Utility Of Concept Research Articles

Biomass waste-assisted micro(nano)plastics capture, utilization, and storage for sustainable water remediation

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) have become a significant environmental concern due to their widespread presence in the biosphere and potential harm to ecosystems and human health. Here, we propose for the first time a MNPs capture, utilization, and storage (PCUS) concept to achieve MNPs remediation from water while meeting economically productive upcycling and environmentally sustainable plastic waste management. A highly efficient capturing material derived from surface-modified woody biomass waste (M-Basswood) is developed to remove a broad spectrum of multidimensional and compositional MNPs from water. The M-Basswood delivered a high and stable capture efficiency of >99.1% at different pH or salinity levels. This exceptional capture performance is driven by multiscale interactions between M-Basswood and MNPs, involving physical trapping, strong electrostatic attractions, and triggered MNPs cluster-like aggregation sedimentation. Additionally, the invivo biodistribution of MNPs shows low ingestion and accumulation of MNPs in the mice organs. After MNPs remediation from water, the M-Basswood, together with captured MNPs, is further processed into a high-performance composite board product where MNPs serve as the glue for utilization and storage. Furthermore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) results demonstrate the environmental friendliness and economic viability of our proposed full-chain PCUS strategy, promising to drive positive change in plastic pollution and foster a circular economy.

Grammatical Deviations in Philippine Phishing Emails

Just as language is proven to be useful in making day-to-day life convenient, some situations have also demonstrated the possibility of language being used to deceive people. One instance is the proliferating use of phishing emails. Given this occurrence, a riveting endeavor in the concept of actual language utilization is the study of grammatical deviations in phishing emails. Employing error analysis, this study sought to determine how a grammar study can be helpful in the examination of the imposters’ language, specifically in the case of phishing emails. The purpose of this research was to document the dominant errors that appeared in Philippine phishing emails and to explain how grammatical deviations can give away deception. The result of this research showed that of the fifteen collected phishing emails, all or 100% contained usage errors. This means that of the fifteen phishing emails in this study, each one has errors. The most frequent of these errors are errors in capitalization, punctuation, and word forms. This result implies that although imposters pretend to be legitimate, they cannot imitate and copy the language of authentic emails. This may be because when legitimate institutions and organizations like banks, schools, or establishments release official emails, they do so after thorough proofreading and editing. Phishers, however, may not have the same mechanisms to ensure grammar correctness and accuracy. Based on these findings, the researcher infers that with good grammar skills, one can have a larger inclination to distinguish phishing from genuine emails. Contrariwise, those who do not have profound knowledge of grammar conventions may have a larger possibility of falling into the phishing trap.

Beyond severity: utility as a criterion for setting the scope of RGCS.

Reproductive genetic carrier screening (RGCS) allows prospective parents to identify and act upon their chances of having a child with a genetic condition. In deciding which genetic conditions to include in RGCS, severity is often used as a criterion. However, the concept is inherently complex, subjective and multidimensional, and determinations of severity will remain intractably contested. We propose the concept of utility as a criterion for setting the scope of RGCS, and put forward two central arguments for doing so. First, utility is a more appropriate and effective concept as it responds to context and makes an explicit connection between the purpose of RGCS and the value of information obtained for that purpose: namely, to facilitate reproductive decision-making. Utility comprises both clinical and personal utility, and varies according to the availability and accessibility of reproductive options, including pre-implantation genetic testing, prenatal genetic diagnosis, and termination of pregnancy. Second, there are ethical reasons for preferring utility over severity. Utility is a property of the information gleaned from RGCS, while severity is a property of a genetic condition or of an instance of this condition in a person. While consideration of the severity of genetic conditions is not lost when focusing on utility, the need to rely on value judgements regarding the quality of life of people who live with genetic conditions is circumvented. Therefore, utility should replace severity as justification for the inclusion of genetic conditions in RGCS programmes.

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Digital dalam Upaya Memperkuat Ekonomi Digital pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam di Desa Sobangan Mengwi

Cooperatives as a form of microfinance institutions are known as pillars or cornerstones of the economy. However, not much has been heard of the actions of cooperatives that are capable of becoming cooperatives on a national, international scale or using digital financial services. The existence of digitalization of cooperatives has a goal orientation for convenience, speed of service, comfort, and security when making transactions with cooperatives. In addition, efforts to digitize cooperatives are expected to accelerate the growth of cooperatives. With digitalization, cooperatives are able to expand their business scale to remote areas. Based on the situation analysis of Candra Sedana's KSP partners, various problems and limitations have been found which can be identified as follows: partners' lack of knowledge about the concept of digital transformation regarding cooperative financial information systems that are connected to the banking system and QRIS adoption and partners' lack of knowledge about the concept of change management. The solutions offered related to partner problem solving are as follows: Providing counseling regarding the concept of 'change management', Providing counseling regarding the concept of digital transformation regarding literacy regarding cooperative financial information systems that are connected to banking and the QRIS concept of optimal utilization, as well as implementing assistance and direct practice regarding the adoption of information systems and QRIS development.

Cylindrical Steel Tanks Subjected to Long-Duration and High-Pressure Triangular Blast Load: Current Practice and a Numerical Case Study

This paper presents an investigation into the design of ammonia tanks for long-duration and high-pressure blast loads. The focus is on cylindrical steel tanks that apply as outer pressure-tight containers for double-walled tanks storing refrigerated liquefied gases. Based on limited empirical data, it is known in the tank industry that these tanks can withstand an explosion pressure up to a peak overpressure of approximately 10 kPa and 100 ms positive load duration. However, there is a growing need to design tanks for higher peak overpressures in order to establish a higher safety standard and accommodate unforeseen future requirements. This paper explores the concept of adapting established steel tank designs to handle high-pressure and long-duration overpressure due to blast events. Numerical analysis is conducted on a representative steel tank geometry subjected to a triangular blast load of 30 kPa with a 300 ms positive load duration. Various load application and calculation options are analyzed numerically. Considering the challenging nature of analyzing tank structures under blast load, the paper addresses controversial aspects discussed in the literature and presents a suitable analysis concept for a deflagration blast scenario for cylindrical tanks. The results provide insights into the expected structural behavior of the tank under high-pressure and long-duration overpressure. The main finding is that the calculation method developed in this study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing steel tanks in scenarios involving long-duration and high-pressure blast loads. Furthermore, the paper provides recommendations to guide future studies in this area. The findings have implications for the design and construction of tanks in critical infrastructure and offer valuable insights for engineers and researchers in this field, improving safety standards and ensuring adaptability to future utilization concepts.

Lognormal distribution of daily travel time and a utility model for its emergence

Understanding the nature of human movement is important in many fields, such as transportation management, urban planning, and epidemiology. In this study, we focus on travelers who are grouped by their travel modes in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Notably, for each group of travelers, the distribution of daily travel time follows a lognormal distribution. For any travel mode, the distributions of normalized travel time for different years (1968–2008) and distances to the city center converge to a curve, although the average travel time and share of travel modes vary. By employing the concept of utility, we developed a disaggregate model wherein an individual maximizes utility from traveling (=benefit - cost) by modifying daily travel time. This model theoretically explained the observed distributions of travel time. The model was further used to demonstrate travel mode choices. The model parameters were estimated using the distribution of travel time, travel mode share, and manageable assumptions. These results provided interesting interpretations of the perceptual utility of the daily travel time of a population. Moreover, the obtained curves of utility versus time are similar to the shapes of the overall benefits assumed in previous studies. Overall benefit is a concept that has been developed and examined since the 1980s, and our study provides a mathematical foundation for this idea.

Bioinspired, surfactant-free, dual-layer asymmetric structures based on polysaccharides, gelatin, and tannic acid for potential applications in biomedicine

The formation of dual-layer asymmetric porous structures in surfactant-based systems is significantly influenced by emulsions. Surfactants self-assemble to alter the conformational arrangement of polysaccharides, while gravity disrupts the initial uniformity of the established equilibrium droplet concentration gradient in the emulsion, thus achieving delamination. Specifically, high-speed rotation and non-instantaneous freezing allow the gelatin solution to form two different states of foam layers. The integrated dual-layer asymmetric porous structure, composed of polysaccharides and tannic acid, is constructed with gelatin as a skeleton and surfactant. This innovative approach eliminates the need to consider the toxicity of chemically synthesized surfactants and expands the concept of gelatin utilization. This intriguing structure exhibits a variety of desirable characteristics within 30 days (e.g., tailorable performance, ultrarapid antioxidant activity, efficient antibacterial activity, low differential blood clotting index, and good hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility), suggesting its potential as a valuable reference for applying hierarchical porous structures, thereby offering more formulation flexibility for biomaterials with adjustable properties.

Quantum Economics and Physics

Economics has long been shaped, both directly and indirectly, by ideas from classical physics. For example the idea, which remains dominant, that forces of supply and demand bring prices to a stable equilibrium, was first developed mathematically using mechanistic arguments, while the concept of utility was related to energy. Quantum ideas in contrast have only recently begun to find some applications in the field. This article asks why it has taken so long. We consider several different interpretations of the relationship between quantum physics and quantum economics, and argue that, while all have merit, what ultimately counts is whether quantum models outperform classical models as a means to understand and predict economic phenomena.

A novel type-2 innate lymphoid cell-based immunotherapy for cancer.

Cell-based cancer immunotherapy has achieved significant advancements, providing a source of hope for cancer patients. Notwithstanding the considerable progress in cell-based immunotherapy, the persistently low response rates and the exorbitant costs associated with their implementation still present a formidable challenge in clinical settings. In the landscape of cell-based cancer immunotherapies, an uncharted territory involves Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and interleukin-33 (IL-33) which promotes ILC2 functionality, recognized for their inherent ability to enhance immune responses. Recent discoveries regarding their role in actuating cytolytic T lymphocyte responses, including curbing tumor growth rates and hindering metastasis, have added a new dimension to our understanding of the IL-33/ILC2 axis. These recent insights may hold significant promise for ILC2 cell-based immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the prospect of adoptively transferring ILC2s to confer immune protection against tumors has yet to be investigated. The present study addresses this hypothesis, revealing that ILC2s isolated from the lungs of tumor-bearing mice, and tumor infiltrating ILC2s when adoptively transferred after tumor establishment at a ratio of one ILC2 per sixty tumor cells, leads to an influx of tumor infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as tumor infiltrating eosinophils resulting in a remarkable reduction in tumor growth. Moreover, we find that post-adoptive transfer of ILC2s, the number of tumor infiltrating ILC2s is inversely proportional to tumor size. Finally, we find corollaries of the IL-33/ILC2 axis enhancing the infiltration of eosinophils in human prostate carcinomas patients' expressing high levels of IL-33 versus those expressing low levels of IL-33. Our results underscore the heightened efficacy of adoptively transferred ILC2s compared to alternative approaches, revealing an approximately one hundred fifty-fold superiority on a cell-per-cell basis over CAR T-cells in the specific targeting and elimination of tumors within the same experimental model. Overall, this study demonstrates the functional significance of ILC2s in cancer immunosurveillance and provides the proof of concept of the potential utility of ILC2 cell-based cancer immunotherapies.

Comparison of three frailty measures for predicting hospitalization and mortality in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

BackgroundFew studies have compared different measures of frailty for predicting adverse outcomes. It remains unknown which frailty measurement approach best predicts healthcare utilization such as hospitalization and mortality.AimsThis study aims to compare three approaches to measuring frailty—grip strength, frailty phenotype, and frailty index—in predicting hospitalization and mortality among middle-aged and older Canadians.MethodsWe analyzed baseline and the first 3-year follow-up data for 30,097 participants aged 45 to 85 years from the comprehensive cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Using separate logistic regression models adjusted for multimorbidity, age and biological sex, we predicted participants' risks for overnight hospitalization in the past 12 months and mortality, at the first 3-year follow-up, using each of the three frailty measurements at baseline. Model discrimination was assessed using Harrell’s c-statistic and calibration assessed using calibration plots.ResultsThe predictive performance of all three measures of frailty were roughly similar when predicting overnight hospitalization and mortality risk among CLSA participants. Model discrimination measured using c-statistics ranged from 0.67 to 0.69 for hospitalization and 0.79 to 0.80 for mortality. All measures of frailty yielded strong model calibration.Discussion and conclusionAll three measures of frailty had similar predictive performance. Discrimination was modest for predicting hospitalization and superior in predicting mortality. This likely reflects the objective nature of mortality as an outcome and the challenges in reducing the complex concept of healthcare utilization to a single variable such as any overnight hospitalization.

Ecological-Based Mining: A Coal–Water–Thermal Collaborative Paradigm in Ecologically Fragile Areas in Western China

A substantial reduction in groundwater level, exacerbated by coal mining activities, is intensifying water scarcity in western China’s ecologically fragile coal mining areas. China’s national strategic goal of achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality has made eco-friendly mining that prioritizes the protection and efficient use of water resources essential. Based on the resource characteristics of mine water and heat hazards, an intensive coal–water–thermal collaborative co-mining paradigm for the duration of the mining process is proposed. An integrated system for the production, supply, and storage of mining companion resources is achieved through technologies such as roof water inrush prevention and control, hydrothermal quality improvement, and deep-injection geological storage. An active preventive and control system achieved by adjusting the mining technology and a passive system centered on multi-objective drainage and grouting treatment are suggested, in accordance with the original geological characteristics and dynamic process of water inrush. By implementing advanced multi-objective drainage, specifically designed to address the “skylight-type” water inrush mode in the Yulin mining area of Shaanxi Province, a substantial reduction of 50% in water drillings and inflow was achieved, leading to stabilized water conditions that effectively ensure subsequent safe coal mining. An integrated-energy complementary model that incorporates the clean production concept of heat utilization is also proposed. The findings indicate a potential saving of 8419 t of standard coal by using water and air heat as an alternative heating source for the Xiaojihan coalmine, resulting in an impressive energy conservation of 50.2% and a notable 24.2% reduction in carbon emissions. The ultra-deep sustained water injection of 100 m3·h−1 in a single well would not rupture the formation or cause water leakage, and 7.87 × 105 t of mine water could be effectively stored in the Liujiagou Formation, presenting a viable method for mine–water management in the Ordos Basin and providing insights for green and low-carbon mining.

Indigenous knowledge of Me’en Community toward natural resource conservation: a socio-philosophical analysis

Indigenous peoples have strong social and cultural values, ordered social control and cohesive social systems rooted in their Indigenous knowledge of the universe in general and their locals in particular. The research assesses the Indigenous knowledge of the community in natural resource conservation practice and their perception toward natural resource. A socio-philosophical insight was employed to the analysis. The result showed that Me’en (Indigenous people of southwest Ethiopia) Community has a deep knowledge and practice of natural resource conservation in general and for soil and wildlife in particular. The study reveals the community practice contours, tracing, mulching, ridges, shifting cultivation, crop rotation, and area closure. The communities also have the knowledge to identify fertile lands by physical observation such as by its color and texture and touching. They practice a sustainable concept of utilization, but in terms of philosophical orientation, they fall in both biocentrism and anthropocentric orientation.

Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) Capture and Utilization Targeting

The global increase in CO2 emissions is attributable to this study. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a potential method for reducing CO2 emissions. However, reducing CO2 emissions by storing it in a geological reservoir without using it may have limitations over time. Using a CO2 integration-based strategy, this study presents an algebraic targeting method for determining the optimal utilisation network. Along with CCS development, the concept of CO2 capture and utilisation via CO2 integration is presented. The qualified CO2 captured from CO2 emissions sources is injected into a CO2 pipeline or header in order to meet the CO2 utilisation needs of a variety of industries. Prior to injecting the remaining CO2 into a geological reservoir for storage, the CO2 sources and needs are matched. The CO2 headers can meet the CO2 requirements of industries located along the headers that use CO2 as a feedstock or raw material. The estimated integration of CO2 capture and CO2 utilisation will minimise the amount of CO2 sent to storage and increase the geological reservoir's carbon storage life span. The CO2 capture and usage targeting tool that was made has led to about 220.5 t/h of integrated CO2 source and demand, with 47% less CO2 that needs to be sent to storage.

Scenario Development for Evaluating Carbon Capture and Utilization Concepts Using Steel Mill Exhaust Gases with Linear Optimization Models

Utilizing exhaust gases from the steel mill generation to produce chemicals presents a promising avenue for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) concepts. Employing a model-based mathematical approach, specifically mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), enables the identification of optimal production concepts. To evaluate the long-term feasibility under uncertain future conditions, the construction of hypothetical scenarios to depict possible future states is necessary. This study introduces novel and tailored scenarios for a specific CCU concept aimed at producing methanol, ammonia, urea and/or acetic acid from steel mill exhaust gases by the year 2040 to enhance decision-making processes for identifying the optimal concept. These scenarios provide comprehensive insights into potential future conditions, spanning technical, economic and ecological domains. Unlike prior studies that focus on individual key factors, this approach involves analyzing the interactions of 24 identified key factors within the investigated CCU concept. The method yields five distinct scenarios: (1) Business as Usual (BAU), (2) CO2 Reduction and Renewable Energy Target (RE-Boom), (3) Technical Improvement and Market Booming (Market-Boom), (4) Energy and Market Crisis (Crisis) and (5) Hydrogen Booming (H2-Boom). These five scenarios can be directly integrated into MILP models, enhancing the significance of the optimization results for identifying the optimal CCU concept.

Experimental and optimization studies of friction stir processed Cu-TiB2 surface composites

The present study aims to fabricate different Copper surface composites (Cu-SCs) such as Copper-Silicon Carbide (Cu-SiC), Copper-Boron Carbide (Cu-B4C), Copper-Titanium Diboride (Cu-TiB2) with enhanced mechanical properties using friction stir processing. The Cu-SCs were fabricated at different levels of tool rotational speed (TRS), traverse speed (TS), and Vol. % of micro-sized Boron Carbide (B4C), Silicon Carbide (SiC), and Titanium Diboride (TiB2) reinforcements using blind hole method. The mechanical characteristics such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), percentage of elongation (%EL), impact toughness (IT), and microhardness (H) of the Cu-SCs were evaluated and analyzed. In the next stage, the process parameters were optimized using a graph theory algorithm and utility concept and the TRS, and TS were 1120 rev/min, and 40 mm/min respectively. The Cu-SCs fabricated by using taper threaded cylindrical tool pin profile at four Vol.% of TiB2 possess enhanced the mechanical characteristics such as UTS, YS, % EL, IT, and H up to 282.07 MPa, 197.76 MPa, 12.96%, 16.67 J, and 168.6 HV. This was happened due to the increased recrystallization temperature, the pining effect, and restricting the grain boundary sliding. The microstructure in the stir zone of Cu-SCs fabricated with 4 Vol. % of SiC, 4 Vol. % of B4C, and 4 Vol. % of TiB2 particles exhibit fine grains. This is attributed to uniform distribution of the particles in the copper surface composites. The mechanical characteristics were also correlated with microstructures and fracture features.

Trajectory modeling via random utility inverse reinforcement learning

We consider the problem of modeling trajectories of drivers in a road network from the perspective of inverse reinforcement learning. Cars are detected by sensors placed on sparsely distributed points on the street network of a city. As rational agents, drivers are trying to maximize some reward function unknown to an external observer. We apply the concept of random utility from econometrics to model the unknown reward function as a function of observed and unobserved features. In contrast to current inverse reinforcement learning approaches, we do not assume that agents act according to a stochastic policy; rather, we assume that agents act according to a deterministic optimal policy and show that randomness in data arises because the exact rewards are not fully observed by an external observer. We introduce the concept of extended state to cope with unobserved features and develop a Markov decision process formulation of drivers decisions. We present theoretical results which guarantee the existence of solutions and show that maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning is a particular case of our approach. Finally, we illustrate Bayesian inference on model parameters through a case study with real trajectory data from a large city in Brazil.

ПОЛЕЗНОСТЬ И ВРЕДНОСТЬ ЦИФРОВЫХ БЛАГ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The purpose of the article is to criticize existing approaches to understanding the concept of marginal utility and to study the marginal utility of digital goods. A critical analysis of the concepts of benefits and utility in the works of K. Marx and K. Menger is carried out from the standpoint of the Hegelian method of cognition. It is concluded that the works of these authors use a rational approach (K. Marx's is more functional-rational, and K. Menger's is abstract-rational). Continuing to follow the Hegelian logic, the authors clarify the concept of utility from the point of view of negatively reasonable and positively reasonable approaches, considering not only the usefulness, but also the harmfulness of economic benefits. A study of the marginal usefulness of digital goods was conducted using a survey of the student audience. The differences in the marginal usefulness of digital goods of various functional classes – goods with fixed information content and products that are more related to services, representing a structural shell that interactively interacts with the user and allows the consumer to independently fill it with information and develop content - are substantiated. This forms various strategies for increasing the overall utility of the consumer – from increasing the number of goods consumed to self-restraint. Producers of digital goods can also use various scenarios for promoting information products – adapting the latter to more convenient use together and during any other activity, as well as introducing protective measures that prevent consumer care in the form of paid subscriptions, cumulative discounts and network effect. The phenomenon of underconsumption of digital goods is revealed, the tendency to increase the average duration of Internet use is explained. The reason for this is the low marginal utility of digital goods. The phenomenon of irrelevant knowledge has been revealed, so most users agree with the hygienic restrictions of using the Internet, but do not apply them to themselves, thereby postulating the usefulness of digital goods and not noticing the downside of usefulness – harmfulness.

МАТЕМАТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ОБСЯГІВ УТВОРЕННЯ ВЖИВАНОЇ ДЕРЕВИНИ

It is substantiated that a potential source of wood raw materials is various wood waste, in particular, post-consumer wood (PCW). A detailed review and thorough analysis was made to determine the principles of PCW classification at the Ukrainian level. The classification of PCW by degree of pollution into four groups is proposed. A method of calculating the used wood has been developed, which makes it possible to calculate its quantity effectively and reliably. A mathematical model for calculating the potential and balance of PCW by origin is proposed. It was established that the weighted average annual percentage of PCW from the trade network ranges from 14-16%, construction - 20-24%, raw materials and woodworking industries - 6-10%, used (old) furniture products - 10-16%, municipal waste - 16-18%, solid waste – 16-22%, other revenues – 6-8%. On the basis of statistical data from 2015 to 2023, approximating power dependences for each total indicator were obtained, which make it possible to forecast the volume of PCW formation in the near future, in particular until 2024. The implementation of the developed mathematical model makes it possible to effectively forecast the distribution of PCW by categories that determine the degree of pollution and, accordingly, the percentage of material processing of PCW. It is estimated that the potential of PCW in Ukraine in 2023 was about 1.783 million tons. It is justified that the improvement of PCW management at all levels should be based on general technical, economic and environmental standards and focus on the following proposals: analysis of PCW management; calculation of the potential of PCW as a secondary raw material and energy source; improvement of databases on technical, economic, environmental and statistical information; implementation of new approaches to PCW management, taking into account already existing schemes. A strategy for the material use of PCW was developed, which is based on the assessment of potential volumes of PCW according to a mathematical model, systematization of PCW by categories, classification by pollution, the concept of utilization of PCW by processing into dimensionally suitable blanks and construction materials, in particular, carpentry plates of various structures with predicted characteristics, which take into account the physical and mechanical properties of this additional wood resource.

Penerapan Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila Tema Kewirausahaan untuk Meningkatkan Minat Berwirausaha Siswa Sekolah Dasar

The Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) is an educational initiative that aims to introduce the concept of entrepreneurship to students by exploring the concept of creativity and waste utilization in entrepreneurship. This article aims to fill the knowledge gap and contribute to the understanding of how P5 can effectively increase the entrepreneurial interest of primary school students, Data sources in this study are taken from secondary data sources in the form of research journals, activity documents, activity schedules, and so on. The data that has been obtained is then tested for data credibility, using source triangulation techniques, or checking data through several sources so that saturated and true data is obtained. The results showed that P5 was significantly able to foster entrepreneurial spirit in students. The introduction of the concept of entrepreneurship at an early age is considered crucial in increasing interest in entrepreneurship in the future. Parental involvement and community support play a key role in shaping positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The application of P5, especially with a focus on Entrepreneurship Education, is considered a comprehensive learning model to shape entrepreneurial character and skills at primary school level

Thermodynamic analysis of a plasma co-gasification process for hydrogen production using sludge and food waste as mixed raw materials

To solve the problem that sludge and food waste are easy to putrefy and cause secondary pollution to air and groundwater, this work proposes a plasma co-gasification for hydrogen model of sludge and food waste and uses experimental data to verify the model. Based on the simulation results, the effects of plasma gasification temperature and steam to feedstock ratio on the performance of sludge + food waste plasma co-gasification process are discussed by sensitivity analysis. The syngas component characteristics, energy upgrade factor and thermodynamic efficiency of each unit of the two processes are studied. The results show that the hydrogen production capacity of co-gasification process of municipal sludge + food waste is 57.43 % higher than that of the industrial sludge + food waste. The H element content in the raw material is a key factor affecting the hydrogen production in the plasma co-gasification process, while the relative balance of H2 and CO content in crude syngas is conducive to improving the hydrogen production capacity in the entire process. The exergy efficiencies of the two processes are 56.57 % and 56.77 % respectively. This study can provide a new concept for both resource utilization and harmlessness of sludge and food waste treatment.