Traditional Concept Research Articles

Pseudo-Jahn-Teller Effect Breaks the pH Dependence in Two-Electron Oxygen Electroreduction.

The hydrogenation of small molecules (like O2 and CO2) often exhibits strong activity dependence on pHs because of discrepant proton donor environments. However, some catalysts can show seldom dependence on two-electron oxygen electroreduction, a sustainable route of O2 hydrogenation to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this work, a pH-resistant oxygen electroreduction system arising from the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect is demonstrated. Thorough operando Raman spectra, local environment analyses and density function theory simulations, the lattice distortion of TiOxFy that introduces the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect contributing to regulating local pHs at electrode-electrolyte interfaces and the absorption/desorption of key *OOH intermediate is revealed. Consequently, as comparison to 78.6% activity attenuation for common catalyst, the TiOxFy displays minor activity decay (3.2%) in the pH range of 1-13 with remarkable Faradaic efficiencies (93.4-96.4%) and H2O2 yield rates (595-614mgcm-2h-1) in the current densities of 100-1000mAcm-2. Further techno-economics analyses display the H2O2 production cost dependent on pHs, giving the lowest H2O2 price of $0.37kg-1. The present finding is expected to provide an additional dimension to pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect that leverages systems beyond traditional conception.

Recent Developments and Challenges in the Application of Fungal Laccase for the Biodegradation of Textile Dye Pollutants

Abstract: According to the European Environment Agency, the textile industry is responsible for 20% of global water pollution due to dyeing and finishing products, thus facing severe environmental challenges. It is essential to design more biocompatible and sustainable treatment processes capable of removing dyes from industrial wastewater to fight this environmental hazard. Chemical industries must change traditional chemical-based concepts to more environmentally friendly and greener processes to remove pollutants, including dyes. Enzymatic bioremediation is a smart tool and a promising alternative for environmental pollutant degradation. The use of enzymes in dye decolourization makes the process a green and clean alternative to conventional chemical treatments. Moreover, enzymemediated biocatalysis decreases the formation of toxic by-products compared to chemical reactions. The most used enzyme for the decolourization of dyes is laccase. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase found in diverse organisms such as fungi. It promotes the oxidation of phenolic compounds and has a wide range of substrate specificity, making it a promising enzyme for removing different dyes used by the textile industry, including recalcitrant aromatic dyes. The present article gives a comprehensive revision of textile dye decolourization, its types, recent developments in laccase-mediated dye bioremediation technologies, the mechanism of biocatalysis, and their limitations and challenges. Emphasis on the chemical pathways of laccase reaction mechanisms for dye bioremediation processes is also provided. In addition, a brief overview of textile industries and the respective traditional treatment processes for textile wastewater is presented.

Healthy sexuality—not sexual health: for the sexual subject

The aim of this paper is to defend the emerging conceptualization of healthy sexuality (Bianchi in Figurations of Human Subjectivity: A Contribution to Second-Order Psychology. Springer, Berlin, 2020) against the traditional authoritative concept of sexual health as defined by the WHO. Becoming a sexual subject means following a sexual trajectory with episodes of one’s own bodily experiences, genital satisfaction, intimate attachment, acceptance of sexual identity, sexual pleasure, mutual sexual satisfaction and planned parenthood. In each of these episodes, the individual may experience feelings of pressure, fear, shame, pain and/or joy and pleasure. The extent to which the subject has a healthy sexuality depends on whether these feelings/emotions facilitate or inhibit healthy sexuality. The concept of healthy sexuality runs counter not only to quantitative statistical demographic measures of sexual health, but also to the existing arsenal of sexology questionnaires. Qualitative empirical research is being conducted into the facilitators and inhibitors of a healthy sexuality (in the first author’s PhD research).

Ética y Eficiencia

In this paper, I intend to demonstrate that there is a causal and necessary relationship between ethical behavior and the individual and collective efficiency of human beings. To do this, I will first develop the argument that ethical behavior is part of human nature and not merely a social construct. Then, I will establish its relationship with the form of [1]social organization that ensures efficiency in achieving collective goals. This ethics-efficiency relationship breaks with the traditional concept of effective leadership, where individual interests and authoritarian behavior prevail, and promises to become the new paradigm of successful social organizations, be they businesses, NGOs, educational institutions, sports teams, etc.

From Hands to Words-Physiotherapists Experience of Delivering Online Exercise and Education for Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis.

Little is known about delivering telehealth from a healthcare provider's perspective. To investigate physiotherapists' (PTs) experiences in delivering live online exercise and education for people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). This was a qualitative individual interview study with a thematic analysis approach. The interviewees were six PTs delivering 8 weeks of supervised online exercise and education for people with knee OA in secondary public care in Denmark. The three main themes were (1) From hands to words-on the transition from on-site to on-line physiotherapy, (2) Online selection-on the perceived barriers to managing a telehealth service and (3) Therapeutic relation under pressure-on the contextual difficulties in building relationships and alliances in online classes. The PTs in this study seemed to gradually come to terms with delivering first-line OA care online, appreciating advantages and new possibilities. PTs' initial apprehension towards this new form of physiotherapy service may be rooted in the traditional conception of physiotherapy as a predominantly manual profession but also in a lack of formal training in physiotherapy telehealth services. This study underlines the growing need for better and more formalised training in physiotherapy telehealth services to meet growing demands.

Flight Stability of Spinning Projectiles at High Angles of Attack

The flight behavior of the spin-stabilized 105 mm M1 artillery projectile, when fired with high quadrant elevation, is studied using six-degrees-of-freedom trajectory simulations and theoretical methods of stability analysis. Trajectory simulation results confirm the known effect of overstabilization at the apogee, leading to high angles of attack (AoA), drift to the left, and base-forward descent. For quadrant elevations between nose-forward and base-forward descent, a previously unknown descent mode was discovered, with projectiles performing a low-frequency coning motion at high angles of attack of 73 and 104 deg, respectively. An exhaustive theoretical description of such high-AoA limit cycles is given that overcomes the limitation to small angles of attack prevalent in traditional concepts of projectile stability. Based on a formulation of the angular motion in spherical coordinates, conditions for the existence of limit cycles are identified and stability criteria are derived using Lyapunov’s first method of linearization around equilibrium and eigenvalue analysis of the resulting Jacobian. The resulting criteria indicate that limit cycle flight is primarily governed by the Magnus moment coefficient. The method is applied to the 105 mm M1 projectile, and the coning motions observed in the trajectory simulations are accurately reproduced by the theory.

Is conversion the only itinerary to peace with "hostile" laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) remains the most common surgical procedure worldwide. With these unequivocal benefits, it is today the optimal standard of care for symptomatic cholelithiasis. However, this routine operation can also represent one of the most "hostile" situations. In scenarios of uncertain Critical View of Safety display, total cholecystectomy and laparoscopic approach incur a risk of serious complications such as iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI). In such situations, it is necessary to improvise an approach different from the traditional concepts used for elective cases and provide a rescue plan that promotes safety. Although the balance between maintaining LC and moving to an exit procedure is resolved, it remains a challenge for providers to navigate the best alternative strategy. The truth in this debate of seeking optimal results is that surgeons are inclined to resort to conversion, as the most usual itinerary. However, it is inconsistent to consider that the simple fact of switching to an open procedure necessarily protects against IBDI, as well as to approve the conversion as a single manifest alternative to cope without knowing the other saviors procedures and their profiles. Therefore, we found it very useful to compile research data regarding "hostile" CL bailout methods to optimize their use in our practice and to answer the question which strategy to choose? And why?

Research on the Right of Women in the Bar Space

In China, the current behavior of going to bars shows a trend of degendering, and women also begin to enter bars to consume. In recent years, many female-friendly or female-only bars have emerged. As the emerging consumers of bar-related industries, female groups are growing, putting forward their needs to society, in order to let society hear their voices and give women equal rights and space to men. Based on Chinas current bar culture and gender-related social background and phenomena, this paper adopts the participatory observation method and semi-structured interview method to analyze the observed phenomena and interview contents, and finds that women are subjected to many explicit or implicit unequal treatment in bars, and further discusses the main causes of gender discrimination in bars. Through the analysis of the unequal treatment faced by women in bars, it is concluded that the cause of the discrimination against women is the deep-rooted pressure of male power in China, and the social root of this pressure is the inequality of gender rights and the shackles of traditional Chinese concepts. This paper finally attempts to discuss the solution of this inequality: female self-consciousness against traditional ideas.

Understanding the spatial pattern and structural characteristics of cities in late feudal China: evidence from the local chronicle maps of the qing dynasty (1644–1911)

ABSTRACT Our study analyzes the spatial pattern and structural characteristics of cities in late feudal China based on multiple correlation and geographic information system spatial analysis, using 58 local Chinese chronicle maps of Jiangsu in the Qing Dynasty as research material. The elements in the city map were dominated by the types of official buildings, transportation facilities, and religious buildings. The urban spatial pattern can be classified into four types, such as extraverted and introverted, with each type having an aggregated spatial distribution and a gradual introverted orientation in time. The urban spatial structure can also be divided into four types: traditional, axial, random, and composite. Spatial distribution of each type is relatively stable, with little change over time. The geographic environment and the traditional concept of city building are the basic reasons for the formation of the spatial pattern and structure. The flood disaster, commercial and military factors contribute to the diverse structures. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of quantifying the ancient Chinese chronicles’ city maps. The findings have important value for contemporary ancient city restoration and shaping urban characteristics.

Analysis of Regional Characteristics and Ethnic Cultural Integration of Chenggong Tile-cat

Tile-cat, one of the unique roof beasts in China, is usually secured on the roof ridge of the main house, implying the traditional concept of "Warding off evil and receiving blessings". Chenggong tile-cat is a traditional folk art in Chenggong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. It is based on a tiger and crafted by skilled folk artists, becoming a divine beast that guards its home and ward off evil and filth. At present, the academic community has achieved fruitful results in the study of tile-cats in other regions of Yunnan, especially in Dali and Heqing. These achievements provide reference and inspiration for the research of this paper. However, there is still a lack of research on the Chenggong tile-cat, which provides ample space for this study. Based on this, this paper will conduct on-site research on the Chenggong tile-cat, analyze and explore its regional characteristics and ethnic cultural integration, and reveal its unique regional characteristics through the analysis of its geographical location, artistic style, production technology, usage, and cultural connotation. At the same time, based on historical background, explore the integration process of tile-cat art and ethnic culture, and evaluate the cultural value of tile-cat in modern society.

Violence and the Limits of Experience

AbstractThe aim of this article is to explore the question of the limits of experience in light of the phenomenology of violence. I begin by emphasizing the specificity of the phenomenological concept of pre-theoretical experience, in contrast with the traditional concept of experience dominated by theoretical and epistemological motives. Consequently, I underscore that violence can be phenomenologically understood only as a lived experience, given in the first person, belonging to an embodied subject, and placed in an antagonistic intersubjective situation. In order to question how the lived experience of violence discloses the limits of experience, I focus on the concept of the limit and discuss its relevance to phenomenological thought, referring to the limits of phenomenology, limit-problems, limit-phenomena, and limit-situations. I then show that we can differentiate between normal and liminal modes of experience, but we are also dealing with a multitude of levels of experience (visual, auditory, tactile, embodied, affective, intersubjective, comprehensive, and discursive), each of which has its own specific limits. I conclude by analyzing how the phenomenon of violence delineates the limits of experience at each of these levels.

How to choose mobile energy storage or fixed energy storage in high proportion renewable energy scenarios: Evidence in China

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy and changes in load characteristics, the power system is facing challenges of volatility and instability. Therefore, enhancing the safe and stable operation capability of the power system is an urgent problem that needs to be solved. Mobile energy storage can improve system flexibility, stability, and regional connectivity, and has the potential to serve as a supplement or even substitute for fixed energy storage in the future. However, there are few studies that comprehensively evaluate the operational performance and economy of fixed and mobile energy storage systems. To comprehensively evaluate the economic benefits of large-scale mobile energy storage systems, this paper constructs an overall horizontal cost model for energy storage systems that considers the power system and train transportation system. This model not only introduces the traditional concept of lifecycle cost of energy storage systems, but also considers the costs of traditional transmission lines and battery transportation. Secondly, to achieve simulation of large-scale mobile energy storage system planning and operation, this paper establishes a multi-region power planning and operation simulation (MPO) model and a battery transportation and logistics (BTL) model to accurately reflect the operation mode of fixed energy storage and mobile energy storage in the power system. Finally, taking the actual power grids and railway networks in Northeast and North China as case studies, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the technical, economic, and environmental performance of large fixed and mobile energy storage systems, and conducts a detailed comparison. The research results indicate that under high grid connection ratios (using 75% and 66% as examples), the overall cost of mobile energy storage systems continues to decrease to 1.42 CNY/kWh and 0.98 CNY/kWh. Compared to fixed energy storage at 5.45 CNY/kWh and 4.79 CNY/kWh, it has an absolute economic advantage and shows significant carbon reduction capabilities, reaching 241,800 to 1,394,600 tons. This discovery fully confirms the enormous potential and application value of mobile energy storage in high proportion renewable energy scenarios, providing strong technical support and economic analysis basis for the sustainable development of the power system.

The Nature off Traditional Minahasan Marriage in the Perspective of Protestant Christianity

This study examines the nature of Minahasa traditional marriage in the perspective of Protestant Christian beliefs, describing the acculturation process between local traditions and religious teachings. The study shows that Minahasa traditional marriage has undergone significant transformation with the inclusion of Protestant Christian influences, creating a unique synthesis between traditional and spiritual values. The role of family and community in marriage remains significant but has undergone reinterpretation, encompassing aspects of spiritual and material support. Traditional concepts such as 'mapalus' (gotong royong) took on a new dimension in the church context. The responsibilities of husband and wife have also shifted towards a more egalitarian direction, although some traditional aspects remain.In conclusion, Minahasa traditional marriage in a Protestant Christian perspective reflects the harmonization between cultural heritage and religious beliefs, showing how tradition and modernity can go hand in hand. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of culture and religion in Indonesia, and highlights the importance of an ongoing dialogue between customary traditions and religious teachings in the context of social change.

An integrated bipolar electrode with shared cathode for dual-mode detection and imaging of CEA

In this paper, we designed a novel shared cathode bipolar electrode chip based on Ohm 's law and successfully constructed a dual-mode dual-signal biosensor platform (DD-cBPE). The device integrates ELISA, ECL, and ECL imaging to achieve highly sensitive detection and visual imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The unique circuit structure of the device not only realizes the dual signal detection of the target, but also breaks the traditional signal amplification concept. The total resistance of the system is reduced by series-parallel connection of BPE, and the total current in the circuit is increased. In addition, Au@NiCo2O4@MnO2 nanozyme activity probe was introduced into the common cathode to enhance the conductivity of the material. At the same time, due to the excellent peroxidase (POD) activity of NiCo2O4@MnO2, the decomposition of H2O2 was accelerated, so that more electrons flowed to the BPE anode, and finally the dual amplification of the ECL signal was realized. The device affects the current in the circuit by regulating the concentration of the co-reactant TPrA, thereby affecting the resistance of the system. Finally, different luminescent reagents emit light at the same potential and the luminous efficiency is similar. In addition, the chip does not need external resistance regulation, which improves the sensitivity of the immunosensor and meets the needs of timely detection. It provides a new idea for the deviceization of bipolar electrodes and has broad application prospects in biosensors, clinical detection, and environmental monitoring.

Microglia-mediated neuroimmune suppression in PTSD is associated with anhedonia

Dynamic brain immune function in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder is rarely studied, despite evidence of peripheral immune dysfunction. Positron emission tomography brain imaging using the radiotracer [11C]PBR28 was used to measure the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a microglial marker, at baseline and 3 h after administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent immune activator. Data were acquired in 15 individuals with PTSD and 15 age-matched controls. The PTSD group exhibited a significantly lower magnitude LPS-induced increase in TSPO availability in an a priori prefrontal-limbic circuit compared to controls. Greater anhedonic symptoms in the PTSD group were associated with a more suppressed neuroimmune response. In addition, while a reduced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor response to LPS was observed in the PTSD group, other measured cytokine responses and self-reported sickness symptoms did not differ between groups; these findings highlight group differences in central-peripheral immune system relationships. The results of this study provide evidence of a suppressed microglia-mediated neuroimmune response to a direct immune system insult in individuals with PTSD that is associated with the severity of symptoms. They also provide further support to an emerging literature challenging traditional concepts of microglial and immune function in psychiatric disease.

UAV Wing leading edge crashworthiness behaviour under bird strike events: The added value of CF/PA additive solutions versus traditional metallic wing structures

In recent years, an increasing interest in innovative solutions design of aircraft structural components has been raised through both research and industrial fields, aimed at optimising weight and enhancing the ability to withstand both static and dynamic loads. This study compares the structural response to a bird strike phenomenon of a vertical tail of a UAV in standard metallic configuration with the one obtained from an innovative solution, equal in volume but with an internally designed architecture for an additive approach and manufactured by employing a carbon fibre reinforced filament engineered for metal replacement applications (carbon fibre, CF/polyamide, PA). The additive solution proposes the use of a 10 % infill and a lattice structure that completely replaces the traditional aircraft structure concept. This approach leads to a significant weight reduction, approximately 45 % compared to the traditional metallic configuration. The investigation was conducted through explicit numerical simulations considering different impact angles. The numerical model of the bird strike has been assessed by numerical-experimental comparison, simulating the impact of a bird with a flat plate. For this study, the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach has been adopted to perform the simulation. The results were compared in terms of stress distribution, failure analysis, displacements, and energy-time and force-time diagrams. The work demonstrated that using innovative manufacturing processes, such as additive manufacturing, can significantly improve the bird strike resistance of aerospace structures. This improvement is achieved though the production of lighter, structurally collaborative geometries, by reducing the load transferred to the rest of the UAV by about 47 % and decreasing the displacement on the impact area by 53 %.

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe.

Malformation of cortical development is an important cause of drug-resistant epilepsy in young children. Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE) has been added to the last focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) classification and commonly involves the frontal lobe. The semiology at the onset of epilepsy is dominated by non-lateralizing infantile spasm; the boundaries of the malformation are usually difficult to determine by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) findings are often widespread. Therefore, the traditional concept and strategy of preoperative evaluation to determine the extent of the epileptogenic zone by comprehensive anatomo-electro-clinical methods are difficult to implement. Frontal disconnection is an effective surgical method for the treatment of epilepsy, but there are few related reports. A total of 8 children with histo-pathologically confirmed MOGHE were retrospectively studied. MOGHE was located in the frontal lobe in all patients, and frontal disconnection was performed. The periinsular approach was used in the disconnective procedures, divided into several surgical steps: the partial inferior frontal gyrus resection, the frontobasal and intrafrontal disconnection, and the anterior corpus callosotomy. One patient presented with a short-term postoperative speech disorder, while another patient exhibited transient postoperative limb weakness. No long-term postoperative complications were observed. At 2 years after surgery, 75% of patients were seizure-free, with cognitive improvement in half of them. This finding suggested that frontal disconnection is an effective and safe surgical procedure for the treatment of MOGHE instead of extensive resection in the frontal lobe.

Матеріали до словника традиційних народних промислів (гончарська лексика подільських говірок)

The article analyzes lexical material for the Dictionary of Traditional Folk Crafts. The proposed materials reflect the peculiarities and regional differences of the pottery terminology of Podillia. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that many problems of dialect lexicology have not yet been solved, in particular, a national dictionary of dialects and a dictionary of individual regions of Ukrainian dialects have not been created. The nomination of phenomena and concepts of traditional folk culture is poly-informative, and their fixation and preservation remain an urgent task of modern dialectology. The sources of the factual material are recordings of live folk speech made by the author in 12 (twelve) settlements of Podillia in 1998-1999. The purpose of the research is to review the history of Podillia pottery as a folk craft, as well as to present a fragment of a dictionary of pottery terminology, and to introduce a name to denote the realities of pottery into scientific circulation. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation, which made it possible to identify and systematize colloquial material; the descriptive method was used in the process of analyzing the vernacular speech. Special linguistic methods of research: questionnaires and interviews contributed to the recording of dialect speech, contextual and interpretive analysis allowed to identify transformations of the semantic scope of lexemes functioning in the live speech of speakers of Podillia dialects, linguo-geographical method made it possible to illustrate the habitat of the recorded names. The result of the research is the introduction of lexical material collected during the expedition into scientific circulation. The work on the dictionary of pottery terminology is planned to be continued, streamlining the previously collected vocabulary. Originality. Studying the cultural characteristics of Ukrainians allows not only expanding general knowledge, but also passing on the nation's invaluable experience to future generations. The vocabulary of traditional crafts is a unique basis for enriching the language, a part of cultural and social memory. It is also important to compile dictionaries, as the recording of traditional folk culture concepts is an urgent issue not only for ethnology but also for linguistics. Conclusion. The pottery vocabulary of Podillia dialects is a complex multifaceted system with a clear structure. The study of this vocabulary proves that in terms of area, it shows tendencies towards spatial opposition: some of the lexemes are not found in neighboring dialects (brashne, bohonok, vedrovyi pot, veselce, etc.). We see the prospects for further research in the continuation of work on the compilation of the Dictionary of Podillia Dialects.

A Case for Statutorily Recognition of Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage

Since antiquity, the concept of union in Hindu marriage has always been considered sacred and indissoluble. The Shastri-religious understanding of Hindu marriage is that heavenly-made unions are merely united and tied into a knot on this earth. Hence, once the union is formed, and the ceremonies and rites concluded, there is no scope for a couple to seek “divorce”. The traditional concept of Hindu marriage, although altered by India's post-colonial enactment of the Hindu Marriage Act in 1955 (“the Act”), aimed to reflect the country's identity as a liberal constitutional democracy by providing for certain grounds for seeking divorce, including mutual consent. However, the state's broader policy reflected in the overall objective scheme of the Act remained incongruent with the Shastri-religious understanding of Hindu marriage. Thus, divorce was only the last remedy, and was granted by the courts only after the aggrieved couples fulfilled due procedural requirements as per the mandate of the Act. Hence, it is against this backdrop that the recent constitutional bench judgment in <i>Shilpa Sailesh v. Varun Sreenivasan (2023)</i> of the apex court regarding the waiver of the procedural requirements under section 13-B of the Act by the court using its constitutional powers of ‘complete justice” under Article 142 of the Indian Consitution, is limited only to certain exceptional circumstances. This paper argues for recognising the Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage (“IRB”) as a legal ground in the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 (“the Act”). It traces the evolution of Hindu marriage and discusses why Fault, Frustration, and Consent theories are inadequate, advocating for IRB to accommodate diverse situations. It analyses the Act's scheme, shows the presence of breakdown theory, and examines legal developments regarding IRB as a divorce ground, noting some limitations. It addresses objections from women's groups and calls for social reforms ensuring women's financial independence and reducing divorce stigma.

On the Transformation and Characteristics of Aesthetic Practice in the Ming Dynasty

Traditional Chinese social concepts have always been controlled and constrained by the thinking of “wén yǐ zài dào”(Literature Is the Vehicle of Ideas, in Chinese “文以载道”), but the so-called “wén yǐ zài dào”(Literature Is the Vehicle of Ideas, in Chinese “文以载道”) here is an extremely generalized concept. The “wén” (literature, in Chinese “文”) here can refer to any kind of material carrier, image or action. In short, it is a material presentation related to the physical world. The “dào” (Tao, in Chinese “道”) here refers to any kind of spiritual essence. In the view of traditional Chinese literati, the form must be loaded with a certain spiritual essence in order to have meaning. Through the study of the visual arts of the Ming Dynasty (明代), we will find that in the Ming Dynasty (明代), no matter the presentation of various objects such as clothing, furniture, book illustrations and literati painting or physical activities such as entertainments and travels have already broken away from the thinking mode of “wén yǐ zài dào” (Literature Is the Vehicle of Ideas, in Chinese “文以载道”). Not only has the aesthetic form separated from its core and existed independently, but the form has also begun to develop in the direction of expansion.