Concept Of Social Security Research Articles

Comparison of the Efficiency of Budget Financing and the Social Security of a Region

The article deals with theoretical and economic aspects of the “security” category and draws a distinction between philosophical, sociological, and economic approaches to the concept of social security. From the perspective of a system approach, the authors define the place of the region’s social security in ensuring national security. The article describes the theoretical content of the «social security» category and provides the authors’ specification for such terms as «social risks,» «danger,» and «threat.» The authors offer methodological tools to evaluate the region’s social security based on a complex assessment of the region’s socioeconomic and budget-financing indicators to identify the risks (deviations) and factors of inefficient financing. The proposed methodological approach is based on identifying the dependencies between the social and financial security of the region. The following indicators reflecting the social security level in the territory of residence were selected as estimated indicators: the region’s consolidated budget income and expenses, gross domestic product growth rates, natural population growth ratio, unemployment level, the share of the population with income below the subsistence minimum. This approach was tested by the example of the Perm Territory and Sverdlovsk Region revealing the regularities as well as favorable and unfavorable periods for the region’s social security. The obtained estimated indicators are ranked depending on the growth (fall) time lag, resilience, and sensitivity to budget financing. The assessment results show that the Perm Territory has been entering a deep recession in terms of national security since 2012. Similar tendencies are demonstrated by the Sverdlovsk Region; however, in view of the apparent diversity and dominant influence of the Perm Territory and the Sverdlovsk Region on the socioeconomic development of the Privolzhsky and Ural Federal Districts, respectively, the provided comparison is of scientific and practical interest.

Social Security, Personhood, and the State

AbstractThis paper looks at the relationship between personhood and the state by taking a relational perspective both on the concept of personhood and on that of the state, and with a focus on social security. It presents a broad concept of social security. Based on research in the Moluccas of East Indonesia, and among Moluccan migrants in the Netherlands, it is explained how social security shapes personhood in situations in which the state is only a minor contributor, and people depend on mechanisms other than support and care from the state. Finally, it will be explored how long-distance relations of social security are maintained and how the position that respective actors have within these relationships affects notions not only of appropriate care, but also of personhood.

Realising the Right to Social Security -- A Desirable and Feasible Floor for All

One of the key global problems facing social security today is the fact that more than half of the world’s population is excluded from any type of statutory social security protection. They tend to be part of the informal economy, and are outside the scope of contribution-based social insurance schemes or tax-financed social benefits. This paper shows that the extension of social security is an important element in policies to counteract some of the negative social effects of globalization. It begins by defining the concept of social security, and it examines its linkages with the development process and its impact on poverty reduction. It reviews some key world-wide trends with regard to the extension of social security, in particular concerning tax-financed benefits. It then provides some estimates on the financial affordability of a global social security floor, and shows how the process of extending social security can be supported by the explicit recognition of the right to social security. The article then explores how, at the international level, a global socio-economic floor could be better implemented through a human rights-based approach, and it reviews some of the recent initiatives undertaken by the UN Human Rights Council. It suggests a number of steps to improve the effective implementation of the human rights-based approach. It concludes that such an approach can help achieving the Millennium Development Goals, and provide the framework for global policies for development and poverty eradication beyond 2015.

Challenges facing the finance reform of the health system in Chile.

Financing is one of the key functions of health systems, which includes the processes of revenue collection, fund pooling and acquisitions in order to ensure access to healthcare for the entire population. The article analyzes the financing model of the Chilean health system in terms of the first two processes, confirming low public spending on healthcare and high out-of-pocket expenditure, in addition to an appropriation of public resources by private insurers and providers. Insofar as pooling, there is lack of solidarity and risk sharing leading to segmentation of the population that is not consistent with the concept of social security, undermines equity and reduces system-wide efficiency. There is a pressing need to jumpstart reforms that address these issues. Treatments must be considered together with public health concerns and primary care in order to ensure the right to health of the entire population.

The Canadian Concept of Social Security

The author, instead of concentrating on the crystallization into legislation of the Canadian concept of social security, analyzes the present pattern of social measures administered on the local, provincial and federal levels; he studies the principles on which the programmes are based and to which they must conform. In order to establish such programmes it is necessary to take into account historical factors, deep-seated religious convictions, the experience of older societies and geographic and cultural patterns. To the State belongs the responsibility of helping individuals to provide more adequately for their security and welfare; the State must not be omnipotent and destroy all private or collective initiative in this direction. On each level of government, the Canadian public administrations contribute in a vital way to social welfare.

O modelo de proteção social brasileiro: notas para a compreensão do desenvolvimento da seguridade social

This article aims to discuss the development of the Brazilian model of social protection and its implications for access to citizenship rights. The study is a theoretical reflection Initially, characterizes the association of the social protection system on the concept of social law. Further, it addresses the origin of social protection and its development up to the 1988 Federative Republic of Brazil Constitution, especially the new conception of public social policies arising from the deployment of the concept of social security. Thus, ensuring the evolution of social protection is characterized as a contractual right to achieve its universalization In this direction reflects a pattern of wellness that focuses on the demands for reducing inequality, with policies and concrete actions of affirmation of social rights as part of citizenship rights by pointing to a strong relationship between state and citizen Later, displays the changes in the political scenario that resist the implementation of social rights in the form inaugurated by the 1988 Federal Constitution, mocking the original design of the Brazilian social protection, as well as its consequences for public policies. The main results point to an institutionalized social protection model, however fragile attention to its demand, requiring complementation of the market. We conclude, although the Constitution has meant a unique breakthrough to the Brazilian social protection, its materiality just posed to the whole population It considers, though, in a period marked by profound changes in the world of work, mainly linked to an increase in structural unemployment and underemployment, the social protection model has converged to a logic of access through the market, restricting citizenship to the purchasing power of people, thus implying directly in the form and content of public social policies that constitute the social protection system.

From Geneva to the Americas: The International Labor Organization and Inter-American Social Security Standards, 1936–1948

AbstractBeginning in the mid-1930s, Western Hemisphere nations turned to social insurance legislation—guided by the new concept of social security—in response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression. Supported by the International Labor Organization (ILO), national-level policy makers introduced a range of measures in recognition of the 1935 US Social Security Act. As Europe descended into a war, inter-Americanism served as way to maintain regional economic, and later military, security. This article describes an era of social welfare diplomacy in the Americas, one in which countries south of the US border projected their own distinct visions of social policy. Regional solidarity served as an integral step in the development of ideas concerning international social and economic rights. Placing President Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy in a wider frame, this analysis of ILO inter-American activities reveals an intriguing moment in history, when leaders from several nations saw economic development, trade, future growth, social security, and labor rights as integrally bound together.

Social Security Schemes for the Unorganized Sector in India: A Critical Analysis

The concept of Social Security is related to the high ideals of human dignity and social justice. It is the security provided by the society to its members, particularly the weaker ones, so that they can lead a normal and decent life even under adverse circumstances. This paper aims to study and critically analyze the various social security schemes for the unorganized sector in India. The unorganized sector is massive and comprises the bulk of the countryís workforce. They are the people who need social security the most and so the government has designed certain schemes exclusively for this sector. The paper has been divided into four parts. While the first part is introductory in nature and attempts to explain the concept of Social Security, the second part describes the unorganized sector in India providing its characteristics and features. Some data is also provided to present a clear picture of this sector. In the third part, various Social Security schemes for the unorganized sector are described. To present an overview, information is tabulated for most of the schemes that are grouped under four headings namely Centrally Funded Schemes, Social Insurance Schemes, Social Assistance Schemes and Public Initiatives. Finally, the schemes described are critically analyzed. It has been pointed out that schemes have not been able to achieve their purpose despite genuine efforts by the government and non profit organizations. Some suggestions to overcome these problems are provided towards the end. These include phasing out of the implementation of the schemes, proper legislation and decentralization of administration of the schemes.

Accounting for the Benefits of Social Security and the Role of Business: Four Ideal Types and Their Different Heuristics

Germany is considered to be a pioneer of social security systems; nonetheless, globalization and demographic changes have put enormous pressure on them. A solution is not yet in sight as the debate on the future of the German social security systems still lacks consensus. We argue that ideas matter and that the debate can benefit from a deeper reflection on the concept of social security. This objective is pursued along two lines. First, we take a historical perspective and reconstruct the development of Germany’s social security systems. Second, we scrutinize from a theoretical perspective how social security is conceptualized in public and theoretical debates. Behind the various positions, we identify four basic ideal types. We then analyze how these ideal types account for the benefits of social security systems and what role they assign to corporations in providing social security. While two ultimately reinforce potential conflicts between different groups in society, the other two ideal types reveal possible benefits for all. The last ideal type actually conceptualizes social security systems as insurance that fosters risky but overall productive investments in human and other forms of capital. Therefore, it can be shown that social security systems are not necessarily threatened by globalization and that incentives exist for corporations to invest in the provision of social security.

The Public Interest and the Welfare State: A Legal Approach

The boundaries between public and private social security change over the years. The Dutch social security system increasingly makes use of private arrangements. This privatization gives rise to questions regarding the protection of public interests. These questions are perceived very differently by the various disciplines. We have opted for a legal point of view. We will address the following question: 'Does the law provide a basis for defining the public interests of social security and if so, is it possible to identify a catalogue of these interests with reference to the law?'. We answer this question affirmatively. An initial observation is that legal theory of fundamental socio-economic rights does constitute a suitable framework for defining state responsibilities in the welfare state. This proposition is worked out in paragraph 3 with reference to the modern method of differentiating the state obligations in the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect and the obligation to fulfill.The next step is to clarify what should be respected, promoted or fulfilled. In paragraph 4 we introduce seven leading principles of social security, being one of the pillars of the welfare state. These principles go beyond legal reasoning and will meet some recognition also from an economical, historical or sociological perspective. The seven principles are formulated under the headings of: protection, inclusion, security, equality, solidarity, rule of law and good governance. After the concept of social security is thus unravelled it becomes possible to associate each of the seven principles with legal principles and requirements which are more clearly established in law. In this way the right to social security will be identified with a set of concrete legal standards. Examples of such deductive exercise will be presented in paragraph 5. The article concludes in paragraph 6 with a number of reflective remarks as to the appropriateness and relevance of the method we introduce in this paper.

The meaning of the right to social security

This article initially dwells on the concept of social security's historical development. It starts with the characteristics and the spirit behind the inclusion of such right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It then discusses the now ancient paradigm set by the I.L.O and the neo-liberal approach by the World Bank, pointing both theories merits as well as unmasking their flaws. It concludes by offering a new concept of international social security via the collaboration between nations, grounded mainly on the solidarity principle.

Social security in a globalizing world

The main burden of the paper is to argue for enlarging both the concept and the coverage of social security, especially in developing countries, to address the twin problems of “deficiency” and “adversity”. The two parts of this enlarged concept of social security are Basic Social Security (BSS) and Contingent Social Security (CSS). To strengthen the argument, lessons have been highlighted from the historical experience of Western countries, where the State played a leading role. Having argued for the extension of BSS, the paper also deals with the extension of CSS. This is best done through the informal economy, which employs a large majority of workers in developing countries. While the primacy of the State has been highlighted, the paper develops a typology of various social security models that could be used to study and understand the existing arrangements as well as the potentialities for extension.

Social Security, Poverty Reduction and Development

This paper is written as a think piece to strengthen the ILO's campaign to promote the extension of the coverage of social security. In so doing, the paper has attempted to put forward a number of arguments for enlarging both the concept and the coverage of social security especially in developing countries. It argues that social security should address the twin problems of deficiency and adversity. As such the concept of social security has been enlarged to include, what may be called, Basic Social Security (BSS) to take care of deficiency and Contingent Social Security (CSS) to meet contingencies. Without addressing BSS, it is unlikely to meet with success in the case of extending CSS. To strengthen the argument the lessons from the historical experience of western countries have been highlighted. The historical experience also shows that issues of social security have received the attention of the state much before industrialization and graduation into rich countries. There is also evidence to show that extension of social security has been possible mainly by state intervention of one kind or another. Having argued for the extension of BSS, the paper also deals with the extension of CSS. This is best done through the informal economy, which employs a large majority of workers in developing countries. While the primacy of the role of the state has been highlighted, the paper has developed a typology of various social security models that could be used to study and understand the existing arrangements as well as the potentialities for extension of social security in the developing countries. It is hoped that this typology could be used with reference to the specific context of countries and/or regions. Finally the paper has made a number of suggestions for the study of alternative models and analysis of public policies for extension of social security. The need for documenting best practices has been emphasized.

Extending social security coverage to the informal sector in India

While the definition of ‘social security’ has been made comprehensive, little attention has been paid to the working poor in the informal sector. This paper delves into the concept of social security, examines possible measures for social security provisions to the informal sector, reviews social security initiatives by the several State governments, identifies a number of challenges in extending social security coverage to the informal sector and makes policy recommendations.

Economic Security for the Elderly in India

Summary The basic concept of social security is not new in India. Traditionally, a sort of moral economy existed to provide security to older destitute and other vulnerable groups in society. However, gradually, traditional support systems are disappearing, and state-based social security systems have come into existence. Under standardized economic security policies, government is covering retirement benefits for those in the organized sector; economic security benefits for those in the unorganized sector; and old-age pension for rural elderly. These are contributory as well as non-contributory programs. Besides life insurance approaches, savings-linked insurance and Annapurna (food security) are other important programs. However, in terms of coverage, program quality and effectiveness have been largely criticized by social security experts, suggesting immediate reforms to old-age programs.

Extending Social Security: Policies for Developing Countries

This paper reviews the main trends and policy issues with regard to the extension of social security in developing countries. It begins by defining the concept of social security, and it examines its linkages with the development process and its impact on poverty reduction. It then reviews the four main social security programmes, i.e. health insurance, pensions, unemployment protection and tax-based social benefits. It shows that in many middle-income countries, statutory social insurance can form the basis for the extension process. However, this is generally not so in the low-income countries, where only a small minority of the population is covered by social security. In particular for these countries, the paper pleads for experimentation with area-based schemes. It also recognizes the need for additional international financing of some basic social security schemes, if coverage is to be extended to everyone over the next 15 to 25 years. The paper also examines the gender dimension of the extension process. The paper concludes with outlining some key elements of national and international strategies. Social security should be recognized as a major instrument to deal with some of the negative social consequences of globalization. National policies should consist of improving and reforming statutory social insurance programmes, of promoting community- and area-based social insurance schemes, and of enhancing cost-effective tax-financed social benefits. At the international level, there is a need for a few simple indicators on social security coverage, for advocacy measures to get social security at the top of the development agenda, for experimentation with new mechanisms to reach workers in the informal economy, as well as for knowledge development and technical assistance. Many of these elements will be included in the Global campaign on social security and coverage for all that the ILO is to launch at the beginning of 2003.

Social security systems in Tanzania: Phase I Overview of social security in Tanzania

The paper starts by examining the concept of social security in Tanzania, showing that there are three key issues in social security which have not been adequately addressed by existing social security schemes and need immediate attention. The paper then examines the nature and forms of social security in Tanzania in a historical perspective. It shows that non-conventional social security instruments have failed to promote equitable economic growth and have been heavily biased in favour of the well-off at the expense of the poor. The effectiveness of traditional and informal social security systems has been impaired by changes that have taken place since the colonial period. Formal social security schemes are riddled with problems. The development of formal social security has been gradual and the introduction of structural adjustment programmes has led to the decline of formal security schemes. In terms of coverage, formal social security schemes cover only 6% of the population and focus on only a few risks. African Journal of Social Work Vol.17(2) 2002: 11-28

The Insurance Discourse and Social Security

This paper starts from the assumption that the prevailing discourse on social security needs reconsideration. The selection of the discourse is always crucial, as it has important implications for the social policy pursued, including its institutional arrangements. The paper advocates that social policy, as a whole, can fundamentally be based on a general insurance discourse, thus providing an understanding of social security that differs from approaches based on social assistance and mere income redistribution. It is also claimed that this approach, emphasizing a risk-centred concept of social security and a well-established legal, actuarial and institutional framework, is capable of dealing with the various pressures on social security were discussed in this journal, but at a more practical level and from a different perspective, in the paper by Kessler (1999).

Public Provision of Social Security: The Challenge in South Asia

The prevalence of widespread poverty and deprivation in South Asian countries points towards the need to adopt a wider concept of social security that would include both promotional and protective social security. This article advocates this view against the backdrop of the coverage and financing of existing social security programmes and points to the inadequacies of these measures in attaining the objectives of higher economic growth and the eradication of poverty. A character istic feature of current social security programmes in South Asian economies is that they are designed in a conceptual vacuum and are implemented mainly as wel fare measures. The emphasis is on promotional measures and even within that cat egory, on poverty alleviation programmes. A balanced provision of promotional and protective social security measures is not evident in any country. Some esti mates of the resource requirements for providing such balanced social security suggest that the cumulative cost of essential human investment over the period 1995-2010 would be over 4-5 per cent of GDP. Such allocation of resources towards the wider connotation of social security is essential for the South Asian countries to reap the benefits of the linkages between social attainments and eco nomic growth, a la East Asia.

Financial and social security in old age in India

The concept of social security is highly relevant for individuals in times of dependency, like childhood, old age, sickness, accident and unemployment. In the present article origin of the concept of social security system in India is traced. Various schemes for government employees, labourers in organized sectors as well as for those employed in unorganized sectors have been enumerated. Schemes for elderly have been detailed. Further Kerala state has shown a significant demographic transition due to longevity, fertility rate etc. Hence social security system in Kerala state has been systematically analysed especially for elderly group.