Concept Of Exclusion Research Articles

Uncertainties in measuring trace amounts of cobalt and europium with low-flux neutron activation analysis

Neutron activation analysis is widely used for identification of elements and their quantities even in trace amounts in the samples of almost any type. The challenges in detecting trace amounts of particular elements are often associated with the neutron flux produced at the research reactors. Low-flux neutron activation analysis usually presents the biggest challenge when analyzing trace quantities of elements with lower magnitude of radiative capture cross-sections. In this paper, we present the methodology and the quantified uncertainties associated with the detection of trace amounts of cobalt and europium, using as an example concrete aggregates. Recent growing interest is in improving structural concrete (increasing its strength but reducing its activation in nuclear power plant environments). Aside from buildings, structural concrete is also used as a biological shield in nuclear power plant that become radioactive after exposure to neutron flux. Due to radiative capture interactions, artificial radionuclides are generated to high enough concentrations that classify concrete as low-level radioactive waste at the time of the plant's decommissioning. Disposal of this concrete adds to the expense of nuclear power plant financing and its construction. Three radionuclides, 60Co, 152Eu, and 154Eu, account for 99 % of total residual radioactivity of nuclear power plant decommissioned concrete. IAEA document RS-G-1.7, Application of the Concepts of Exclusion, Exemption, and Clearance, specifies clearance levels of radionuclides specific activities: a specific activity lower than 0.1 Bqg-1 for 60Co and 152Eu, and 154Eu allows for a concrete to be recycled after decommissioning of the nuclear power plant. Therefore, low-flux neutron activation analysis is used to test the detection limits of trace elements in samples of cement, coarse, and fine concrete aggregates. These samples are irradiated at the University of Utah's 100 kW TRIGA Reactor at power levels of 10 kW, 30 kW, and 90 kW, with the corresponding thermal neutron flux values of 1.5?108, 7.3?109, and 3.76?1011 cm-2s-1.The samples are irradiated for time periods of 1, 3, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Different power levels and different irradiation times are used to find if there is a threshold set of neutron activation analysis parameters in detecting trace amounts of these isotopes. Each of the samples is counted on a Canberra BEGe high purity germanium detector. Cement samples are concurrently irradiated with a National Institute of Standards and Technology coal fly ash standard reference material and coarse and fine aggregates with Montana soil standard reference material to accurately quantify the mass concentration of the isotopes in concrete samples. Final results show that reactor power, irradiation, and detector measurement times are heavily correlated to finding the optimum combination for a low-flux neutron activation analysis approach in detecting trace contents of elements, specifically cobalt and europium.

Freedom as Marronage. By Neil Roberts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

<i>Freedom as Marronage</i>. By Neil Roberts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Multiculturalism on Campus: Theory, Models, and Practices for Understanding Diversity and Creating Inclusion ed. by Michael J. Cuyjet, et al.

Reviewed by: Multiculturalism on Campus: Theory, Models, and Practices for Understanding Diversity and Creating Inclusion ed. by Michael J. Cuyjet, et al. John A. Mueller Multiculturalism on Campus: Theory, Models, and Practices for Understanding Diversity and Creating Inclusion (2nd ed.) Michael J. Cuyjet, Chris Linder, Mary F. Howard-Hamilton, and Diane L. Cooper (Editors) Sterling, VA: Stylus, 2016, 404pages, $37.50 (softcover) Prior to 2011 it seemed everyone was aware of and talking about the growing diversity of college students in the U.S., but until the first edition of Multiculturalism on Campus (Cuyjet, Howard-Hamilton & Cooper, 2011) there had not been a solid, in-depth, and wide-ranging book that examined that diversity in a meaningful way. That first edition, along with Diverse Millennial Students in College (Bonner, Marbley, & Howard-Hamilton, 2011), offered rich descriptions and valuable perspectives about the diversity of college students. Reviews of the first edition of Multiculturalism on Campus used words like “comprehensive,” “practical”, and “informative” to describe it. I find that this second edition, without a doubt, measures up to those words of acclaim. This second edition of the book is similar to the first in format and function and incorporates timely, relevant, and substantive additions. This second edition, like its predecessor, is divided into three parts that loosely reflect the tripartite model of multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills (Pope & Reynolds, 1997). Part 1 (Awareness of Cultural Issues) delves deeply into important concepts and context that set up the subsequent sections of the book. The authors of the four chapters in part 1 discuss various competency models (Howard-Hamilton, Cuyjet, & Cooper), oppression theory (Howard-Hamilton & Hinton), environmental theory (Cuyjet & Meriwether) and—a new chapter for this edition—intersectionality (Linder). I found this fourth chapter particularly helpful in unpacking the concept of intersectionality and distinguishing an identity-explicit approach to the book (i.e., centering a single identity within each chapter for ease of comprehension) from identity-exclusive (i.e., assuming that the experiences of an identity group are monolithic). Linder challenges readers to consider how students’ multiple identities may influence the identity discussed in the subsequent chapters. This became an important frame for me as I moved into the second portion of the book. Part 2 (Information on Cultural Populations), which makes up the bulk of the book, focuses on 12 different student demographics: Latinx (Hernández & Ortiz); Asian American and Pacific Islanders (Park & Poon); African American (Shuford & Flowers); Native American (Bitsóí); biracial and multiracial (Renn & Johnston-Guerrero); White (Linder); international (Terzian & Osborne); men and women (Dunn & Badaszewski); lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT; Kniess, Cawthon, & Walker); nontraditional (MacKinnon & Floyd); students with disabilities (Wisbey & Kalivoda); and religious and spiritual identities (Dean & Means). Consistent across these chapters, for the most part, the authors effectively discuss history of participation in higher education, terminology, demographics, access, identity development theory, characteristics and challenges, and recommendations for practice. Readers seeking [End Page 118] a template across the chapters when it comes to these content areas might be unsatisfied; but the reality is that the slightly different approaches to the populations described in these chapters warrant differing emphases which reflect the expertise of the chapter authors. Finally, most (but not all) chapters conclude with a case study and/or discussion questions pertinent to the content of the chapter. A single chapter comprises part 3 of the book and focuses on cultural competence and critical consciousness (Cooper & Linder). This chapter offers steps to incorporate critical consciousness into one’s diversity work through the concepts of intersectionality and the principles of social justice education. Although the authors critique multicultural competence (Pope, Reynolds & Mueller, 2004), their argument is diminished by an incomplete and reductive definition of the construct. Also, despite their view that critical consciousness is an advancement over multicultural competence, I assert that the two are not mutually exclusive concepts or goals and that institutions benefit when we utilize as many models and tools as possible. Multiculturalism on Campus continues to be the comprehensive and practical text its predecessor was. It is an excellent resource and is perhaps the go-to book for in-depth and perceptive descriptions of a wide range of cultural populations. It complements and would be a suitable...

Identity crisis: Taiwan’s laws and regulations on the status of indigenous peoples

ABSTRACTTaiwan’s indigenous peoples (aborigines) have a history of more than 300 years of colonisation by the Dutch, the Qing from Mainland China, and the Japanese. Today, they are the most marginalised group in Taiwan’s society, and they face many social, cultural, and economic problems. One of the most persistent issues is that of their indigenous identity. Although the Taiwanese Government has recognised that various aboriginal tribes have such identity (indigenous status), a number of communities still did not obtain official recognition. Yet this recognition is fundamental, because it is related to the enjoyment of a number of specific rights under Taiwanese and international law. It also safeguards the cultural identity of aboriginal tribes and individuals. This article critically examines how Taiwanese law determines the indigenous status of communities and individuals that claim this status. I argue that the current laws are far from neutral and are coloured by assumptions and values connected to Taiwan’s colonial legacy. It follows the ancient colonial systems of classifying aborigines, and the government’s exclusive concept of being ‘indigenous’. Aboriginal culture, customs, practices, and views are not taken into account. I conclude that Taiwanese law shapes an artificial indigenous identity, and that communities and individuals can only make limited choices about their official status. This results in a persisting colonial dominance of the State over the aborigines.

Changes in Social Exclusion Indicators and Psychological Distress Among Homeless People Over a 2.5-Year Period

Although homelessness is inherently associated with social exclusion, homeless individuals are rarely included in conventional studies on social exclusion. Use of longitudinal survey data from a cohort study on homeless people in four major Dutch cities (n = 378) allowed to examine: changes in indicators of social exclusion among homeless people over a 2.5-year period after reporting to the social relief system, and associations between changes in indicators of social exclusion and changes in psychological distress. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate the associations between changes in indicators of social exclusion and changes in psychological distress. Improvements were found in various indicators of social exclusion, whereas financial debts showed no significant improvement. Changes in unmet care needs, health insurance, social support from family and relatedness to others were related to changes in psychological distress. This study demonstrated improvements in various indicators of social exclusion among homeless people over a period of 2.5 years, and sheds light on the concept of social exclusion in relation to homelessness.

On becoming citizens: examining social inclusion from an information perspective

Increasing participation in social, economic, and community life is considered to be one of the defining principles of an inclusive society and a key aspiration for the Australian Federal Government. Central to this principle is the ability to build the capacity of individuals and groups to develop connectedness, and to engage in decision-making. Participation such as this improves individual well-being and the well-being and prosperity of the communities in which individuals learn, work and play. A prerequisite for participation, inclusion, and informed citizenship is the ability to develop knowledge from information about the social, economic, and community dimensions through which modern Australian society is constituted. While the concept of social inclusion is broad and extends to all sectors of the Australian community, this paper focuses on a particular sector of Australian society – new arrivals, termed settlers1 - and explores the concepts of social inclusion and exclusion and information poverty...

Measures of Transport-Related Social Exclusion: A Critical Review of the Literature

Quantitative measures of transport disadvantage are reviewed in this paper from the perspective of their effectiveness to investigate social exclusion. The effectiveness is assessed using criteria derived through a review of the concepts of transport disadvantage and social exclusion and their operationalisation. The specified criteria are related to issues of spatial (e.g., urban accessibility, and public transport accessibility), temporal (e.g., public transport availability, and facility opening hours), and social attributes of travel and activity participation (e.g., personal mobility, and disability). Four groups of transport disadvantage measures are identified and evaluated. These include deprivation-based measures, mobility-based measures, accessibility-based measures, and activity-based measures. The review suggests that although the first three categories of measures have traditionally been used to identify transport disadvantage, they do not satisfy issues surrounding activity participation—the key outcome of social exclusion. The activity space concept is a way in which these issues can be incorporated, as it is a measure of the outcomes of activity participation and their associated travel to that activity. Participation in an activity means that an individual has overcome the spatial, temporal and social barriers of travel for that activity. The research using the activity space concept has, however, inadequately identified individual travel and activity participation. This has been due to a separate application of a range of different indicators to assess activity space size. These indicators are by their nature multidimensional—e.g., area visited, distance travelled, and number of activity sites visited. Although each indicator represents a specific qualitative/quantitative aspect of travel and activity participation, researchers have treated these indicators in an isolated manner to identify transport disadvantage and consequently transport-related social exclusion. This paper identifies the weaknesses and strengths associated with these measures; and methods are directed to overcome the limitations.

Neighboring Faiths: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism in the Middle Ages and Today

Neighboring Faiths: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism in the Middle Ages and Today

Social exclusion, health and hidden homelessness

ObjectivesHomelessness and poverty are extreme forms of social exclusion which extend beyond the lack of physical or material needs. The purpose of this study was to explore and expand the concept of social exclusion within the social determinants of health perspective – to understand how the social environment, health behaviours and health status are associated with material and social deprivation. Study designFundamental qualitative description with tones of focused ethnography. MethodsParticipants who identified as hidden homeless described their everyday living conditions and how these everyday conditions were impacted and influenced by their social environments, coping/health behaviours and current health status. Research Ethics Board approval was granted and informed consents were obtained from 21 participants prior to the completion of individual interviews. ResultsQualitative content analysis examined the descriptions of men and women experiencing hidden homelessness. Participants described the ‘lack of quality social interactions and supports’ and their ‘daily struggles of street life’. They also shared the ‘pain of addiction’ and how coping strategies influenced health. Participants were hopeful that their insights would ‘better the health of homeless people’ by helping shape public policy and funding of community resources that would reduce barriers and improve overall health. ConclusionsHealth professionals who understand health behaviours as coping mechanisms for poor quality social environments can provide more comprehensive and holistic care. The findings of this study can be used to support the importance of housing as a key factor in the health and well-being of people experiencing poverty, homelessness and social exclusion; and consequently, reinforces the need for a national housing strategy.

Transport and Access to Inclusive Education in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe

Lack of accessible transportation is considered a major barrier to education for children with disabilities—children already far less likely to attend school. While millions of children face challenges with getting to school, including long distances, poor roads, lack of transport and safety issues, these can be compounded for children with disabilities. Yet there is little data from low and middle-income countries on the nature and extent of this exclusion, or on attempted solutions. This paper explores some practical options for improving transport as part of providing inclusive education for children with disabilities in low income countries, as well applying concepts of transport-related social exclusion in such contexts. The paper reviews a project designed to improve sustainable transportation to school for children with disabilities in four districts in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The most common solution was three wheel motorbikes (tricycles) with trailers. Whilst not been unproblematic, teachers, parents and the wider communities overwhelmingly agree that they have supported children with disabilities to attend school. Obviously tricycles are not the only component needed for an inclusive education system, but they are a start. The paper also highlights some crucial gaps in current approaches, key among which is the fact the most government departments work in silos. Whilst inclusive education is strongly supported by the Zimbabwean Government, there is a lack of joined up thinking between transport and education ministries. Without stronger collaboration across ministries children with disabilities will continue to experience avoidable barriers and transport-related social exclusion.

Approaches to Empirical Analysis of Social Exclusion: International Comparison

IntroductionOver the recent decades the instruments, developed for assessment of the situation of vulnerable groups and their identification in society, have undergone essential changes. Due to rethinking of the factors of human well-being, the concept of social exclusion (Silver, 1994) was formed in the European countries in the middle of the XX century, in connection with study of poorly protected categories of citizens. In terms of social exclusion, the causes and the consequences of decreasing the people living standards should be sought beyond poverty indicators. The use of the concept enables measuring multiple disadvantages, which are manifested in the shortage of economic and structural resources; and lack of sociocultural participation. Currently, the concept of social exclusion is one of the key instruments of social policy of the European Union (Atkinson, 2004), which in recent decades has been introduced into approaches to its planning and studying in Ukraine (Libanova, 2011).The concept of social exclusion can be an effective research tool for comparing the different types of social policy efficacy as the main mechanism for preventing the emergence and spread of social exclusion. The concept's implementation in the political and scientific discourses provides an opportunity for international comparisons aimed at finding common and different manifestations, of exclusion in countries with alternative approaches to social policy formation. However, a prerequisite of cross-cultural comparisons is the use of equivalent tools for data collection. Making such a comparison implies the structural similarity of the phenomenon that is studied in different societies.Economic growth in a country does not automatically mean higher living standards of vulnerable groups, and its benefits do not always reach the poor (Muffels, 2001). Therefore, a countries high level of economic wealth does not necessarily imply reducing the share of those who can be considered as socially excluded. This suggests that there are differences in the level of social exclusion in different countries, regardless of their level of wealth.Given the above, we can formulate the following research questions:1) Is social exclusion in Ukraine structurally similar to that in the countries of Central and Eastern and Western Europe?2) What are the differences in the manifestations of social exclusion, with reference to the countries' level of wealth and its type of social policy (welfare models)?This paper aims to construct the tool for measuring social exclusion that allow comparison of this phenomenon in countries with different levels of socio-economic development and types of welfare models.Living standards in a country are largely due to the distribution of governmental social support. Various welfare models envisage differences in levels of providing support to those who are its recipients; and are at risk of social exclusion. Costa Esping-Andersen has identified (Esping-Andersen, 1990), social-democratic (Nordic), conservative corporatist (Continental) and liberal (Anglo-Saxon) models of social welfare. Researchers at the Netherlands Institute for Social Research empirically verified enhanced typology, within which the countries with Mediterranean welfare regime (Ferrera, 1996) and a group of Eastern European countries (Kovacs, 2002) were further singled out. The empirical typology of the countries was performed by cluster analysis in the space of two dimensions that characterize the pension and social security systems. Measurement of security level provided by both the systems was carried out using a scale that has the following gradations: low, medium and high.Based on analysis results, the countries were distributed as follows: 1) the socialdemocratic welfare model is characterized by the high scope of general social security systems and the high extent of pension schemes (Sweden, Denmark and Finland); 2) conservative-corporatist welfare model is characterized by medium scope of general social security systems and the medium extent of pension schemes (Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Austria); 3) liberal model features medium scope of general social security systems and low extent of pension schemes (USA, Canada, Australia, UK and Ireland); 4) Mediterranean model is characterized by high extent of pensions schemes, but low scope of general social security systems (Italy, Portugal, Spain and Greece); 5) the Group of Eastern European countries features low extent of pensions schemes and low scope of general social security systems (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia) (Soede, 2004). …

Locating the Destitute: Space and Identity in Caribbean Fiction, by Stanka Radović

Locating the Destitute: Space and Identity in Caribbean Fiction, by Stanka Radovic. University of Virginia Press, 2014.192 pages. Locating the Destitute: Space and Identity in Caribbean Fiction goes beyond the promise implicit in its title not only to locate the destitute, those placed outside of colonial systems of legitimacy, but also to help readers recognize those Caribbean spaces and the identities they shape that do not appear on colonial maps. In locating those people who are excluded on the basis of space as it is configured by colonial ideologies, Radovic also makes visible these peoples' acts of creative resistance against colonial practices and denials. Drawing upon Henri Lefebvre's concept of "third space," she articulates how the destitute shape and claim their own spaces, and thereby themselves in the world. They do so, Radovic argues, by drawing upon both the material and the imaginative resources accessible through narrative. According to Radovic, postcolonial studies still stumbles over its reliance on binaries and/or its promotion of an in-between solution to the problem of spatial and communal autonomy. As a result, it fails to take into account the "mutually constitutive relations between space and identity" (181). Locating the Destitute does the slippery and careful work of analyzing space as both a material lack and a metaphor. Drawing upon Henri Lefebvre's concept of "third space," she articulates how the destitute shape and claim their own spaces, and thereby themselves in the world. With Lefebvre's aid, the book explores how Caribbean literature, with its common use of spatial symbols, highlights material inequities by way of the social, economic, psychological, and linguistic exclusions that often characterize postcoloniality. Radovic posits that while literature cannot correct these inequities, it can--by communicating both the practice and representation of space--potentially challenge material lack and imaginatively claim spaces of belonging. The book's argument is divided into six well-ordered chapters that make its discussion of Caribbean spaces and identities accessible to both scholars of the region and those who may be engaging with it for the first time. After an introduction stating the text's argument, goals, and methodologies, the first chapter offers one of Radovic's greatest contributions, putting pan-Caribbean postcolonial discourse into dialogue with contemporary spatial theory from Europe. The second chapter illuminates the unique particularities of Caribbean spaces and communities that evade Western (colonial) methods of identification, and thereby undermine Western pretensions to universality. Following these preliminary discussions, each of the subsequent four chapters analyzes a different Caribbean novel's use of space as both physical divider and crafted tool of agency. These text-based chapters move from exploring the West's traditionally exclusive conceptions of physical space to the more imaginative and thus inclusive notions of Caribbean cultures. Radovic's first chapter, "Caribbean Spatial Metaphors," establishes that the region's spatial identity and location have always been contested, "torn between fact and fiction," and argues that the notion of a third space best characterizes Caribbean lived experience (28).The chapter draws upon Caribbean theorists such as Elizabeth DeLoughrey and Edouard Glissant who articulate the region's difficulty in representing its own reality within Western classifications of realism that exclude what they cannot account for. Within the Caribbean counter-imaginary, the slave ship, the sea, the archipelago, the island's landscapes, flora and fauna, weather and constructed shelters all "maintain their geographical specificity while being transformed into a metaphor (and subsequently an emblem) of cultural location" (38). Radovic posits that readers of spatial metaphors in Caribbean literature and theory enter into a network of history and poetics whose metaphors work to create intimate connections between readers and the region, and thereby require readers to care in order to understand. …

Debt, poverty, and financial exclusion

Summary Over-indebtedness of impoverished households and its relevance to the social work profession have not received sufficient attention in the professional discourse. It is the intention of this article to put over-indebtedness on the professional agenda, to review the literature about it, and to present initial data from a study on over-indebtedness in Israel carried out with special attention to debtors’ coping with their debts. The research was conducted as a door-to-door survey in a neighborhood with low socio-economic characteristics and included questions about the nature of the debts, the strategies people use to cope with debts and the obstacles they face while doing so. Findings The research findings indicate a severe debt problem among the participants. Out of 142 interviewees, 61% had debt that was overdue and 27% of them did not have an active bank account – a significant parameter of financial exclusion. Moreover, the proliferation of debts per household, and the high level of debt-to-income ratio also indicate high risk for financial exclusion. Notwithstanding, the findings indicate that most debtors made active efforts in order to close their debts, using two distinct strategies, namely: trying to reach a payment arrangement with the creditor or paying off the debt by increasing their financial resources. Most debtors used the first strategy, although it was found as the less successful one. Applications The article discusses these findings in the framework of the concept of financial exclusion and proposes policy and direct interventions as well as further research on the topic.

Una inclusión excluyente: reconfigurando la inclusión en la escuela

En el siguiente artículo de reflexión se realiza una discusión epistemológica con respecto a los conceptos de inclusión y exclusión para, a partir de estos, ver de qué manera se configuran en los escenarios educativos; estas reflexiones se fundamentan en dos tesis, la primera hace referencia a que las instituciones educativas son excluyentes en sus concepciones y prácticas por la poca contextualización y el afán de cumplir con indicadores de calidad; y la segunda, en cómo la escuela se puede convertir en un escenario en el cual la inclusión sea una posibilidad de reconocimiento de lo diverso desde los acuerdos sociales.

FROM BUREAUPHOBIA TO BUREAUCOGNITIO

Bureaucracy had been referred to as the usual suspect whose door was knocked with an attempt to address an organizational failure and had always been pointed at as the villain that rendered organizations incapable to adapt to the shifting paradigms in the global business environment. Nothwithstanding the fact that it has survived throughout the last century there is an extensive literature in organizational studies that is dedicated to reveal its imperfections especially after the incorporation of such concepts as fluidity and complexity into management studies. This conceptual paper proposes that bureaucracy and complexity are not mutually exclusive concepts. They both can co-exist on the way to create knowledge-based organizations in which novel ideas emerge and innovative outcomes are cultivated

Social Exclusion in Later Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature

In the last decade, there has been a growing awareness regarding social exclusion. Considering the ageing population and the likelihood of older people being socially excluded, the aims of this article are to: (1) review existing studies concerning social exclusion in later life; and (2) identify how environmental and life-course perspectives are presented in studies focusing on social exclusion in later life. A systematic review in seven scientific databases was conducted to explore the peer-reviewed evidence. In total, 26 articles were included and analysed. Findings describe the variety of methods, conceptualisation, dimensions and measures used in this recent area of research. Determinants of social exclusion in later life are discussed and life-course and environmental perspectives are examined. The discussion highlights the complex character of the concept and measurement of social exclusion, and the presence of general and age-specific dimensions of social exclusion in later life. The time and context relativity and the need for life-course and environmental perspectives on social exclusion in later life are discussed. Finally, future directions of research are discussed.

Clustering using PK-D: A connectivity and density dissimilarity

We present a new dissimilarity, which combines connectivity and density information. Usually, connectivity and density are conceived as mutually exclusive concepts; however, we discuss a novel procedure to merge both information sources. Once we have calculated the new dissimilarity, we apply MDS in order to find a low dimensional vector space representation. The new data representation can be used for clustering and data visualization, which is not pursued in this paper. Instead we use clustering to estimate the gain from our approach consisting of dissimilarity + MDS. Hence, we analyze the partitions’ quality obtained by clustering high dimensional data with various well known clustering algorithms based on density, connectivity and message passing, as well as simple algorithms like k-means and Hierarchical Clustering (HC). The quality gap between the partitions found by k-means and HC alone compared to k-means and HC using our new low dimensional vector space representation is remarkable. Moreover, our tests using high dimensional gene expression and image data confirm these results and show a steady performance, which surpasses spectral clustering and other algorithms relevant to our work.

科学研究视角下的社会排斥

随着社会排斥概念的发展，越来越多的研究者开始从事这方面的研究工作。本文试图从社会排斥的概念及其分类、当前应用情况、研究范式、研究工具等方面来探讨这一概念当前的发展情况，以期得到一些启发。 With the development of the concept of social exclusion, more and more researchers began to be engaged in the work of this research field. This article attempts, from the concept of social exclusion and its classification, the current application situation, research paradigm and research tools, to explore the development of the concept in current situation, in order to get some inspiration.

Socially excluded localities revisited

This contribution critically assesses the use of the term “socially excluded (Roma) locality” in politics and in the practice of the Czech public policy towards the situation of the Roma minority. The paper first offers an overview of the genesis of the term within the development of Czech public policy towards Roma. In its conceptual part, it discusses its relation to theoretical concepts of ghetto and social exclusion. An empirical study of four localities, which were denoted as socially excluded, reveals a surprisingly great variety of conditions within these places. The authors argue that there is a tendency of an inflationary use of this term, which is guided by the presence of Roma while often abstracting from the issue of social exclusion.

The Prayers and Tears of Foucault: Panopticism and the Politics of Dissent in An Enemy of the People and Look Back in Anger

Drawing on the thought of Foucault, this article argues that the anarchistic protagonists of Henrik Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People (1882) and John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger (1956) are engaged in a hegemonic battle which puts their identities at stake and ultimately exiles them to isolation. It points out that the very success of both in renouncing authority’s sovereignty is what actually hastens their failure in the end. The identification of this failure with panopticism, which for Foucault characterizes the modern economy of power, is the primary concern of this article. It is argued that through the subtle process of normalizing subjects the panopticon establishes a disciplinary society where citizens are stripped of their subjective voices. The central characters of both plays are thus easily exposed to panoptic surveillance when they decide to take on the strategies of power. Further, using Foucault’s concept of exclusion, the article proceeds to illustrate how in filtering out these delinquent individuals the hands of power urge them to refine their ways and how, upon failure, they exert the policy of exclusion. Keywords : Foucault, Panopticon, Exclusion, Dr. Stockmann, Jimmy Porter