts at play in these attributions, this account suggests that the reversal of the entailment claim may also hold, and, a fortiori, there would be mutual entailment between the ordinary concepts of responsibility and causation. Using the cancellability test, we report the results of three pre-registered studies providing empirical evidence that causation and responsibility are mutually entailed by each other.

A Review of Causal Identifiability Techniques across Different Observational Datasets

We present an aggregation of the causal identifiability solutions techniques and their assumptions as advanced in extant literatures with datasets of odd origins, which do not necessarily conform to the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) dataset, multinomial datasets and the Gaussian datasets settings; alongside their concomitant assumptions. The transformation process in data generation can sometimes be a desideratum of datasets of the following forms: linear and non-Gaussian, nonlinear & non-Gaussian, datasets with missing values, datasets tainted with selection biases, datasets with whose variables forms cycles, datasets with heterogeneous/nonstationary variables, datasets with confounding or latent variables, time-series datasets, deterministic datasets, etc. The study begins proper in section 2 after the introduction with the basic background into the concept of causality with observational data. The concept of graph as an embodiment of the background knowledge with structural causal model (SCM) is explicated in section 3; followed by the basic assumptions employed especially with common observational data settings in section 4. An exposition into the categorization of the algorithms used in causality is presented in section 4. Section 5 aggregates and expounds the causal identifiability techniques and their associated assumptions athwart varying datasets; which is the crux of the study and a recapitulation of same is presented in table 1. This study’s main contribution is to present an aggregate review of the causal techniques and their assumptions across different data settings especially in data settings of odd origins, as reviews such as this are grossly lacking in extant literatures.