Concept Of Transnationalism Research Articles

Transnational Relations and Activism in International Relations: Debates and Consensus in Literature

This article explores the concepts of transnational relations and activism in the study of International Relations, specifically the role of civil society in transnational advocacy. It is fascinating to discuss the role of civil society when state actors are no longer the most prominent actors in International Relations studies in the midst of globalisation. Some articles related to transnational relations have been written by the scholars of International Relations such as Thomas Risse-Kappen (1995). Even so, one of the most sophisticated concepts of transnational activism was introduced by Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink (1998), in Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. In order to fully understand transnational activism in the study of International Relations, a divergent perspective can be applied. In this article, the authors aim to examine the recent debates and its counternarratives in International Relations through critical and constructivism lenses. Firstly, this article would describe the concepts of transnationalism and transnational activism in the study of International Relations (state of the art). Secondly, it would be a discussion in the literature on transnationalism and transnational activism which cover themes about norm diffusion, the ‘boomerang pattern’, political opportunity structures and accountability and effectiveness. The last part is conclusion that can be drawn from this consensus and debates in the concept of transnational activism.

O crime sob uma lente transnacional: o caso “helicoca”

O artigo examina o conceito de transnacionalidade do crime para a compreensão dos variados fluxos ilícitos contemporâneos. Tais fluxos configuram mercados ilícitos que conectam diferentes escalas analíticas de distância (local, nacional e internacional) e articulam atores estatais e não estatais em um processo sócio-político que mobiliza diferentes tipos de violência e discursos de segurança. Com esse objetivo, o artigo recupera a literatura que trabalha o conceito de crime organizado transnacional e de mercados ilícitos transnacionais, destacando suas limitações e potencialidades. A partir desse referencial, analisa um caso ocorrido no Brasil em 2013, conhecido como “helicoca”. Alguns outros casos similares são utilizados para ilustrar aspectos relevantes e apoiar a análise. Utilizando como estratégia metodológica a noção de assemblages (montagens) aplicada às relações internacionais, o artigo expõe algumas dinâmicas do fluxo transnacional de cocaína da América do sul para a Europa. Ao fazê-lo, sugere que a análise de casos concretos pode ser uma estratégia consistente para redefinir os termos do debate da área de relações internacionais sobre o crime, problematizando categorias dicotômicas como público-privado, doméstico-internacional e lícito-ilícito neste tipo de estudo. Isso tem o potencial de qualificar a abordagem da área de relações internacionais sobre o crime e a dimensão transnacional dos mercados ilícitos.

Transnational Identity in Indra Bahadur Rai’s Selected Short Stories

Are the people of Nepali origin who are born in India and live there transnational? This is a piercing question in transnational discourses in Nepal and India these days. But its answer is clear once we take the help of the concept of transnationalism: they are transnational Nepalis living in India. This reality is further clarified with the studies on Indra Bahadur Rai’s short stories. Almost all the characters in his stories are the people of Nepali origin living in Darjeeling. They are unhappy there and always behave like the temporary residents of the place. Most of his stories deal with the life of these people in relation with their search for the origin and related physical and psychological journeys. Even the images, symbols and settings used in the stories connect themselves with the idea of journey and the problems of settlements. This article deals with the same aspects of his collection of stories entitled Pratinidhi Kathaa [Representative Stories]. The stories are analyzed with the help of interpretive methodology and use of Steven Vertovec and Jenine Dahinden’s ideas of transnationalism. John McLeod, Rebecca L. Walkowitz, Roland Végső and Winfried Fluck’s ideas of transnational literature are used as the basic concepts in analysis.

Justice Beyond Borders – Extraterritorial Obligations from Thucydides to Grotius

The article traces the problem of extraterritorial obligations in the early history of ideas, spanning from Thucydides to Grotius. Extraterritorial obligations are defined here as moral obligations of a legitimate authority to perform or not to perform an act vis-a-vis individuals who are not its subjects. The article shows that arguments about justice beyond the border rely on transnational conceptions of the common good. In the early history of ideas concerning extraterritorial obligations, the following questions were central: Can there be a transnational meaning of moral concepts? Are extraterritorial obligations merely negative obligations? Is the extraterritorial pursuit of state interests limited by higher-ranking principles? Under which circumstances is the extraterritorial use of force permitted in order to protect individuals?

Capacity building for transnationalisation of higher education

PurposeTransnationalism and transnational concept are extensively researched in many social science areas; however, transnational management and transnational marketing is relatively a less explored research domain. Also, knowledge management for transnational education (TNE) marketing is not well-researched. Capacity building is an established research-stream, with a key focus on socio-economic and ecological development; however, prior research on capacity building from the context of TNE’s knowledge management and marketing is scarce. The purpose of this study is to analyse TNE marketing mix, to understand the influence of transnational stakeholders’ causal scope(s) on knowledge management in TNE to uphold their transnatioalisation processes through capacity building in TNEs’ marketing management.Design/methodology/approachAn inductive constructivist method is followed.FindingsOrganisational learning from the context of transnational market and socio-economic competitive factors, based on analysing the transnational stakeholders’ causal scope(s) is imperative for proactive knowledge management capacity in TNE marketing. Following the analysis of transnational stakeholders’ causal scope(s) to learn about the cause and consequence of the transnational stakeholders’ relationships and interactions, an initial conceptual framework of knowledge management for TNE marketing is proposed. Practical insights from different TNE markets are developed in support of this novel knowledge management capacity building framework of TNE, and its generalisation perspectives and future research areas are discussed.Practical implicationsThese insights will be useful for TNE administrators to better align their knowledge management perspectives and propositions with their transnational stakeholders to underpin TNE marketing. Academics will be able to use these insights as a basis for future research.Originality/valueThis study proposes a novel conceptual stakeholder-centred capacity building framework for TNE’s knowledge management to uphold TNE marketing and supports the framework, based on practical insights from three different transnational markets.

Introduction: Transnationalizing Russian Studies

This is the introduction to the volume Transnational Russian Studies (Liverpool University Press, 2019), edited by A. Byford, C. Doak and S. Hutchings. In it, the authors argue for an approach to research and teaching in Russian Studies that is based on a transnational conception of Russia's language, culture, and history. ‘Russia’ and ‘Russianness’ are discussed not as static or unitary entities confined within national borders, but as shifting and dynamic concepts that are perpetually in flux as Russia engages with the wider world. The transnational lens allows us to explore Russia’s distinctive history of nation-making, empire-building and diasporization and at the same time lets us reconsider how that history has shaped the critical paradigms in the field of Russian Studies. Ultimately, the piece suggests not only ways in which the transnational paradigm illuminates Russian Studies, but also how Russian Studies can speak to the paradigm of the transnational. Publisher's Note: This introduction is part of the Transnational Modern Languages Collection, published by Liverpool University Press, and is also hosted at: https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/pages/TML-intros

Evolution of the German concepts of military cooperation in Europe

Germany’s military cooperation with European partners is undertaken either within the European Union or outside its structures. The cooperation within the European Union takes place mainly on two levels: inter-governmental and supranational. The cooperation outside the EU is also focused on two levels: bilateral and multilateral. The author’s intention is to identify the direction of the evolution of the German concepts of military cooperation in Europe during the reign of Angela Merkel using a multi-level approach. Concepts co-created or co-implemented by Germany assume that strong and united Europe can counteract external threats by development of its own military component. It is clear, that there is conceptual asymmetry, that is why there are more intergovernmental concepts (military missions, PESCO, strengthened CSDP, EI2) than transnational concepts, from which we distinguish the only one, e.g. the concept of the European army. The influence on the evolution of the German concepts can have an integral federalism, which this country adheres to, and which was implemented after the Second World War into the political and administrative system, i.e. system based on multilevelness and cooperation of authorities, that has proved effective, so it can also be effective in multi-level military cooperation in the EU.

ICT-based border detection between Indonesia and Singapore

The high intensity of Batam and Singapore transportation cannot be separated from the Chinese population of Batam which is a community group in the city of Batam. The existence of Batam Chinese has been going on for centuries, since they came from mainland China using boats. With tenacity, social networks and geographical proximity to Singapore, Batam Chinese people become dominant in the economy in Batam. This study seeks to show maritime aspects and shipbuilding technology and their relationship with social society through transnational concepts. With globalization, and to develop networks, people really need sea transportation to support the transnational process.

Examining the transnational health preferences of a group of Eastern European migrants relative to a European host population using the EQ-5D-5L

The concept of transnationalism may provide an alternative rationale to observed differences in patterns of migrant healthcare use and health-related behaviours. In this study, we examined the health preferences of Eastern European migrants residing in another European state relative to comparable natives through the prism of transnationalism. For the analysis, we focused on the health preferences of 87 Polish migrants living full-time in Ireland compared to 87 Irish natives. We used EQ-5D-5L composite Time Trade-Off (cTTO) utility data collected as part of the Irish value set during 2015/2016 to examine the health preferences of both groups. Propensity score matching was utilised to match comparable Irish respondents to Polish migrants with 1:1 matching. Since cTTO utility data is censored, a random effects Tobit model was used to explore differences in utility valuations, and in a secondary analysis, we examined the likelihood of applying a negative utility valuation using a random effects logit model. The results from this study demonstrate that on average Polish migrants apply a significantly greater disutility valuation to health states and are more likely to apply a negative utility valuation to a given health state when compared to comparable natives. Differences in utility valuations can be seen as indicative of time preference with a greater disutility valuation being associated with a higher rate of time preference. This finding may be suggestive of health-related behaviours, such as a greater likelihood of not engaging with preventive service use in as far as those with high rates of time preference have low uptake. Transnationalism can underpin the observed differences in health preferences between the Polish migrants and comparable Irish natives. Transnational ties shape health-related behaviours of migrants from the use of healthcare services to health preferences. The results of this study will be of interest to policymakers in Ireland and Europe.

«РУССКІЙ МІР» НА БУДВАНСЬКІЙ РИВ’ЄРІ: ТУРИЗМ І ЗОВНІШНЬОПОЛІТИЧНИЙ ПРОЦЕС У ЧОРНОГОРІЇ

The article is devoted to the study of the role and place of tourism in the transformation of the foreign policy course of post-Yugoslavian Montenegro. The focus is on the impact of Russian tourism on key directions and foreign policy problems of the country. The work is based on the concept of transnationalism. Within this approach, global tourist flows are considered as a kind of transnational social space, in which the tourist is always an actor, performing various social actions related to interaction with the different environment. The publication reveals a historical retrospective of geopolitical presence of Russia in the Western Balkans. The cultural, investment and tourism components of Russia's influence on the social and political life of post-Yugoslavian Montenegro are highlighted. Principal indicators of tourism development in the country, the contribution of Russian tourism to the total volume of international tourist arrivals are investigated. Significant politicization of the tourist process in Montenegro is claimed. In mono-dependent on international tourism economy of Montenegro, tourism has influenced the politically-motivated rethinking of the traditions of relations with Serbia, Russia and the West. It has become a factor in the electoral struggle in the society and affected the transformation of Montenegro's geopolitical landmarks. The publication analyzes Russia's attempts to destabilize the country's political situation in the context of its accession to NATO. First of all, by exploiting Montenegro's dependence on Russian investment and tourist flows, the application of information warfare technologies. Culture and tourism are said to be an important component of the new concept of sovereignty, where demonstration of openness and a new European identity have underpinned Montenegro's geopolitical transformation – from the Balkans to the country that has come close to the EU. At the same time, Montenegro's example reflects the increasing political and economic importance of tourism in the world political processes and ensuring international political interaction.

Justice Beyond Borders – Extraterritorial Obligations from Thucydides to Grotius

The article traces the problem of extraterritorial obligations in the early history of ideas, spanning from Thucydides to Grotius. Extraterritorial obligations are defined here as moral obligations of a legitimate authority to perform or not to perform an act vis-à-vis individuals who are not its subjects. The article shows that arguments about justice beyond the border rely on transnational conceptions of the common good. In the early history of ideas concerning extraterritorial obligations, the following questions were central: Can there be a transnational meaning of moral concepts? Are extraterritorial obligations merely negative obligations? Is the extraterritorial pursuit of state interests limited by higher-ranking principles? Under which circumstances is the extra-territorial use of force permitted in order to protect individuals?

Whoever launches the biggest Sputnik has solved the problems of society? Technology and futurism for Western European social democrats and communists in the 1950s

ABSTRACTBy analysing the policies and ideas of German social democracy, the British Labour Party and the Italian Communist Party, this article explores their attitude towards science and their imagination of the future in the 1950s. Deeply different, social democrats and communists shared a positivist attitude in favour of scientific progress and high modernity. This painted their attitude towards the space race, peaceful nuclear power and automation. Science was conceived as a neutral power to be supported, but it required political guidance to harness it and turned it into social progress. Thus, their disagreement was over the political implications for capitalist societies experiencing growing prosperity. Science was also a powerful rhetorical argument to castigate the conservatives for failing the nation and allowing it to decline and fall behind its competitors. The article combines comparison and transnational history, innovating the latter by introducing the concepts of horizontal, vertical and antagonistic transnationalism.

Navigating Through the Spatial and Institutional Contradictions of Public Audit Oversight

This study revisits the actions of the French audit regulator (H3C) and the French profession over the 2003–2013 period in response to the regulatory transformations that occurred both in the national and transnational space. Our analysis highlights how these actors have navigated through the spatial and institutional contradictions that characterize public audit oversight in order to manage variable and opposing interests from one space to another. In particular, we show how conflicting national and transnational conceptions of professionalism and commercialism have developed to support different regulatory agendas. Our analysis of the spatial dynamics of public audit oversight allows us to propose a much less confrontational representation of the relationships between public audit regulators and the audit profession. We maintain that more attention should be paid to the spatial variants of commercialism and professionalism to better understand the development of audit regulation.

Navigating through the Spatial and Institutional Contradictions of Public Audit Oversight

This study revisits the actions of the French audit regulator (H3C) and the French profession over the 2003-2013 period in response to the regulatory transformations that occurred both in the national and transnational space. Our analysis highlights how these actors have navigated through the spatial and institutional contradictions that characterize public audit oversight in order to manage variable and opposing interests from one space to another. In particular, we show how conflicting national and transnational conceptions of professionalism and commercialism have developed to support different regulatory agendas. Our analysis of the spatial dynamics of public audit oversight allows us to propose a much less confrontational representation of the relationships between public audit regulators and the audit profession. We maintain that more attention should be paid to the spatial variants of commercialism and professionalism to better understand the development of audit regulation.

A Turkish perspective on the ethics of ‘safe zone’: the evolution of the concept in Turkish–American relations from Iraq (1991–2003) to Syria (2012–2016)

‘Safe zone’ is a transnational concept, including a moral understanding. This article departs from the idea that with the onset of the post-Cold War period, the concept of ‘safe zone’ has been a critical point of fluctuation, whereby Turkey and the USA faced important challenges in their bilateral relations. Accordingly, the article aims to examine the understanding of the concept by Turkey, to question the morality of the concept from Turkish perspective and to discuss its implications for Turkish–American relations. It also intends to analyse to what extent the recent discussions on Syria reveal a continuity with or a change from the discussions on Northern Iraq of 1990s. This study refers to Turkish officials’ statements as well as the debates held in Turkish Grand National Assembly, to reveal the evolving perceptions and/or interpretations of ‘safe zone’ by Turkish authorities.

Encounters with Transmigrants and a Navaho Chef: Yoko Inoue

ABSTRACTThis paper reflects upon the symposium “Trans-Pacific Japanese Diaspora Art: Encounters and Envisions of Minor-Transnationalism” by discussing works by the New York-based multimedia artist Yoko Inoue, Tea Taste Democracy and Upside-Down Objects. It explains how these works were created under the context of post-9/11 New York using the concept of minor transnationalism.

Spaces of transition: testing high standard housing in late-socialist Belgrade

ABSTRACT This article explores housing models and hybrid typologies advanced as part of an urban renewal programme in Belgrade (Serbia, former Yugoslavia) in the 1980s. We argue that these typologies were tested against the socialist-modernist model of mass residential construction that had been dominant since the 1960s. Our research identifies the design methodologies employed in the insertion of collective housing typologies into an elite residential quarter of traditionally-planned detached family houses, in the case of high-standard housing project Dedinje II/2 (1979–1986) designed by the architect Zoran Županjevac. The article particularly focuses on local adaptation of the transnational concept of designing spaces of transition between community and privacy. Instrumental in this adaptation, we aim to show, was the educational experience and professional practice critical of radical modernism gained by the architect in the USA, UK and Austria. In particular, we find that the project reflects the transfer of knowledge and experience across cultural, geographic and political contexts. The resulting typologies, we contend, not only represented an example of a pluralist approach to late-socialist architecture but provided models for re-thinking housing in the transition to the market economy of the post-socialist period.

CONTESTATION BETWEEN GLOBAL AND LOCAL IN MANGGARAI RAP MUSIC

Globalization causes the spread of pop culture beyond geographical boundaries. Rap music as a form of pop culture spread around the world in the 1990s through the mass media that was driven by the transnational music industry. Its popularity was not just happened in big cities, but in peripheral regions like in Manggarai of East Nusa Tenggara as well.This article uses the transnational concept in American studies and theory of landscape advanced by Arjun Appadurai. The concept of Transnational American Studies is used to analyze the influence of American culture beyond its territory, while the theory of landscape is used to analyze the conflicts that occured between the global and the local rap music in Manggarai music spaces.This analysis shows that the process of appropriation carried out by local rapper against global rap music is a form of negotiation to adapt to local tastes as well as of creativity to face global music. The strategies undertaken in the struggle for spaces of music can be seen in the form of themes, language, dialect, or mode of production. Contestation between the global and the local is always transformed through the development of music consumers in the area.Keywords: Contestation, Rap, Transnational, Globalization

MOVING ONWARD: TRANSNATIONALISM AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ROHINGYAS’ MIGRATION FROM BANGLADESH TO MALAYSIA

Continuous human rights persecutions have forced nearly one million Rohingyas to flee from Myanmar and seek refuge in Bangladesh. While their forced migration to the first asylum country of Bangladesh is inevitable, some have been compelled to move onward to other transit countries. Existing studies indicate various factors influencing cross-border activities among different segments of immigrants. They also suggest that the degree of transnationalism affects different kind of people on the move, subsequently brings about unique consequences to receiving community. In this study, we aim to determine factors contributing to the onward movement of Rohingyas from their refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh to Malaysia. We utilize the broader concept of transnationalism in order to gauge the Rohingyas’ perception and the realities they face in relation to their onward movement from Bangladesh to Malaysia. This study employed three methods of data collection namely a survey, an in-depth interview and a focus group discussion in engaging the Rohingyas in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Resulting from a two-part of data collection conducted in 2013 and 2016, we found that the onward movement of Rohingyas was mostly driven by poverty, unconducive livelihood experiences, limited access to humanitarian aid, and inadequate refugee protection in Bangladesh. Meanwhile, positive Rohingyas’ perception toward Malaysia, coupled with the availability of job opportunities have attracted them to choose Malaysia as the next asylum country. While this study enriches the existing literatures on transnationalism and onward movement of refugees, it also provides empirical evidences for humanitarian assistances in Bangladesh and Malaysia. Keywords: Forced migration, onward movement, refugees, Rohingya, transnationalism. Cite as: Ab. Wahab, A. & Khairi, A. (2019). Moving onward: Transnationalism and factors influencing Rohingyas’ migration from Bangladesh to Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(1), 49-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss1pp49-68

Supranational courts in Europe: a moderately communitarian turn in the case law on immigration and citizenship

ABSTRACT Most interdisciplinary analyses intuitively depict the judiciary as an actor promoting post- or transnational conceptions of membership and equality in contemporary debates about citizenship and immigration. A qualitative survey of prominent judgments of two powerful supranational tribunals on five central themes identifies an intriguing twist in the case law. Over the past decade, the Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg and the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg have frequently emphasised social affiliation with the host society, thereby cautiously embracing moderately communitarian narratives of membership, which tempered the traditional emphasis of both courts on equal treatment and residence security across borders. Institutionally, the outcome may be rationalised by a threefold limitation of the judicial function, which cannot bring about social change on its own, interacts with political actors and acknowledges the changing contours of the legal material.