Concept Of Productivity Research Articles

Competitive Productivity (CP) as an emergent phenomenon: Methods for modelling micro, meso, and macro levels

This paper argues that hospitality enterprises are a part of a complex-adaptive system. The exploration of Competitive Productivity (CP) and related concepts at the macro, meso, and micro (M-M-M) levels requires that we understand interrelationships beyond traditional analytical tools.We propose three approaches to testing M-M-M CP architecture interactions: multi-level modeling, social network modeling, and agent-based modeling. Examples from the hospitality literature are offered for multi-level modeling and agent-based modeling, and we illustrate social networks by showing that IJHM authors network to create a highly competitive journal.Multi-level modeling is useful for top-down testing (macro → meso → micro), but unsuitable for bottom-up modeling (micro → meso → macro) without making unrealistic assumptions about the nature of data. Interactions at the micro-level produce meso-level and macro-level behaviors, emergent phenomena that cannot be inferred by examining micro-level agents or behaviors. Social network theory and agent-based modeling are viable alternatives for examining and modeling emergent phenomena.

Overcoming the Inadequacy of Economic Dynamics Models

Known models of economic dynamics are too aggregate, so inadequate to the real economy. The analyst will not be able to identify the real dynamics of the economy among the big mistakes. They have no connection between investments, their efficiency, and the rate of economic growth. There is no transition from the optimal share of savings in the country to the agents’ optimal shares, managing investment sources.To link investment and the pace of economic growth, the author introduced the concept of technical productivity of investments, which measures their ability to change the rate of material or labor costs.Based on the technical productivity of investment, the author has derived the equation (not identity) of economic dynamics.Instead of the highly aggregated models, the author developed an adequate causal simulation model, reflecting the economy as a closed system with positive feedback of the investment from incomes and economic growth from investment. The author determined the dynamics of the Ukrainian economy with different technical productivity of investment on this model.

Sustainability planning, implementation, and assessment in cities: how can productivity enhance these processes?

In this “urban century”, planetary realities and increased environmental and social awareness have led to significant international agreements and the recognition that local communities play a crucial role in successfully implementing long-term sustainability goals. Through two case studies in British Columbia, Canada, this research focused on how the concept, principles, and practices of holistic urban productivity can help address urban sustainability planning, implementation, and assessment processes. The research findings showed a range of challenges in urban sustainability such as the persistence on utilitarian approaches to resource management and community planning, the prioritization of short-term policies, a general resistance to systemic thinking, and various shortfalls in municipal capacity. These obstacles reflected the reality and complexity of urban sustainability processes and highlighted the need to redesign current decision-making. Addressing issues that transcend humanmade borders requires new configurations, non-hierarchical decision-making processes, and using local knowledge as a key guiding tool. Our recommendation is that cities embrace systems thinking in sustainability planning and implementation by focusing more on holistic evaluation of policy impact and finding synergies among policies and stakeholders in all sectors.

Optimal optical conditions for Microalgal production in photobioreactors

The potential of industrial applications for microalgae has motivated their recent fast development. Their growth dynamics depends on different factors that must be optimized. Since they get their energy from photosynthesis, light is a key factor that strongly influences their productivity. Light is absorbed and scattered in the liquid medium, and irradiance exponentially decreases towards the darkest part of the photobioreactor at a rate non-linearly depending on the biomass concentration. Maximizing productivity is then a tricky problem, especially when the growth rate is inhibited by an excess of light. Productivity optimization turns out to be highly dependent on how light is distributed along the reactor, and is therefore related to the extinction rate and the background turbidity. We propose a theoretical analysis of this problem, by introducing the concept of optical depth productivity for systems where background turbidity must be accounted for. A global optimum maximizing productivity is proposed, extending the concept of the compensation condition, consisting in compensating the algal growth rate at the bottom of the reactor by the respiration. This condition can drive the optimization of the surface biomass productivity depending on the minimum reachable depth. We develop a nonlinear controller and prove the global asymptotic stability of the biomass concentration towards the desired optimal value.

Water reuse to free up freshwater for higher‐value use and increase climate resilience and water productivity

AbstractThe impact of climate change on the availability of water affects all types of land use and sectors. This complexity calls for integrated water resources management and negotiations between sectors on the most important, cost‐effective, and productive allocation of water where it is a limited resource. This reflection paper shows examples of adaptation efforts to water scarcity at a scale where gains in water productivity can be derived from inter‐sectoral water reuse and wastewater–freshwater swaps, complementing other water scarcity coping strategies (water savings, long‐distance transfer, and desalination). Wastewater treatment for reuse offers opportunities across scales as it allows, for example, donor regions to be compensated with reclaimed water for the release of freshwater for higher‐value use, increasing overall economic water productivity in this way. In such water swaps, farmers are compensated with higher water volumes in exchange for higher quality. The reuse of water between sectors offers opportunities to (i) expand the traditional (agricultural) water productivity concept and (ii) significantly increase water productivity at the system level. While rural–urban water reallocation can help mitigate the impacts of climate change, compensating farmers with reclaimed water remains limited for the reasons discussed in the paper.

ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ТРУДА, КАК ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ И ОБОБЩЁННЫЙ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ

The subject of the study is some theoretical aspects of the interpretation of the concept of labor productivity and the general socioeconomic context of the concepts of production efficiency and labor productivity. The aim of the research is to form a methodological approach to understanding the essence of labor productivity and its significance for socio-economic development. The relevance of the study is due to the role of labor productivity as a measure of the efficiency of not only labor but also production in general, especially if industrial progress is necessary in the conditions of an aggravated economic confrontation. The scientific novelty of the paper consists, for example, in taking into account the transformation of living labor into materialized; when evaluating the results of commercial promotion of goods as an important criterion of labor productivity in their production, etc. The research methods are analysis, systematization, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction, and modeling. The author has developed a model of the impact of human labor productivity on the dynamics of production efficiency as a whole. As the research results, the study presents a theoretical and methodological approach to understanding the essence, socio-economic significance, and criteria of the category "labor productivity". The author concludes about the growing role of state regulation of labor productivity in the conditions of external non-market pressure on the country's economy.

Research productivity of academic librarians in nigeria universities challenges and prospects

Research is an intellectually based human activity that entails the examination of the matter. Its goal is the creation of new techniques and tools that will enhance human understanding. When it comes to research productivity, librarians are portrayed as experienced or qualified specialists. The quantity and quality of papers and articles produced by the linked university library constitute the researcher's output. Many academic librarians still hold themselves to a high standard for research productivity. The article examined the concepts of research and research productivity. Additionally, the report looked at the potential and difficulties of research productivity. According to the study's findings, cooperation, inspiration, accessibility to information resources, conference and workshop sponsorship, and a flexible -work schedule are essential for librarians to successfully conduct research within their fields.

Spatial and sectoral determinants of regional productive capacity: theoretical genesis and methodological principles of the study

In the pre-war period, the stagnation of economic productivity was observed in Ukraine. It was manifested by a decrease in the annual growth rates of labor and capital productivity. The natural consequences of this include the inability to increase the growth rate of employees’ wages and their purchasing power, the increase in the share of raw material exports in the total volume, the country's growing dependence on energy imports, etc. The lack of positive productivity dynamics is related to the lack of active encouragement of domestic enterprises to improve resource efficiency. The article aims to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the productive capacity of the regional economy in Ukraine and determine its potential growth accelerators across spatial and sectoral determinants. The evolution of the theoretical basis of the concept of economic productivity at the national and regional levels is examined. Based on the interpretation of the concepts of “productivity” and “capacity”, the authors offer their definition of the meaning of the term “regional productive capacity”. The article characterizes the achievements of foreign researchers regarding the study of regional development features and problems of productivity; identification and assessment of the impact of spatial factors on the productivity of the economy of territorial systems of different hierarchical levels; identification of spatial determinants of regional productive capacity. Based on the analysis of the experience of empirical research on assessing the impact of spatial factors on economic productivity, the article outlines a number of its growth patterns. The specific nature of interregional and intraregional productivity disparities is presented. The article proves that the interaction of spatial and sectoral determinants determines the level of productivity of the national, regional, and individual territorial communities’ economies. Special attention is paid to the issue of resource productivity. Ways for further theoretical and practical studies of regional productive capacity are suggested.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article considered the essence of the category of efficiency in relation to the activities of pharmaceutical enterprises. The authors identified the genesis and development of this concept, its formation and the relationship between its characteristics and factors in terms of management. In particular, the essence and connections between the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, profitability, and performance, which are used in the scientific and managerial literature, are established. Systematizing the existing definitions in the theory, the authors identified the five main approaches to understanding the efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises: functional approach, target approach, problem approach, analytical approach, and complex approach. According to them, efficiency is classified by business functions, measurement, management objects and types. Besides, sixteen main types of the efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises are identified, i.e.: financial efficiency, production efficiency, logistics efficiency, marketing efficiency, structural efficiency, dynamic efficiency, absolute efficiency, relative efficiency, organizational performance, performance of the enterprise division, efficiency of product (products, services, works) of the enterprise, employee performance, technological efficiency, economic efficiency, social efficiency, environmental efficiency. According to the results of the study, the authors provided their own definition of the efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises as a complex and multifaceted management category that characterize the ability of the pharmaceutical company to achieve strategic and tactical goals, productively and economically use resources (financial, labor, material and technical, intangible), meet the needs of society (social), owners (economic) and the environment (environmental).

Implicações do processo de expansão do neoliberalismo na formação inicial docente: uma análise a partir dos documentos da UNESCO

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as implicações da expansão do neoliberalismo na reforma do aparelho do estado e suas relações com a formação Inicial Docente. Sustentou-se na pesquisa bibliográfica com análise documental. Para as ilações com o campo da formação inicial docente resgatou-se as conferências de Dakar e Incheon. As análises indicam que a reforma do estado, fomentadas pelos organismos internacionais, influenciam na dinâmica das instituições educacionais e na formação docente por meio da instauração dos pilares da administração gerencial no campo educacional, haja vista que observa-se nas conferências mundiais de educação, um consenso quanto à formação docente e os pressupostos elegidos como objetivos estruturais e conjunturais para a própria sociedade. As indicações implícitas trazidas nestes documentos evidenciam a necessidade de processos avaliativos, internos e externos alicerçados aos conceitos de eficiência, competitividade e produtividade estabelecendo relação entre fiscalização, controle e regulação do atual cenário educacional. 
 Palavras-chave: formação docente, políticas educacionais, reforma do estado.
 
 Implications of the neoliberalism expansion process in the initial teaching formation: an analysis from UNESCO documents
 ABSTRACT. The aim of the present study was to investigate the implications of the expansion of neoliberalism in the reform of the state apparatus and its relationship with the Initial Teacher education. It was supported by bibliographic research with documentary analysis. For the lessons in the field of initial teacher training, Dakar and Incheon conferences were rescued. The analyzes indicate that the reform of the state, fostered by international organizations, influences the dynamics of educational institutions and teacher training through the establishment of the pillars of managerial administration in the educational field, given that it is observed in world education conferences, a consensus on teacher training and the assumptions chosen as structural and cyclical objectives for society itself. The implicit indications in these documents show the need for internal and external evaluation processes based on the concepts of efficiency, competitiveness and productivity, establishing a relationship between inspection, control and regulation of the current educational scenario.
 Keywords: teacher education, educational policies, state reform.
 
 Implicaciones del proceso de expansión del neoliberalismo en la formación docente inicial: análisis de los documentos de la UNESCO
 
 RESUMEN. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar las implicaciones de la expansión del neoliberalismo en la reforma del aparato estatal y su relación con la formación inicial del profesorado. Se apoyó en una investigación bibliográfica con análisis documental. Para las lecciones en el campo de la formación inicial del profesorado, se rescataron las conferencias de Dakar e Incheon. Los análisis indican que la reforma del Estado, impulsada por organismos internacionales, incide en la dinámica de las instituciones educativas y la formación docente a través del establecimiento de los pilares de la administración gerencial en el ámbito educativo, dado que se observa en las conferencias mundiales de educación, una consenso sobre la formación del profesorado y los supuestos elegidos como objetivos estructurales y cíclicos de la propia sociedad. Las indicaciones implícitas en estos documentos muestran la necesidad de procesos de evaluación internos y externos basados en los conceptos de eficiencia, competitividad y productividad, estableciendo una relación entre fiscalización, control y regulación del escenario educativo actual.
 Palabras clave: formación del profesorado, políticas educativas, reforma del estado.

Produktivnost i efikasnost u sistemu zdravstvene zaštite s posebnim osvrtom na performanse bolnica

The principle of efficiency calls on all participants in the provision of health care to seek either better results concerning available financial resources or the highest level of health care with the least resources expenditure. The paper presents a review of theoretical productivity and efficiency concepts and their measuring regarding the health care system and the hospitals' operations. Knowledge of these relationships is essential for the practical implementation of the efficiency principle. The paper also summarizes the results of efficiency studies from comparable, Eastern European systems. Efficiency is a multifactorial phenomenon, for the improvement of which there is a whole range of interventions. The management should implement some of these interventions in the system under their responsibility.

Econometric Evaluation of Influential Factors to Increasing Labor Efficiency in Textile Enterprises

This article analyzes the content of the concept of labor productivity in textile enterprises, the factors influencing its increase, using the methods of "correlation" and "regression" analysis, as well as the forecast indicators of labor productivity.

Conceptions and Perceptions of Software Industry Professionals on Team Productivity in Agile Software Development: A Comparative Study

Agile software development (ASD) has generated different benefits in organizations and in the Software Industry, mainly in improving productivity. For ASD teams this indicator plays a fundamental role since it helps determine their performance. However, evaluating productivity is a great challenge and the way in which this concept has been approached in the literature is very limited. The objective of this article is to contrast the conceptions of productivity at the team level from an ASD perspective with the perceptions that professionals in the software industry have. For the methodological design, the notions of team productivity presented in the literature were identified and compared with the perceptions of 72 professionals from the software industry collected through a survey following the protocol proposed by Kitchenham and Pfleeger. The main results show that the concept of team productivity in the literature is associated with a set of dimensions related to satisfaction, delivery of functional software, and knowledge transfer. On the part of the respondents, a perception of general productivity centered on dimensions of customer satisfaction, activity management, and early identification of the problem to be solved is evidenced. It can be concluded that the professionals' imaginaries focus on presenting productivity from a generic perspective and its dimensions do not necessarily involve teamwork.

Measuring the economic efficiency performance in Latin American and Caribbean countries: An empirical evidence from stochastic production frontier and data envelopment analysis

The development of the global economy has raised concerns about economic efficiency and productivity. In this context, understanding the concepts of economic efficiency and productivity and the knowledge of the techniques available for their measurement are also of fundamental importance. Thus, the objective of the present study is to measure the economic efficiency performance of 14 countries from the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region in the period from 1990 to 2017. Analysing the economic performance of these countries with linear Cobb-Douglas production function, two methods were used: the parametric stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA). Both approaches (SFA and DEA) show that Panama is the most economically efficient country in the LAC region, followed by Chile. Concerning other countries, the choice between the SFA and DEA models affects the ratings. Results indicate that Brazil (SFA) and Nicaragua (DAE) are the least economically efficient LAC countries.

Bürokratie, Wandel und Innovation – verwaltungshistorische Perspektiven

Abstract The social sciences have shaped how the science of public administration perceives innovations. Therefore, economic concepts of productivity and competitiveness frame the way innovations in public administrations are perceived. In contrast, this introduction develops a model for the historical analysis of innovations in administrative organizations. Using the concept of innovation, this model focuses on three levels of change processes that are analytically distinct but often occur together: (1) discourses of novelty, (2) actors of change, and (3) administrative practices.

Urban sustainability via urban productivity? A conceptual review and framework proposal

ABSTRACT This paper offers conceptual and operational insights for more effective and forward-looking local sustainability decision-making through the emerging concept and framework of holistic urban productivity. Following a short discussion of the contemporary understand and theoretical influences of urban sustainability, we explore the concept, principles, and practices of urban productivity and look at how they can help address urban sustainability planning, implementation, and assessment. We then introduce a conceptual framework for holistic urban productivity which encompasses a set of principles and goals to tackle complex urban processes for effective, inclusive, and forward-looking decision-making. It is informed by and converges numerous theories and approaches and seeks to act as an overarching framework to help operationalise sustainability by empowering urban actors to pursue balanced and synergistic optimisation of all urban community elements. A city that implements the principles and framework of holistic urban productivity embraces economic resilience with shifts in employment patterns and habits; innovative, socially just, and environmentally responsible technologies; compact and nature-enhancing land use planning; strong social connections and affordable housing; and green, light, and smart infrastructure. Urban productivity principles can help lead the transformation of cities into well-functioning and sustainable systems.

Using productivity concept to predict material demand

Background: The issue of material demands prediction has been researched in industrial study and materials/ manufacturing technology many years ago. The previous researches based on stochastic model to discuss the quantities prediction of material demand. Some of them focus on multi-suppliers with characteristic function. Some use the information of past ordering quantities and ordering recency time. In these previous models, there is less study to discuss the impact of cost on material demand forecasting. Thus, this paper considers the productivities concept to make cost balance when forecasting material demand. The different probability distributions are demonstrated to portray the input (material demand) and output(cost). Methods: A case study with its empirical data is released to derive the probability function of cost and estimate the parameters of the proposed model. Results: The proposed model can extend to different distributions depending on different kind of cost or different type of industries and is more widely application. Conclusion: To consider manufacture's productivity, this model can help manager to control their cost and make a balance when ordering their materials. The model development of cost release a general function which makes it possible to extend different distributions depending on different kind of cost or different type of industries.

Generating labour cost budget for a construction-oriented fabrication facility: simulation-based resource scheduling approach

A novel labour-hour budgeting method is proposed by integrating productivity concepts in project scheduling and budgeting to enhance the accuracy of labour cost budgeting for planning labour-intensive projects. The proposed method applies discrete event simulation approach to represent crew formation, labour resource utilization, and labour resource flowing between consecutive activities, which allows for quantitatively characterizing the impact of labour semi-productive time on labour cost budgeting as a time-dependent variable. Simulation-based assessment of variations in crew sizes and labour allocations is conducive to reducing semi-productive time and thus enhancing the cost performance of the whole project. The proposed method is then applied in a real-world case study for planning steel girder fabrication projects in construction of highway bridges. Not limited to budgeting for labour resources in construction-oriented fabrication facility, the research contributions are also significant to other construction planning settings where limited resources are shared and utilized among different activities.

Productivity story of Iranian librarians: assessing the impact of knowledge management and emotional intelligence

PurposeThis study aims to assess the effect of knowledge management (KM) development and emotional intelligence (EI) on the productivity of librarians regarding the mediating role of job motivation (JM) and job feedback (JF).Design/methodology/approachThis study was carried out in two phases. First, the variables affecting the productivity of librarians were identified and selected through an explorative study and by surveying their opinions. Then, the theoretically designed model was administered to 312 librarians at Iranian public libraries. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and the structural equation modelling technique was used to analyse data.FindingsThe results of this study showed that KM and EI, mediated by JM and JF, had a positive and significant effect on developing the librarians’ productivity. The results also revealed that JF had a positive effect on JM and that JF was more effective on productivity than JM. This study marginally proved the direct effect of KM and EI on productivity where KM was more effective than EI on productivity. Knowing the effects of organizational and individual factors on the higher productivity of librarians in public libraries will help library managers make more efficient use of those factors in developing the capabilities of librarians and enhancing productivity.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few studies of its kind that facilitates the perception of the concept of productivity in public libraries and also the assessment of the effects of organizational and individual factors on the librarians’ productivity.

A model-based sustainable productivity concept for the best decision-making in rough milling operations

There is a need in manufacturing as in machining of being more productive. However, at the same time, workshops are also urged for lesser energy waste in cutting operations. Specially, rough milling of impellers and bladed integrated disks of aircraft engines need an efficient use of energy due to the long cycle times. Indeed, to avoid dramatic tool failures and idle times, cutting conditions and operations tend to be very conservative. This is a multivariable problem, where process engineers need to handle several aspects such as milling operation type, toolpath strategies, cutting conditions, or clamping systems. There is no criterion embracing productivity and power consumption.In this sense, this work proposes a methodology that meets productivity and sustainability by using a specific cutting energy or sustainable productivity gain (SPG) factor. Three rough milling operations -slot, plunge nad trochoidal milling- were modelled and verified. A bottom-up approach based on data from developed mechanistic force models evaluated and compared different alternatives for making a slot, which is a common operation in that king of workpieces. Experimental data confirmed that serrated end milling with the highest SPG value of 1 is the best milling operation in terms of power consumption and mass removal rate (MRR). In the case of plunge milling technique achieve an SPG < 0.51 while trochoidal milling produces a very low SPG value.