Concept Of Sentence Research Articles

Inducing Shifts in Attentional and Preattentive Visual Processing Through Brief Training on Novel Grammatical Morphemes: An Event‐Related Potential Study

AbstractCan brief training on novel grammatical morphemes influence visual processing of nonlinguistic stimuli? If so, how deep is this effect? Here, an experimental group learned two novel morphemes highlighting the familiar concept of transitivity in sentences; a control group was exposed to the same input but with the novel morphemes used interchangeably. Subsequently, both groups performed two visual oddball tasks with nonlinguistic motion events. In the first (attentional) oddball task, relative to the control group, the experimental group showed decreased attention (P300) to infrequent changes in the morpheme‐irrelevant dimension (shape) but not the morpheme‐relevant dimension (motion transitivity); in the second (preattentive) oddball task, they showed enhanced preattentive responses (N1/visual mismatch negativity) to infrequent changes in motion transitivity but not shape. Our findings show that increasing attention to preexisting concepts in sentences through brief training on novel grammatical morphemes can influence both attentional and preattentive visual processing.

مفهوم الجملة في الدراسات الأسلوبية

تناول البحث مفهوم الجملة في الدراسات الأسلوبية ، وأصل هذا المفهوم عند النحويين القدامى والمحدثين وعند اللغويين واللسانيين (اللغويين المحدثين) الذين هم سبب رئيس لظهور الأسلوبية، وقد حاولنا فيه بيان الاختلاف في المفاهيم بين الغرب والعرب، وقد قسم البحث بعد الخاتمة على ثلاثة مباحث: الأول: مفهوم الجملة وتأليفها عند النحويين، والثاني: مفهوم الجملة وتأليفها عند اللغويين واللسانيين، والثالث مفهوم الجملة وتأليفها عند الأسلوبيين، ثم الخاتمة وأهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها خلال البحث.

Discourse Competence as an Essential Variable in Developing Grade 11 English First Additional Language Learners’ Writing Skills

Discourse competence, which entails the interrelatedness of concepts in sentences in spoken and written language, is essential in the development of learners' receptive and productive English skills. Learners with excellent discourse competency skills can better grasp spoken and written texts on a local and global level. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the impact of discourse competence in grade 11 English First Additional Language (EFAL) learners’ writing skills. Halliday and Hassan’s Model of Evaluation framework, which advocates that the primary means of linking texts in discourse is through lexical cohesion, underpinned this study. This paper adopted an interpretivist paradigm. A qualitative approach was employed and a case study design was used to gather data from 40 purposely selected grade 11 learners. Document analysis was used. Findings indicated that (i) restricted knowledge of lexicon, (ii) inadequate knowledge about reiteration and collocation, and (iii) insufficient knowledge about appropriate use of cohesive and coherent devices, were among the established reasons for learners’ writing deficiencies. This paper recommends that essay writing skills can best be achieved through the implementation of the proposed recent language teaching methods such as the Text-based Approach, which uses texts to teach language structures and writing skills. The Department of Education should monitor the development of writing skills from the learners’ earliest years of schooling.

THEO VAN LEUWEN'S THEORY OF INCLUSION IN CRIMINAL NEWS ON FACEBOOK: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Recently, there has been an increase in crime, with one of the contributing factors being the increase in the need for life and other conflicts of interest. The crimes were eventually made public by some media outlets, one of which was the social media site Facebook, among others. This research aims to attempt to uncover how the criminal's discourse can be expressed succinctly through the use of critical discourse analysis from Theo Van Leeuwen's point of view by employing critical discourse analysis. This research operates qualitative research models in conjunction with content analysis techniques. According to the findings of this study, there are several concepts of sentences, including (1) determination-indetermination, (2) assimilation-individualization, (3) nomination-identification, (4) dissociation, and (5) categorization, among others. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that when releasing criminal news, the author (journalist) still appears partial to the executor or actor by encircling the criminal perpetrators or perpetrators. Some have explained that, despite the perpetrator's already known, the news writer did not write the story.

The Essential Techniques Affecting the Performance of Sudanese EFL Learners in Writing: A Case Study of Three Eastern Universities of Sudan

This paper explores the English language learners’ weakness in writing because most of them do not know how to combine their sentences correctly. The paper was devoted to Sentence Combining (SC) as an essential technique or method that affects EFL learners' performance in writing English. Using the case study on fourth-level students majoring in English, the descriptive-analytical method has been applied, representing the three eastern universities in Sudan: The University of Kassala, University of Gadarif and Red Sea University. The researcher used an objective test of (83) items in Sentence Combining in English. The frequency tables and percentage were used for the five areas in the students' test (pass-fail). According to the students' outcomes, they have been proved that the Sudanese learners of English at the three eastern universities lack the awareness of methods and techniques of combining English sentences. They are not well-informed of combining English sentences by means of punctuation, co-ordination, subordination, reduction and apposition. The concept of sentence combining is unconsciously neglected by the teachers themselves, who are unaware of its importance.

KETERAMPILAN MENULIS PUISI DENGAN MODEL CONCEPT SENTENCE SISWA KELAS V SDN 23 KOTA PAYAKUMBUH

The purpose of this study was to describe Poetry Writing Skills with the Sentence Model Concept of Class V Students of SDN 23 Kota Payakumbuh in terms of physical elements and inner elements of poetry. This type of research is quantitative research with descriptive methods. The population in this study were grade V students of SDN 23 Payakumbuh City, amounting to 22 students. In collecting data, researchers used performance testing techniques. While in analyzing the steps of the data taken by calculating the raw score the correct answer, the score changes to a value. Data analysis starts from the analysis of each aspect. The procedure for analyzing each aspect, the first to provide an assessment of student work seen from the physical elements and inner elements of poetry. Second, the conversion of scores into values using a percentage formula. Looking for the average value of the classification test results using a scale of 10. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the average results of poetry writing skills using the Concept Sentence concept of class V SDN 23 Kota Payakumbuh model are 87 with very good qualifications, in terms of physical elements 86.25 with excellent qualifications, from the inner element is 87.5 with very good qualifications. So, the fifth grade students of SDN 23 Kota Payakumbuh were good at writing poetry using the Concept Sentence model.Keywords: writing, poetry, and model concept sentence

Estudio macrosintáctico de las estructuras que introducen la fuente enunciativa: como…/ según…/ para…/en palabras de…/ en opinión de

La denominada “gramática tradicional” difícilmente puede dar respuesta al funcionamiento de una serie de estructuras que aparecen normalmente en el margen oracional, van entre pausas, y ejercen la función de introducir la fuente informativa de lo dicho. Nos referimos a expresiones introducidas por según, como dice, en palabras de, para o en opinión de. Este tipo de estructuras, no fijadas y con movilidad oracional, pueden especializarse en presentar al responsable último de lo dicho (complemento de la aserción), o bien marcar simplemente al dicente (complemento locutivo). Por ello, necesitamos un enfoque pragmático, supraoracional y más cercano a la teoría de los denominados “evidenciales” (Dendale y Tasmowski 2001, Aikhenvald 2003, Willet 1988) para explicar las similitudes y diferencias morfo-funcionales de esta serie de complementos de la enunciación que poseen, además, una gran rentabilidad desde el punto de vista argumentativo. Nuestro estudio se propone, por tanto, realizar una descripción minuciosa de este tipo de construcciones, ya sea desde un punto de vista sintáctico (función, movilidad, posibilidad de combinarse con otros complementos “marginales”, capacidad para aparecer insertos dentro de subordinadas), estructural (posibilidad de introducir sintagmas u oraciones) o enunciativo (capacidad para introducir al locutor/enunciador), con la finalidad de, en la medida de lo posible, poner algo de orden dentro del poco sistematizado (por haber sido poco estudiado de una manera metodológicamente homogénea) campo de la sintaxis supraoracional.

Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The French Perspective

France literally ‘discovered’ sexual abuse following neighbour Belgium’s Dutroux case in the late 1990s. Since then, sex offenders have been the focus of politicians, media and law-makers’ attention. Further law reforms have aimed at imposing mandatory supervision and treatment, and in rare cases, preventive detention. The legal framework for mandatory supervision and detention is rather complex, ranging from a mixed sentence (custodial and mandatory supervision and treatment upon release or as a stand-alone sentence) to so-called ‘safety measures’, which supposedly do not aim at punishing an offence, but at protecting society. The difference between the concepts of sentences and safety measures is nevertheless rather blurry. In practice, however, courts have used safety measures quite sparingly and have preferred mandatory supervision as attached to a sentence, notably because it is compatible with cardinal legal principles. Procedural constraints have also contributed to this limited use. Moreover, the type of supervision and treatment that can thus be imposed is virtually identical to that of ordinary probation. It is, however, noteworthy that a higher number of offenders with mental health issues who are deemed ‘dangerous’ are placed in special psychiatric units, something that has not drawn much attention on the part of human rights lawyers.

Der Satzbegriff im Deutschen und Arabischen

The concept of sentence in Deutsch and Arabic
 This article examines the various aspects of sentence definition in German and then in Arabic. This is to be an examination of the status of the sentence in either language, namely Arabic and the German Language. These differences are structural in nature by having pragmatic implications. Indeed, there exists no general theory of the sentence. Scholars distinguished nominal sentences and verbal sentences, but they did not explain each notion by the other, but rather by using the two terms: subject and predicate. The proper notion of the subject is unknown to scholars in languages different from Arabic, namely Greek and Indo-European languages. It has no name in the nomenclature and it is still the same today in Arabic grammar.

Studies on Procedural Law

Studies on procedural law: procedural due process of law, systems of proof evaluation, the concept of sentence (final judgment) in the Brazilian law, the role of formal requirements in the admission of the bill of review.

Rating of textual associations in organized and nonorganized sentences for the assessment of semantic networks in schizophrenia

Background Collins and Quillian ( Acta Psychol 1970;33:304–314) proposed that semantic representations in the human brain could have a “networklike” theoretical construct. Thought disorders in schizophrenia have been described as disturbances in the spread of activation within semantic networks. Semantic networks are typically evaluated indirectly via reaction times of priming tasks. Medications may interfere with the reaction time of patients, thus, we sought to investigate semantic networks, independent of time, by having patients and controls rate textual associations in sentences organized to various degrees. Methods Twenty-eight schizophrenic patients (17 non–thought-disordered and 11 thought-disordered) and 27 healthy controls performed a rating of textual associations task in which they were asked to rate the associative relationship between concepts in sentences on a scale from 1 (totally dissociated) to 10 (completely associated). The task contained 3 sets of sentences; organized meaningful sentences, vague sentences (intermediately disorganized), and completely disorganized sentences. To avoid order effects, sentences were randomly mixed at presentation. Results Analysis of variance calculations indicated significant differences among the 3 groups (controls, thought-disordered, and non–thought-disordered). The differences were greater for the vague sentences. Compared with controls, schizophrenic patients demonstrated increased SDs in rating associative values between concepts in the sentences, which is higher in disorganized sentences. Inadequate ability to identify and rate associations in disorganized sentences is discussed in the context of disordered semantic networks of schizophrenic patients.

Development and evaluation of a spoken dialogue system for academic document retrieval with a focus on reply generation

AbstractA spoken dialogue system for retrieving academic documents was constructed and evaluated. In order to realize speech reply with its prosodic features properly controlled to express dialogue focus, a concept‐to‐speech conversion scheme was developed where the reply sentence concept was finally converted step‐by‐step to phone and prosodic symbol strings to be fed to a speech synthesizer, instead of simply using a text‐to‐speech conversion scheme as done in other conventional spoken dialogue systems. The main research focuses were on the following three points: (1) generating a reply sentence easily understood by users and unambiguous to users by controlling the amount of information included in it: deleting redundant information and adding necessary information; (2) realizing functions necessary for increasing system usability; (3) generating a speech reply with natural‐sounding prosody, with the dialogue focuses correctly conveyed. Evaluations of the original system, formerly developed, gave us guidelines to realize points (1) and (2). Based on them, a revised system was constructed and evaluated, showing the validity of its new functions. It was also shown that speech replies with prosodic features representing dialogue focuses could bring about clearer information transmission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(4): 25–39, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1117

Item order in natural languages: Proceedings of LP '94 Ed. by Bohumil Palek (review)

216 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 74, NUMBER 1 (1998) almost inadvertently, contain information of a sort which cannot now be obtained in the field. [Anthony P. Grant, University of St. Andrews.] Item order in natural languages: Proceedings of LP '94. Ed. by Bohumil Palek. (Acta universitatis carolinae 1994, philologica 3-4.) Praha: Charles University Press, 1995. Pp. x, 415. This collection of papers presented at the 1994 Linguistics and Phonetics Conference held at Charles University in Prague contains 27 papers by 32 authors from seven countries, most papers by scholars from the Czech Republic. AU except one are in English ; the one exception is in German. The linguistic examples used by the authors are in English and Czech for the most part, but German, Japanese, Polish , Spanish, and several other languages are also drawn upon. The articles are grouped according to five topical areas: general considerations (1-52); phonemes, syllables, and suprasegmentals (53-138); word forms in phrases, and phrases (139-244); word forms in sentences (245-377); and text frame (378-415). This is a volume of varied and stimulating contributions as the following sampling of its contents will indicate. That languages are not as neatly patterned and structurally consistent as some tenets of 'classical' linguistics would have them is argued by Frantisek Danes in 'Language is neither all chaos nor all order' (1-9). In 'Templates and melodies: A typology of ordering constraints in early child phonology' (94-124), Kurt Queller puts forth the claim that the speech of a young child is characterized by templates and melodies—two types of sequential patterning that are complementary. A template is defined by the author as 'a word-level package that consists of the entire CV skeleton for a prospective child wordform , in which one or more specific timing (C or V) slots in the sequence may be inherently associated with particular feature values'. A melody is 'a wordlevel package existing on its own autosegmental tier, and consisting of one or more feature values for a specific articulatory parameter' (96). In 'Iconic ordering in morphology' (231-44), Helena Kurzová compares agglutinative and inflecting languages to establish any differences that may exist in the realization of iconicity principles —the iconicity of markedness (quantity) and the iconicity of distance. What typological differences do exist must be taken into account when grammatical structures of languages are compared. Another typologically oriented paper, this one on the sentence level, is the editor's contribution titled 'Typology and item ordering' (357-77). According to Palek, any analysis of different linguistic 'events' in various languages must be conducted consistently by means of a general analytical procedure such as 'the application ofthe predicate ''x is similar to y__" where __ denotes the conditions/circumstances of the event under comparison' (376). In 'Sentence and discourse: An attempt at re-assessment of the background of utterances and sentences ' (383-402), Karel Fíala argues that, contrary to the psycholinguistic approach, there are three levels at which the concept of sentence (utterance ) can be conceived—the syntactic level, the semantic level, and the pragmatic level (with the constituent units of the utterance on the pragmatic level being speech acts). There are occasional lapses in the spelling and syntax ofthe English text, but they never pose any problems in understanding. Given the number and topical variety of the papers, an index at least of subject entries would have been helpful. [Zdenek Salzmann , Northern Arizona University.] Grammar and meaning: Essays in honour of Sir John Lyons. Ed. by F. R. Palmer . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xiii, 265. This festschrift for Sir John Lyons contains eleven papers—ten by linguists addressing issues Lyons has focused on for 40 years, and one by Lyons commenting on the other papers. The volume also contains a complete bibliography ofthe written works ofLyons. In 'Polysemous relations' (1-25), Adam Kilgarriff and Gerald Gazdar expand on 'regular polysemy ' and argue that a theory of subregularity (less regular but not irregular, i.e. that which approaches homonymy) can be appropriately described using the same formal machinery as other subregular phenomena , such as lexical syntax and inflectional morphology , by using a lexical representation language such as DATR. Adrienne Lehrer and Keith...