Concept Of Relative Deprivation Research Articles

Between Independence and Autonomy: The Changing Landscape of Ethno-nationalist Movements in Pakistan

AbstractSince its inception, Pakistan has faced challenges of ethnic-nationalism from her ethnicities. State efforts to mold these diverse identities into one communal Muslim identity have been continually resisted by the different nationalities comprising Pakistan. The demands of ethno-national movements have fluctuated between independence and autonomy, depending upon the relation between the state and the respective ethnic group. Sometimes the demand for autonomy has expanded into a desire for independence, as was the case with Bengali ethnic nationalism. At other times, the desire for independence has shrunk to a demand for autonomy, as manifested by Pashtun nationalism. This shift is explicated through the relationship between the state and ethnic groups. The author analyzes this shift through the prism of Paul Brass’s instrumental theory of elite competition. The factors that contributed to the success of Bengali nationalism in achieving statehood and the failure of Baloch nationalism to do so are viewed through Ted Gurr’s concept of relative deprivation. The integration of Sindhi and Pashtun ethnic groups into the state structure is explained via Andreas Wimmer’s notion of ownership of the state.

Rediscovering the Relative Deprivation and Crime Debate: Tracking its Fortunes from Left Realism to the Precariat

This article revisits the concept of relative deprivation and asks whether it is still useful for criminology. The article traces the way relative deprivation has been used in the past to understand crime and how it has connections to other, more recent, additions to debates on social justice. I argue that relative deprivation has disappeared even in the place that it had become the key explanation for crime—left realism. In so doing, I explore the resurrection of left realism in criminology—what I refer to as “post-millennial left realism”—first, by those who were associated with it originally, and then with Hall and Winlow’s (2015, 2017) shift in emphasis to what they term “ultra-realism.” I maintain that relative deprivation is still a powerful concept for bridging several related areas that should still be central to the concerns of criminology—in part, because it is still a major concern in popular social science and social psychology. Why has it disappeared in criminology? I present an argument that suggests that the absence of certain research methods, such as ethnographic and qualitative or small-scale survey methods, has impoverished our understanding of the lived reality of people experiencing the social transformations of a networked, precarious society. The massive polarization and disruption in politics and social discourse, as well as the worldwide economic, public health, and social transformations (ranging from the #MeToo and Black Lives Matter protests to the COVID-19 global pandemic) have demonstrated the continued relevance and analytical power that relative deprivation, in its elaborated form, brings to questions of crime and justice.

"The American Soldier"'s Place in Sociological Conversations: Mapping Its Contributions in Conversations Sixty-Five Years after Its Publication

An analysis of The American Soldier (TAS) using multiple correspondence analysis and citation count analysis reveals that TAS contributed to two “uniquely distinct” conversations (methods and theory) and two “polar distinct” conversations (surveys studying group phenomena and experimental studies nested in the theory conversation). The “uniquely distinct” con­versations took place in the 1950s in the American Journal of Sociol­ogy and Social Psychology Quarterly. Nested in these uniquely distinct conversations are two “polar distinct” conversations, indicating that the methods conversation had a discernible quantitative design element, while the theory conversation included a separate discussion of experimental designs. The one non-nested “polar distinct” conversation took place in the Journal of Political and Military Sociology and in Social Forces during the mid- 1970s and resurfaced again in the 2000s. Supplementary analysis finds con­tinuing, though qualified, evidence of both the palimpsestic syndrome and the obliteration phenomenon with respect to the concept of relative deprivation.

Slovenian Version of The European Deprivation Index at Municipal Level.

IntroductionEcological deprivation indices belong to essential instruments for monitoring and understanding health inequalities. Our aim was to develop the SI-EDI, a newly derived European Deprivation Index for Slovenia. We intend to provide researchers and policy-makers in our country with a relevant tool for measuring and reducing the socioeconomic inequalities in health, and even at a broader level.MethodsData from the European survey on Income and Living Conditions and Slovenian national census for the year 2011 were used in the SI-EDI construction. The concept of relative deprivation was used where deprivation refers to unmet need(s), which is caused by lack of all kinds of resources, not only material. The SI-EDI was constructed for 210 Slovenian municipalities. Its geographical distribution was compared to the distribution of two existing deprivation scores previously applied in health inequality research in Slovenia.ResultsThere were 36% of adults recognized as deprived in Slovenia in 2011. SI-EDI was calculated using 10 census variables that were associated with individual deprivation. A clear east-to-west gradient was detected with the most deprived municipalities in the eastern part of the country. The two existing deprivation scores correlate significantly with the SI-EDI.ConclusionsA new deprivation index, the SI-EDI, is grounded on the internationally established scientific concept, can be replicated over time and, crucially, provides an account of the socioeconomic and cultural particularities of the Slovenian population. The SI-EDI could be used by the stakeholders and the governmental and nongovernmental sectors in Slovenia, with the goal of better understanding health inequalities in Slovenia.

Rising punitivity in times of economic crisis? Assessing the relationship between the economic situation and the longing for harsher sanctioning

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses if the economic situation is related to punitivity, that is, if adverse of economic patterns go along with a longing for harsher sanctions in the population. Several scholars have postulated that increased economic insecurities and anxieties may lead to the preference for harsher sanctioning. Empirical research, however, could not confirm the link between individual economic conditions and punitivity. We therefore introduce the concept of relative deprivation as mechanism between the economic situation and punitivity. Database is a nationwide representative survey (N = 3,073) with a multilevel design that allows to differentiate between the individual and the county level conditions. Our analyses confirmed the impact of the regional economic situation on punitivity. The objective individual situation, however, has no influence on punitivity, when we control for relative deprivation and education. Additionally, we find a significant impact of relative deprivation on punitivity. Relative deprivation itself is dependent on the individual economic situation as well as on the county level economic conditions.

Джерела політичного насилля: політико-психологічний аналіз

У даній статті мова йде про витоки насилля, у тому числі політичного. Показано взаємозв’язок між поняттями насилля, агресії та деструктивності. Наведено різні визначення зазначених понять. Детально аналізуються різні підходи до розуміння джерел насилля та агресії. Зокрема, представлені психоаналітичні теорії, інстинктивізм, біхевіоризм, фрустраційні теорії агресії, концепція відносної депривації, концепції агресії як вивченої реакції. Серед психоаналітичних теорій особливу увагу приділено вченням З. Фрейда, В. Райха, Е. Фромма. Також у статті згадані погляди С. Шпільрейн, В. Штекеля, П. Федерна, Е. Вейсса щодо природи деструктивного. Розкрито сутність таких понять як інстинкт смерті, Танатос, мортідо та деструдо. Спираючись на вчення Е. Фромма, підкреслено різницю між двома базовими типами агресії – доброякісною, біологічно адаптивною агресією та злоякісною деструктивністю, витоки якої коріняться у структурі характеру. Наведені основні різновиди агресії, серед яких – псевдоагресія, оборонна, конформістська та інструментальна агресія (доброякісна агресія); садизм, некрофілія (злоякісна агресія) тощо. Розглянуто також такі підходи до визначення сутності та джерел агресії та насилля як інстинктивізм (К. Лоренц) та біхевіоризм (Дж. Б. Уотсон, Б. Ф. Скіннер та ін.). Значну увагу приділено фрустраційним теоріям агресії (Дж. Доллард, Н. Е. Міллер, Л. Берковіц та ін.), згідно з якими причини агресії та насилля криються в особливому психічному стані – фрустрації. Підкреслено особливе значення теорії Т. Р. Гарра, в якій джерела агресії та політичного насилля визначаються через поняття відносної депривації. Ще один розглянутий у статті підхід – концепції агресії як вивченої реакції (А. Бандура, Г. Левін, Б. Флейшман та ін.). Прибічники цього підходу вважають, що агресивна поведінка формується у процесі соціального навчання.

Applying the Consensual Method of Estimating Poverty in a Low Income African Setting.

We present the first study of multidimensional poverty in Benin using the consensual or socially perceived necessities approach. There is a remarkable level consensus about what constitutes the necessities of life and an adequate standard of living. Following Townsend’s concept of relative deprivation, we show how social consensus provides the basis for a reliable and valid index of multiple deprivation, which can be used to reflect multidimensional poverty. We discuss the issue of adaptive preferences, which has previously been used to criticise the consensual approach, and provide evidence to contest the claim that the poor adjust their aspirations downwards.

Relative deprivation and ‘the diversity effect’ in explaining neighbourhood attachment: Alternative or complementary mechanisms?

In a 2014 paper, we demonstrated that the negative relationship between ethnic diversity and neighbourhood attachment was moderated by interethnic ties differently for migrants and natives living in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. In this article, we respond to the Comment on our paper by Oded Stark, who proposes to interpret our findings within the framework of relative deprivation theory, and to explain the different results for migrants and natives by different preferences for diversity and resulting self-selection processes among the two groups. We argue that explaining the negative link between ethnic diversity and neighbourhood attachment by a distaste for relative deprivation is problematic given the intricacies of relationships between ethnic diversity, economic diversity, economic inequality and neighbourhood attachment. We note that employing the concept of relative deprivation in the analyses of ethnic diversity effects should acknowledge the role that interethnic ties play in the way natives and migrants define their reference groups. We also claim that preferences for diversity are unlikely to constitute a substantial basis for residential selection among migrants and natives, given the role of structural and socio-psychological factors in residential choices.

INTERNAL VERSUS INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE ROLE OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION

This study disentangles the concept of relative deprivation by distinguishing feelings of individual and collective relative deprivation as sources of individual aspirations. Both concepts are then operationalised and empirically tested with regard to their relative importance in migration decision-making. Based on data from the National Sample Survey in 2008, two factors turn out to be relevant in understanding the Indian migration pattern. First, individual and collective relative deprivations are both strong predictors for out-migration, but only for short-distance, intra-state movements. The likelihood of out-migration towards international destinations is significantly higher for households with lower levels of individual and collective relative deprivation. Second, leaving aside the effects of relative deprivation, absolute deprivation plays a rather ambivalent role: while economically better-off households have a higher propensity for sending (primarily male) migrants to distant inter-state and international destinations, shorter distance out-migration is mainly dominated by female migrants stemming from poorer households.

Analýza chudoby na Slovensku založená na koncepte relatívnej deprivácie

It is always difficult to define the one and only measure of poverty, as there are different concepts of poverty based on a number of welfare indicators. The paper discuses main approaches to individual welfare measurement. A measure of individual welfare in the concept of relative deprivation is proposed. Three dimensions of relative deprivation are considered (economic strain, inability to afford certain items, and housing). The measure is based on multiplicative approach and thus is more sensitive to changes and differences in data than measures based on additive approach. The measure reflects the complex nature of households' relative deprivation and is applied to Slovak EU SILC 2005 - 2008 microdata in order to analyze the level of poverty in Slovakia in the concept of relative deprivation. Three different poverty lines are applied to the data and results are compared. Level of poverty in terms of relative deprivation is decreasing in Slovakia over time. Using the proposed approach, the results strongly depend on the number of components included in each dimension, as well as the components itself. In accordance with economic changes in the society, in the further research reappraisal of certain components could be a matter of discussion in order to reflect the present situation.

Deprivazione relativa e identità sociale

- This work analyzes the relationships between the Relative Deprivation Model and the Social Identity Theory. In the first part, different definitions of the concept of relative deprivation are presented, as well as its different typologies. In the second part, the theoretical and empirical links between the Relative Deprivation Modell and the processes of social identification are examined. Finally, the importance of the relationship between the two theories for the prevision of interindividual and intergroup strategies in social comparison is highlighted.

Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Situating al-Qaeda and the Global War on Terror within Geopolitical Trends and Structures

Two North American political geographers situate contemporary terrorism in the world within broad historical trends and geopolitical structures. They employ Rapoport's "four waves of terrorism" to illustrate the changing geography of terrorism (from an intrastate to an international phenomenon) and place it within the context of broad historical shifts in modes of warfare that envisages terrorism as a form of war stemming from imperialism and state-building. The authors broaden the structural setting of terrorism to include geoeconomics and the concept of relative deprivation, using empirical analysis to argue that contemporary terrorism is primarily a feature of the semi-periphery of the world-economy (middle-income countries). Specific characteristics of the Global War on Terror are interpreted by relating processes of imperialism and state-building to a situation in which the U.S. is facing geopolitical challenges and a possible decline in global-power status. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: I390, O100, Y900. 3 figures, 1 table, 52 references.

The Role of Class, Status, and Power in the Distribution of Toxic Superfund Sites in Texas and Louisiana

ABSTRACT Hazardous waste and environmental justice are important public issues as well as vital areas of academic discussion. The occurrence of hazardous waste sites in Texas and Louisiana is among the highest in the U.S. This study reexamines the claim that hazardous waste sites are disproportionately located in communities with higher percentages of minorities and poor in the population. Because of varying units of analysis and improper operationalization of variables, research based on this claim has produced inconsistent findings. This paper uses the case of Superfund hazardous waste site locations in Texas and Louisiana combined with a multi-dimensional conceptual frame to rectify weaknesses associated with conventional approaches to environmental justice issues. The goal of this analysis is to address two shortcomings in the environmental justice literature. First, we introduce the concept of relative deprivation and, second, we expand the traditional class focus of such research to include both status and power dimensions. The major hypothesis of this research is that environmental justice issues are better conceptualized as environmental classism rather than environmental racism. The results indicate that a multi-dimensional theoretical approach that includes class, status, and power indicators is superior to previous approaches. Furthermore, results indicate that race is not a significant correlate with the location of hazardous waste sites. We conclude that the operationalization of the concept of relative deprivation is valuable in sorting out the influence of race from other independent variables

A new class of deprivation-based generalized Gini indices

Summary. This paper attempts to merge two strands of the literature on relative deprivation and generalized Gini indices by designing a new class of generalized Gini indices based on the concept of relative deprivation. In this connection, rank-dependent marginal deprivation functions are introduced. A new class of generalized Gini indices is derived axiomatically. It turns out to be the sum of modified versions of the S-Gini and the I-Gini introduced by Donaldson and Weymark (1980).

RATIONAL-CHOICE THEORIES OF ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION AND ANTICIPATORY NON-SOCIALIZATION

This paper illuminates from a rational-choice perspective socialization as purposive commitment to certain patterns of social behavior. In particular, the paper provides from this perspective new theoretical insights into the Mertonian concept of anticipatory socialization, the concept of relative deprivation that Stouffer et al. introduced and Merton and Rossi elaborated, and a new related concept, anticipatory non-socialization. Using binary choice models, this paper clarifies for each of the three concepts, how interdependence of actions emerges and leads to different social consequences under different structural constraints on the possible consequences of actions and different initial conditions of population inequality/heterogeneity. Various unintended consequences of purposive action under such interdependence are deduced, some already known from empirical research, others presented as hypotheses to be tested in the future—several are paradoxical. This analysis of a set of interrelated social phenomena and a coherent set of choice models thus shows how the rational-choice perspective, not previously applied to anticipatory socialization and anticipatory non-socialization, can be a fruitful source of new insights about these phenomena.

Dynamics of Theory Change in the Social Sciences

The extent to which theories in the social sciences are accepted or rejected on the basis of empirical tests can be shown only by a detailed analysis of specific cases. The author examines the reception by social scientists in the 1970s and early 1980s of T. R. Gurr's theory of collective violence based on the concept of relative deprivation. The history of this theory may be considered an example of definite progress in social science: a hypothesis widely accepted at one time has been tested and rejected, thus making room for the development of alternative hypotheses. But although Gurr and other advocates of the theory have abandoned it in its original form following the mostly negative results of empirical tests, many social scientists (especially psychologists) have continued to cite it favorably. Slightly less than half of the unfavorable citations have been supported by references to empirical evidence.

Coping with change

This chapter discusses coping with change. The technical system refers to the technology and technical methods employed in the organization, the practices, procedures, systems, and techniques used to get work done. The formal social system refers to the formal reporting structure of the company as expressed in organizational charts or described by the pattern or shape of the company including the number of levels in the hierarchy, spans of control, range of expertise and roles, and the communication networks employed. Coupled with the idea of differing perceptions is the concept of relative deprivation, where an individual or a group comparisons gives rise to feelings of being deprived not in an absolute sense but in relation to the situation of other groups or individuals. The changes planned within the technical system affected both the formal and informal social system. In the formal social system it was possible to anticipate and plan for the changes required in organization, roles, and expertise to operate the new warehouse setup.

Norwegians' Attitudes Toward New Immigrants

During the 1980s Norway, together with Denmark and Sweden, experienced an influx of immigrants, refugees and asylum-seekers from the poorer nations of Asia. Africa and Latin America. The encounter forced Norwegians to confront their established values and attitudes. One of the most homogeneous and uniform countries in the world underwent a unique experiment: new groups and colors changed the traditional picture- and perhaps as a result the nation's self-image. In this paper we analyze the attitudes of Norwegians toward the new immigrants. We explain why some are basically positive while others are not. The theoretical discussion draws on the concept of relative deprivation. The main idea is that the beliefs of individuals represent a relationship between their expectations and their achievement relative to others in the same boat as themselves. Negative attitudes are seen as a result of people feeling deprived in com parison with some standard, or with real or imagined conditions for other people. This empirical analysis is based on a national survey from 1988, which includes more than 2000 respondents. We use multiple regression to evaluate effects of various explanatory variables. The results indicate significant effects of education, age, gender and labor market position, together with mediating influences of social psychological and subjective factors. The strong impact of educational background and indicators of self-reliance are interpreted as supporting the general idea that groups that suffer relative deprivation more than others develop negative attitudes. The findings also suggest that education is essential more as a general resource in a competitive society than as a conveyor of an enlightened perspective.

Measuring Living Standards Using Existing National Data Sets

ABSTRACTThe study reported on in this paper used existing data to create a broad measure of living standards as advocated by Townsend (1979) in developing his concept of relative deprivation. Linked data from the General Household Survey and the Family Expenditure Survey was used to compare the living standards of households at different income levels. A particular focus of the study was the living standards of households on supplementary benefit (as it was at the time of the surveys). Analyses showed that in general they score less well on individual indicators of living standards than other households of the same type on low incomes. A summary index was developed which indicated the similarity of standards of living for households on supplementary benefit (SB) irrespective of household type. The specific indices constructed for each of the family types investigated suggested that families on SB with children have a relatively lower standard of living than other families with children whereas elderly households on supplementary benefit are not so deprived in comparison with other elderly households.

Are the relatively deprived going to act in social movements?: Behavioral principles of the individual actors by means of extended preferences

A rationalist view of Relative Deprivation is possible if it is represented with extended preference. In the social movements studies, the concept of relative deprivation has been treated as an intervening variable, which is determined by the interpersonal comparisons and causes the social movements. The most important problem is whether a relatively deprived individual has an incentive for social movements or not. On the one hand he has different reference persons to whom he experiences relative deprivation and a sense of his subjective welfare, which make him behave in respective ways. But on the other hand he can behave in only one way at one time. We formalize the concept of the relative deprivation and construct the model that the relative deprivation and his preference in the ordinary sense are both the factors determining his behavior. Then it is deduced that there's no effect of the feeling relative deprivation for each individual to decide his way under some adequate conditions. So it should be c...