Concept Of Hypothesis Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ ИНДЕКСОВ США, КИТАЯ, ЯПОНИИ, ГЕРМАНИИ И ИНДИИ В ПЕРИОД ПЕРВОГО ГОДА ПАНДЕМИИ КОРОНАВИРУСА НА ОСНОВЕ КРИТЕРИЯ КРАСКЕЛА-УОЛЛИСА

In the work, the movement of the stock market in different countries during the crisis year of 2020 was studied, which did not depend on the decisions made in this country, but obeyed the general trend. In particular, the behavior of sectoral indices of different countries during the first year of the coronavirus was studied and it was concluded that the movement of markets is subject to the global trend. For the analysis, sectoral indices of countries affected to varying degrees by the coronavirus were selected, whose securities markets received various support measures: the United States, Russia, China, Japan and Germany. The impact of the pandemic on industries such as financial services, metallurgy, chemicals, consumer goods and telecommunications is considered. Quotes are considered for the period from 01/01/2020 to 12/31/2020. Graphs of the values of sectoral indices of the Russian Federation and the USA in the specified period are presented and analyzed. Graphs are built in the Jupyter Notebook environment using the Python language and the plotly data visualization library. The concept of hypothesis and criterion is defined and the most important definitions are given. With a decrease in the probability of making a type 1 error, the probability of making a type 2 error increases, so the significance level is chosen so that the power of the criterion is maximum. To test the hypothesis, we used the multivariate KruskalWallis test and its modified version for mediumsized samples with a significance level of α=0.05. The novelty of the study lies in the application of the KruskalWallis criterion to financial data. The study was conducted in Python in the Jupyter Notebook environment using the numpy, pandas, itertools, scipy and plotly libraries.

Tangut Character Stroke Detection with Improved Hough Transform

In the research of Tangut character recognition, it was attempted to detect the stroke of character with standard Hough transform (SHT), but hindered by the inability of SHT to detect the curve-line. In this paper, Hough transform with guidance of endpoints (HTGE) was proposed to achieve better performance on the aspect of curve and short line detection. HTGE is implemented based on the conception of hypothesis and verification, first, to assume there is line between each pair of endpoints, and then the existence of line is checked according to the corresponding area accumulated value in the parameter domain. With setting up of test object and evaluation criterion, the experiment was carried out to determine the key parameter for the best performance, and it can be concluded from the experiment result that considerable performance can be achieved with HTGE in the application of line detection.

Logischer Holismus und Wittgensteins „praktische Wende“

AbstractLogical Holism and Wittgenstein’s ‘Practical Turn’. – Logical holism is the idea that each elementary proposition belongs to a system and is logically connected to other propositions of that system. In this paper I explore this idea and draw its connections to the nature of negative propositions and the ‘problem of recognition’ on the basis of Wittgenstein’sNachlass.In the first section I argue that in January 1930 the idea leads Wittgenstein to a better understanding of how the negative feature is expressed in propositions, thereby raising the problem of recognition to which he is not yet able to find a proper solution. In the second section I explore how the problem still persists during Wittgenstein’s ‘practical turn’. What he now calls the ‘problem of representation’ forces him to change again his conception of propositions. In the final section I argue that this change is mainly due to the modification of his conception of hypotheses which urges a solution to the problem of representation, though the problem remains unsolved in January 1930.

Prenatalni i perinatalni faktori rizika za razvoj alergijskih bolesti

For allergic diseases to develop, three components must be present: heredity, allergen contact and environmental factors. Allergic diseases are the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. This paper aims to present the latest findings on prenatal and perinatal risk factors for the development of atopic disease. The analysis was conducted by researching papers from the MEDLINE and PubMed databases published before September 2021. It has been determined that a mother's immune system during pregnancy plays a key role in the development of the fetus and affects the overall well-being of her offspring later in life. Immune dysregulation during the gestation period is proven to be associated with adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes. Contrary to the long-established belief that amniotic fluid is a sterile medium, it is now known that the fetus receives its first dose of probiotics by swallowing amniotic fluid. In connection with that, the microbiota of the mother greatly affects the microbiome of the newborn. Premature birth, cesarean delivery, intrapartum administration of antibiotics and other drugs can all harm the formation of the baby's microbiome. Understanding the importance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases as well as the old hygiene hypothesis concept in the light of microbial disorders, it is clear that all previously mentioned parameters can have a very important impact on the development of allergic diseases in children.

Self organising hypothesis networks: a new approach for representing and structuring SAR knowledge.

BackgroundCombining different sources of knowledge to build improved structure activity relationship models is not easy owing to the variety of knowledge formats and the absence of a common framework to interoperate between learning techniques. Most of the current approaches address this problem by using consensus models that operate at the prediction level. We explore the possibility to directly combine these sources at the knowledge level, with the aim to harvest potentially increased synergy at an earlier stage. Our goal is to design a general methodology to facilitate knowledge discovery and produce accurate and interpretable models.ResultsTo combine models at the knowledge level, we propose to decouple the learning phase from the knowledge application phase using a pivot representation (lingua franca) based on the concept of hypothesis. A hypothesis is a simple and interpretable knowledge unit. Regardless of its origin, knowledge is broken down into a collection of hypotheses. These hypotheses are subsequently organised into hierarchical network. This unification permits to combine different sources of knowledge into a common formalised framework. The approach allows us to create a synergistic system between different forms of knowledge and new algorithms can be applied to leverage this unified model. This first article focuses on the general principle of the Self Organising Hypothesis Network (SOHN) approach in the context of binary classification problems along with an illustrative application to the prediction of mutagenicity.ConclusionIt is possible to represent knowledge in the unified form of a hypothesis network allowing interpretable predictions with performances comparable to mainstream machine learning techniques. This new approach offers the potential to combine knowledge from different sources into a common framework in which high level reasoning and meta-learning can be applied; these latter perspectives will be explored in future work.

Immunohistochemical profiling of Ameloblastomas using cytokeratin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin, CD34 and S100

Background:Ameloblastoma is characterized as a slow growing, non-metastatic and a locally invasive tumor with a high risk of recurrence. Immunohistochemical evaluation of ameloblastomas using epithelial and connective tissue specific markers help in studying the histogenesis and assessing the biological behavior. The aim of the study was to study the expression patterns of cytokeratin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), S100 and CD34 in ameloblastomas.Materials and Methods:The material for the study consisted of 24 cases of ameloblastomas. The excised specimens were grossed and bits were taken from different areas of the specimen. Based on the histopathology, the cases were classified into different types and stained for immunohistochemistry.Results:The cases showed strong positivity to cytokeratin, vimentin, moderate positivity for SMA and S100. Five cases were also moderately positive for CD34 in blood vessels.Conclusion:The results and hypothesis achieved from the study, proved to be consistent, not only augmenting the already existing hypothesis but also imparting new concepts of hypothesis.

Understanding Levels of Prospective Science Teachers on the Nature of Science

The aim of this study is to determine whether the understandings levels of prospective science teachers on the nature of science are dependent on differences in grade level and gender. This study utilizes VOSTS scale, which was developed by Aikenhead and Ryan, and adapted by Chan in order to determine viewpoints of prospective teachers on the nature of science. Eighteen multiple-choice questions from this scale were translated and adapted into Turkish from English by researchers, who also conducted a preliminary work on the validity and reliability of the scale. The adapted scale was applied to 80 prospective science teachers, who were not included in the sample of this study and the reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.81. Then the scale is applied to 201 prospective teachers who are enrolled in the science education program. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that while views of the prospective science teachers on nature of science are not significantly correlated with differences in grade level and gender, there were significant variations among these views. In this study, it was determined that prospective teachers had certain misconceptions on nature of science with respect to specific issues including hierarchical relationships between concepts of hypothesis, theory, law, and universal scientific method; that they relied predominantly on positivist paradigm; and that they espoused the traditional approach to science in understanding and interpreting nature of science.

On the reducibility of hypotheses and consequences

This paper only tries to shed some additional light on the concepts of hypotheses and consequences, introduced by Trillas et al. [E. Trillas, S. Cubillo, and E. Castiñeira, On conjectures in orthocomplemented lattices, Artificial Intelligence, 117 (2) (2000) 255–275] as particular cases of the more general concept of conjecture. The definitions of reducible hypothesis and reducible consequence are presented, and it is shown that in orthomodular lattices all hypotheses and consequences are reducible, but that this is not necessarily the case in proper ortholattices. In addition, the sets of reducible hypotheses and consequences are characterized, both for general ortholattices as well as for the particular case of orthomodular lattices.

転換学習に関する研究 I

Experiment I was designed to find a functional relationship between the number of reinforced trials in terms of learning criteria and the easiness of shifting to a new discrimination learning in young children. Group 5 was required to learn a position discrimination until 5 successive correct responses, and Group 10 until 10 successive rights and Groups 15, 20 and 30were likewise required to learn the problem until corresponding numbers of successes. As soon as they met the criteria, the problem was shifted to color (white vs. red) discrimination with the same criteria of 10 successive correct responses for all groups. Group C10 was added, which was the reverse of Group 10: they were given position discrimination after color problem.The results indicated that Group 10 required the greatest number of trials for learning the second color discrimination, and along which a bi-directional gradient was demonstrated in terms of trials, although the overall group differences were not statistically significant (Table 1, Fig. 1). Number of perseverative errors from position learning was found to be positively related to difficulty of shifting to color discrimination. In Experiment II replicated Experiment I with slight modifications, in that the subjects used were a little older and although Group 5 was exactly the, same as Group 5 in the previous experiment, Groups 10, 20 and 40 were given additional 5, 15 and 35 trials over the criteria used in Group 5. Again a similar finding was obtained (Table 3, Fig. 1).These results failed to show an agreement with previous studies where the positive effects of the overlearning upon the easiness of shifts of post learning were reported.The presnt writers suggests two factors in explaining the results. The first is the response habit connected to a particular stimulus situation as is assumed by the orthodox S-R theorists. This habit evolves rapidly with trials and its strength is negatively related to the easiness of discrimination shiftings. The difference between Groups 5 and 10 is accounted for by this factor. The second factor of discrimination set, on the other hand, develops only after the habit is fairly established. As this factor is trans-situational, it makes shifts of learning easier.In addition, if Krechevsky's concept of hypothesis is true during the pre-solution perid, then this factor togeher with the two factrs previously mentioned can explain most part of discrimination learning (Fig. 2).

Phenomenological Remarks on the Conception of Hypothesis

Phenomenological Remarks on the Conception of Hypothesis