Concept Of Elite Research Articles

Siyasi elitanin mahiyyətinə konseptual yanaşmalar

The concept of political elite has been the subject of discussion by many researchers in different periods of history. Various theories and concepts have been put forward about this phenomenon. Today, we cannot imagine any society without a political elite. In both democratic and non-democratic states, power is concentrated in the hands of an organized minority-the political elite. The article basically tries to clarify questions that interest many scientists, such as the essence and content of the political elite, as well as the role of elite groups forming the political elite in the management of the community and decision-making. The political elite theories and concepts of thinkers such as G. Mosca, V. Pareto, R. Michels were investigated, and an extensive comparative analysis was conducted between these concepts. In-depth study of different approaches plays an exceptional role in understanding the basic nature of the political elite.

Siyaset or Politika?

Abstract In this article, we trace the diversification of Ottoman political vocabulary from the eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth in a time of dynastic restoration and administrative modernization. We focus particularly on the transformation of the concept siyâset (rule, politics) which had been in use in Muslim polities for centuries, and the emergence, in the late eighteenth century, of the word politika which has come to be used alongside siyâset since then. In making sense of this bifurcation, we demonstrate that the Ottoman elite conceptions of politics were not simply replaced by the European conceptions. Rather, the equivalence of siyâset and politika was clearly contested by Ottoman statesmen, and the political terminology of rule and administration evolved in tandem with the material transformation of the Ottoman dynasty and state.

Digital writing in Low German: between elite and grassroot literacies

ABSTRACT This article analyses digital writing in Low German, a regional language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and currently undergoing a process of language shift towards German. Since medieval times, a substantial body of Low German literature has been written; however, today, the language serves mainly as a vernacular. The aim of this study is to examine whether digital writing could become a new domain for Low German speakers, thus forming a buffer in the ongoing struggle against language loss. In order to analyse digital writing in Low German, we apply Jan Blommaert’s concept of elite versus grassroot literacies (Blommaert, J. 2008. Grassroot Literacies. Writing, Identity and Voice in Central Africa. London, New York: Routledge) and examine two communities of practice: Wikipedia authors and experts working for Low German institutions using Low German online, and speakers communicating via Low German on social media. The results show two communities of practice among Low German speakers with distinctive writing practices and values: while elite writers aim to implement a standardised form of spelling, grassroot writers tend to reject prescriptivism and create ways to negotiate communication across variation.

Social mix with a twist: Exploring new ways to alleviate pressure on stigmatized lower-class neighbourhoods

Social mix policy normally leads to the gentrification of poor neighbourhoods, which is neither beneficial for their original residents nor urban diversity. Conversely, in search of a possible way to ease mounting pressure on stigmatized neighbourhoods the article aims to uncover the middle class's attitude towards the construction of buildings with cheap rentals, a precondition of social mix policy. To this end, an innovative digital survey was conducted in 2020 in two recently developed inner-city neighbourhoods in the mid-sized Swedish city of Västerås. First, drawing on earlier research, our data confirms that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between young middle-class families, on the one hand, and their willingness to share “their own backyard” with presumptive low-income newcomers, on the other. Second, the analysis brings to the fore the fact that attitudes to social mixing are not just dependent on gender, but even on why one wants to move. Third, the predominance of an apparent elitist conception of housing is challenged by female and older residents who seek diversity. In sum, the findings imply that socially mixing certain kinds of middle-class neighbourhoods is possible if politicians fulfil three preconditions.

Цифровизация и формирование цифровых элит в процессе модернизации юридического образования

This study is devoted to the issue of digitalization and the formation of digital elites in the process of modernizing legal education. The concept of digital elites is explored, the leading processes of modernization of legal education are highlighted, as well as the stages and mechanisms of the formation of digital elites in legal education.

Social inequality in the context of natural justice

The problem of social equality and social inequality is investigated in the light of the concept of justice, the concept of just inequality and unfair equality. The author substantiates the interrelation of justice and equality as concepts and phenomena that are presented in an indissoluble unity and are actually a two-pronged problem. Justice is interpreted by the author as a measure of social equality and social inequality. The author explores the problem of social inequality from the point of view of a materialistic understanding of history, the principle of development and an axiological approach. The concept of natural justice is investigated as the basis of justice established by people, that is, social justice. The legitimacy of the conditional use of the concept of natural justice as a natural right of an individual to use his natural gifts, which under certain conditions of social life activity can be decisive in human life, can give him fair advantages over other members of the society. The natural personal potential of an individual can cause significant differences in the intellectual and spiritual abilities of people, which, in the presence of diligence, determination and appropriate social norms, necessarily generate social inequality in society. Fair inequality does not contradict natural justice. Natural justice is contradicted by unfair inequality. A person by nature has the right to life, freedom and property in compliance with the mandatory norms established in this society. Justice established by people should not contradict natural justice. The validity of the use of the concept of legitimate elite as the most outstanding personalities in various respects, having high achievements and services to society in various spheres of human activity, is substantiated.

LPB‐SPP: Solving the internet of things service placement problem using the learner performance‐based behavior algorithm

AbstractNowadays, fog computing has joined cloud computing as an emerging computing paradigm to provide resources at the network edge. Fog servers process data associated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices independently of cloud computing, thus saving bandwidth, resource reservations, and storage for real‐time applications with lower latency. Besides, cloud computing supports the integration of edge and cloud resources and facilitates the placement of IoT applications at the network edge. Recent researchers focus on how to deploy IoT services as components of IoT applications on fog computing units, where the loss of resources, energy, and bandwidth are minimized. This problem, known as the IoT service placement problem (SPP), is NP‐hard, and meta‐heuristic models are popular to address it. Each IoT service has its own requirements in terms of latency sensitivity, processor, memory, and storage. Meanwhile, fog computing units are heterogeneous and have limited resource capacities. Therefore, SPP should be addressed by considering the features of fog environment, tolerable delay, and network bandwidth. We formulate SPP as a multi‐objective optimization problem with the perspective of throughput, service cost, resource utilization, energy consumption, and service latency. To solve this problem, the learner performance‐based behavior (LPB) algorithm is presented as a meta‐heuristic model that originates from the MAPE‐K autonomous planning model. The proposed approach, LPB‐SPP, considers resource consumption distribution and service deployment prioritization, and also uses the concepts of elitism and balanced resource consumption to improve the placement process. The validation of LPB‐SPP has been done using different performance metrics and the results have been compared against state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. Simulations show that LPB‐SPP performs better in most comparisons.

Identifying Investigative Pieces

ABSTRACT This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of investigative journalism by proposing a multi-step method for identifying investigative pieces, despite the genre’s blurred definition. This method uses internal criteria observable in the texts themselves, regardless of their author, awards received, label, or discourses about them. Based on a literature review, an exploratory analysis and practical testing, we claim that examining articles’ underlying sources provides a set of criteria that allows researchers to select and exclude pieces in a flexible yet consistent way. When applied to a nine-month sample, the method allowed us to create a corpus showing great thematic, methodological and narrative diversity. Moving away from an elitist conception of investigative journalism, our corpus analysis shows that investigative journalism transcends the traditional boundaries of discursive genre. Furthermore, since the corpus includes both small and large investigations, it provides researchers with the first opportunity to observe empirically the varying degrees of investigative journalism.

‘Hindu civilization’ in business: the World Hindu Economic Forum's intellectual project

Abstract Scholarly debates on ‘civilization states’ now include India as a potential exemplar, in light of the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) insistence on a greater Hindu culture and tradition rooted in ancient India. Most of these debates are located in politico-cultural contexts, whereas this article does something different. It examines an economic organization, the World Hindu Economic Forum (WHEF), which centres its business strategy and identity around the rhetoric of civilization. WHEF is a distinctive and understudied transnational elite platform that has organic connections with the BJP and Hindu nationalist circles around the world. Drawing on WHEF documentation and interviews with WHEF members, and employing a Gramscian approach, this article sheds light on three social aspects of utilizing the civilizational rhetoric in WHEF's business strategy: a justification of development rooted in the past, a claim of superiority over the West, and a promise of development for the future. It argues that all three aspects make up a particular elite conception of the world shaped around the WHEF members' ideological and material interests. Based on this elite agency, this article argues that the rhetoric of civilization is a product of today's existing global political economy and ultimately serves to reinforce Hindu nationalist sentiments along with neo-liberal market-oriented ideas.

The Concept of Elite (Thoughts of Antonio Gramsci and the Study in Islamic Studies)

<p><span lang="EN-US">This study attempts to reveal the elite concept from Antonio Gramsci's thought which supports elite studies in an Islamic perspective, by using library research methods. The elite according to Gramsci is a social category that is not related to class but related to hegemony. Hegemony is a winning power that is obtained through a consensus mechanism rather than through violence or oppression of other social classes. The regime spreads hegemonic power of influence because it is supported by related infrastructure organizations, namely in which intellectual obedience is supposed to occur due to cultural and political factors. This is where elites emerge which are categorized into two according to Gramsci, namely organic elites (politicians, bureaucrats, academics) and traditional elites (subject to authorities). Elites in Islam bring consequences or impacts by showing the importance of elite positions in the orderliness of civilization, the urgency of elite cadre formation in order to strengthen faith and belief as well as faith. This is important to do because of the vital role played by the elite for the advancement of society around them. Therefore, the religious elite, the religious elite, now have an obligation to participate in realizing national unity and are responsible for maintaining national resilience in its various aspects (ideological, political, economic, and socio-cultural)</span></p>

Rethinking the Concept of a ‘Financial Elite’: A Critical Intervention

While the concept of a ‘financial elite’ has become prominent within politics and the social sciences, it is not clear what value it holds for the analysis of inequalities of income, wealth and power under financial capitalism. Who are the financial elite, and what distinguishes them from other economically powerful groups? We delineate ‘distributive’, ‘categorical’ and ‘relational’ approaches to financial elites, arguing that various unresolved tensions have hampered clarification of the differentia specifica of the concept, and blunted its normative significance. We develop a new concept of financial elites that combines insights from elite studies and financialisation studies. We argue that the financial elite possess not only high incomes, but income primarily derived from ‘rentier’ channels, as endowed by the institutional structures of financialisation. Financial elites demonstrate the capacity not only to capitalise on these new accumulation channels, but to shape the institutional and regulatory landscapes in which they operate.

Moral Elites and the De-Paradoxification of Danish Social Policy Between Civil Society and State (1849–2022)

The article argues that in Denmark during the past 150 years, moral elites have been central in settling paradoxes within social policy by developing ‘classifications’ of citizens and sectors: who are deserving of help and what sector (public or third) should provide care. Contrary to widely held beliefs, historically, there is no logical or practical connection between ‘more deserving’ and ‘state support’. Theoretically, the article integrates elite scholarship and cultural sociology in developing a concept of moral elites’ power from—their sources of moral authority—and power to, the way that they have used their power to classify citizens and sectors. Empirically, the Danish moral elite and its involvement in social policy are analyzed based on secondary as well as primary historical sources. Findings: The development of the Danish moral elite has roots in the administrators of the nineteenth-century absolutist state: the clergy, medical doctors, and lawyers. Educational resources and state affiliation continue to be central to moral elite status. Economists have ascended to the top of the moral elite, while clergymen have dropped out. Three major classifications were developed during the period. ‘Help to self-help’ (late nineteenth century): deserving poor should receive help from private charity, while the public system should deter and discipline. ‘Rights’ (mid-twentieth century): the state should care for all, philanthropy mostly considered stigmatizing. ‘Workfare’ (late twentieth century to present): citizens are considered deserving as long as they are ‘active’, and sectors are considered equal in providing for citizens as long as they reach the economistic goal of activation.

Dancing with the Revolution: Power, Politics, and Privilege in Cuba

Dancing with the Revolution: Power, Politics, and Privilege in Cuba

Effective Realization of Multi-Objective Elitist Teaching–Learning Based Optimization Technique for the Micro-Siting of Wind Turbines

In this paper, the meta-heuristic multi-objective elitist teaching–learning based optimization technique is implemented for wind farm layout discrete optimization problem. The optimization of wind farm layout addresses the optimum siting among the wind turbines within the wind farm to accomplish economical, profitable, and technical features. The presented methodology is implemented with multi-objective optimization problem through different targets such as minimizing cost, power output maximization, and the saving of the number of turbines. These targets are investigated with some case studies of multi-objective optimization problems in three scenarios of wind (Scenario-I: fixed wind direction and constant speed, Scenario-II: variable wind direction and constant speed, and Scenario-III: variable wind direction and variable speed) for the optimal micro-siting of wind turbines in a given land area that maximizes the power production while minimizing the total cost. To check the effectiveness of the algorithm, firstly, the results obtained for the three different scenarios have been compared with past studies available in the literature. Secondly, the numbers of turbines have also been optimized by using teaching–learning based optimization. It has been observed that the proposed algorithm shows the optimal layouts along with the optimal number of turbines with minimum fitness evaluation. Finally, the concept of elitism has been introduced in the teaching–learning based optimization algorithm. It is proposed that if elitist-teaching–learning based optimization with elite size of 15% is used, computational expense can be significantly reduced. It can be concluded that that the results obtained by the proposed algorithm are more accurate and advantageous than others.

Poly-truth, or the limits of pluralism: Popular debates on conspiracy theories in a post-truth era.

Conspiracy theories are central to “post-truth” discussions. Official knowledge, backed by science, politics, and media, is distrusted by various people resorting to alternative (conspiratorial) explanations. While elite commentators lament the rise of such “untruths,” we know little of people’s everyday opinions on this topic, despite their societal ramifications. We therefore performed a qualitative content analysis of 522 comments under a Dutch newspaper article on conspiracy theories to study how ordinary people discuss post-truth matters. We found four main points of controversy: “habitus of distrust”; “who to involve in public debates”; “which ways of knowing to allow”; and “what is at stake?” The diverging opinions outline the limits of pluralism in a post-truth era, revealing tensions between technocratic and democratic ideals in society. We show that popular opinions on conspiracy theories embody more complexity and nuance than elite conceptions of post-truth allow for: they lay bare the multiple sociological dimensions of poly-truth.

Representation of Feminism in African American and Dalit Literature

Mainstream feminism has remained an elitist concept in India with much less attention and significance in comparison to the feminism conception in western countries. The Indian feminist movement failed to represent the perspectives of the Dalit women that have been subjected in the Indian society since ages. Subsequently, the Dalit women were forced to initiate a separate movement to gain sustenance and representation in the mainstream social conduct. The theoretical representations of the Dalit women could also be drawn from American and African literature that shares experiences of Dalit feminism and subjection on a broader scale. Further, the research reflects Dalit feminism in terms of inclusive feminism that confronts domination of female community in India and elsewhere. Considering the Dalit woman’s writing, the glimpses can be found in the Indian vernaculars in the form of short stories. It is present in the form of Telugu Dalit writing that have been translated into English to reflect the perceptions of the Dalit women and their experiences in Indian discourse.

Access to Being: Elitism in M. Heidegger’s Philosophy

The aim of this paper is to show the elitist character of Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. Heidegger, throughout his thought and in different ways, has argued for privileged access to truth. Only some will be able to glimpse the Ereignis and will have the task of bequeathing this vision to the people. I propose to analyze three figures that appear in the philosopher’s conceptual itinerary and that corroborate this hypothesis: 1. those who suffer anxiety in Being and Time; 2. the figure of the poets; 3. and the role of thinkers in late Heidegger. In short, the German philosopher has had an elitist conception throughout his thought on the access to being.

MOMRFO: Multi-objective Manta ray foraging optimizer for handling engineering design problems

Despite its recent appearance, manta ray foraging optimizer (MRFO) has shown a good ability to deal with single-objective real-world problems, which makes its application in solving problems with multiple objectives an interesting direction. Accordingly, the current paper investigates the MRFO optimizer to develop a new algorithm for handling multi-objective engineering design problems. To achieve this goal, the elitist concept is adopted to save the set of Pareto solutions through the integration of an external archive into the standard MRFO. This archive is considered also as a repository from which a search agent is chosen based on its density degree to control the convergence and diversity of manta rays population. Our algorithm’s efficiency is first validated via extensive experiments on ten test functions, and the results were very satisfactory in terms of convergence and diversity, in almost all cases. Then, it is applied to four multi-objective engineering problems, and it showed a good promise in solving real-world problems with multiple objectives.

ДИАСТАСИС: ВВЕДЕНИЕ В ТЕОРИЮ ДИСТАНЦИИ

The word “distance” itself is ambiguous: it means both the gap between two things, and the very ability of a thing to be at some distance from another, to stand at a distance. In the first case, we are simply talking about the impossibility of things to interact in the usual mode, while in the second about the thing’s own position, its individuation, which does not allow confusions. The superposition of these two meanings is productive for thought: from Plato’s reasoning about the causes of civil disorder through Nietzsche’s melancholic concept of elitism to 20th century theories proceeding from “social distance” (R. Park) as one of the starting points for constructing social reality. Although the translation of this word into different languages is not a problem, since the visual metaphor suggested by the geometry course (segment of a line) is clear, in all cases it is necessary to take into account rather explosive potential of its semantics.

Становление и развитие американской элитологии в XX — начале XXI века

This study analyzed in details the genesis of American school of study of elites in the period from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. In this case the author makes an attempt to classify the main phases of American elitology from the 40s of the 20th century. Based on an analysis of papers of well-known American sociologists and political scientists who study elites, the author states the main approaches in relation to the study of elites. Thus, in the 1940s, the dominant approach to understanding elites was the liberal-democratic, according to which access to the elites is open for everyone who has extra skills in different spheres of society. At the same time stands a technocratic approach, which define elite as a group of professional managers who form a new class of technocracy. In 50s–60s liberal-democratic approach has been criticized by left-wing approach. From this point, elite was defined as a narrow layer of financiers and persons, who are close to the president, and this layer is closed. In the 60s–70s, the most popular approach of studying elites was pluralism. According to which, elite has no monolithic origin — it is a complex of interconnected independent elites. From the beginning of the 70s, the basic principles of pluralism have been criticized by neoelitism, according to which the most elite representatives included in most elite groups simultaneously. The late 20th — early 21st century can be characterized in two ways: dispute between pluralists and neoelitists and attempts to operationalize the concept of elite.