Concept Of Ego Research Articles

Original sin or natural order: Dialogical construction of social knowledge of animal production

AbstractThis research examines the public discussion around animal production in Finland. Applying a dialogical approach to social representations theory, we elucidate the hotly debated nature of animal production by analysing news articles (N = 50) and the related reader‐produced comments (N = 1501) in Finnish newspapers. We employed qualitative methods for analysing multivoicedness and dialogue to identify ego–alter pairs constructed in the material in relation to the object of animal production. Four prevalent ego–alter pairs were identified: advocates for animal rights–animal production defenders, producers–consumers, orthodox–unorthodox Christians and provincials–urban dwellers. The study contributes to the study of everyday knowledge by showing how various contradictory understandings of the same topic are generated in public discourse. The research also demonstrates how the theoretical concept of ego–alter embedded in the social representations theory can be empirically utilised in analysing debates in contemporary media environments and to shed light on the dialogical dynamics around the discussions.

NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM PEMIKIRAN FILSAFAT MOHAMMAD IQBAL

Muhammad Iqbal is a modern Muslim philosopher-poet who, conceptually and philosophically, does not have a detailed formulation of Islamic educational concepts. However, implicitly, based on his fundamental views on humanity, particularly his philosophical thoughts on the ego, a dynamic, innovative, and vitalistic concept of Islamic educational thought can be reconstructed. The genealogy of Islamic educational values in Iqbal's philosophical thought is rooted in his ideas about humanity, especially his perspective on the story of Adam, the concept of ego, and the perfect human (insan kamil). Based on this, fundamental issues in humanities studies related to education can be identified: innate potential, freedom, and the essence of humanity. The construction of Islamic educational values in Muhammad Iqbal's philosophical thought includes: values of monotheistic education, values of moral education, values of rational education (intelligence), and values of social education. All of these educational values also originate from Iqbal's view of the liberated ego, constantly progressing towards perfection, which is Allah SWT. Keywords: Values; Islamic Education; Philosophical Thought; Iqbal.

A comparison on Wang Yangming’s xin [heart-mind] and Husserl’s ego

Both Wang Yangming and Husserl adopted a subjective approach to their studies. Wang used his concept of xin [heart-mind] to guide the practice, while Husserl used his concept of ego to discover the truth of objects. A comparison on the descriptions, structures and functions of Wang Yangming’s xin and Husserl’s ego illustrated that xin and ego are different terms for the same thing. The distinction between the two scholars is their differences in teleology and study focus. But their studies can be complementary to extend the knowledge of human beings and benefit scientific research.Contribution: The original discovery of the sameness of Wang Yangming’s xin (a Chinese concept) and Husserl’s ego (a Western idea) illustrates that people should adopt a new approach to science, which takes knowledge and morality as a unity, and follow the highest heavenly principles. This is a serious theological and philosophical response to teleology.

From transcendental egology to orientation theory: Toward a mereological foundation for the different senses of the "self" in conscious experience.

In the present work, we aim to make a contribution to the origins of the notion of "minimum self" in Husserl's phenomenology. Starting from the difference between the philosophy of the subject and the philosophy of the self, the aim of this research is to show that the Cartesian association between both philosophies would not exactly correspond to the conception of the self, as we find it in Edmund Husserl's works. With this, we intend to nuance Heidegger's accusation of Husserl's "Cartesianism," At the same time, we show how a detailed analysis of the "senses of the self" in Husserl's phenomenology allows extracting the notion of "minimal self" as it has been introduced in the current and lively debate between psychiatry and phenomenology. In our research, we also show that in order to move the theory of the transcendental ego toward the theory of the orientation of the life of consciousness, it is necessary to consider the foundation of the concepts of ego in the technical vocabulary of the formal mereology of the Husserl's third "Logical Investigation."

La ricezione critica del pensiero husserliano nel primo Sartre. Intenzionalità, Ego e coscienza

Edmund Husserl has certainly been one of the first important sources of Sartrean philosophy. Despite having been very critical of many aspects of Husserl’s thought once adopted his positions, the French philosopher has a great debt with the father of phenomenology. In this paper, which is a development of a section of our doctoral thesis, we will firstly try to explore Husserl’s key concepts, so that the fundamental aspects of his philosophy can be clarified and understood in their own meaning. Secondly, we will explain why Sartre adopted some of them, refusing others instead. Once done that, in a third moment we will be able to comprehend that Sartre was not only trying to criticize, but he strongly wanted to re-elaborate Husserlian phenomenology, in order to explore consciousness in an original way. In the end, we will discover why intentionality is the key element of this Sartrean turn, thanks to which the concepts of Ego and consciousness became the roots of his later thought.

PENTINGNYA IJTIHAD DALAM AGAMA PERSPEKTIF MUHAMMAD IQBAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI TEOLOGI DAN KEMISKINAN

This study wants to see how important the ijtihad by Muhammad Iqbal is on religious knowledge and experience which often causes conflicts of thought among Western and Islamic intellectuals. In his reform efforts, Iqbal focused his attention on the formation of Muslim personalities, through the concept of ego or khudi (personal, self, self-hod). In this context, this article also wants to discuss in detail the implications of Iqbal's thoughts for theology and poverty. This is important, because according to Iqbal, Islamic theology has been stagnant for about 500 years. So that the space for ijtihad is not very developed, and causes Muslims to fall into poverty. It is necessary to review Iqbal's thoughts about insan kamil (perfect human) which can only be achieved if it has passed three phases, namely obedience to the law, self-control, and awareness as God's representative. This research is also in the form of library research on the concept of ijtihad in Muhammad Iqbal's Islamic perspective. As an analytical tool, the author uses a historical-philosophical approach that relates to the history and thoughts of a person who has a deeper and comprehensive meaning. This paper concludes, first, the ijtihad carried out by Muhammad Iqbal is centered on Islamic sciences, such as theology, Sufism, interpretation and so on which have an impact on religious experience, thought, and the formation of good individuals in Islamic society. Second, consistent with the above ijtihad, Muhammad Iqbal formulated the concept of khudi and insan kamil. The concept of insan kamil Iqbal is a further development of the concept of khudi. Therefore, the author synthesizes the two concepts as a subtilization or importance of ijtihad in Muhammad Iqbal's religious perspective.

The Ego Phenomenon and the Doping Problem in Sport: A Historical Conceptual Analysis.

The concept of ego has various meanings in the field of psychology, depending on the paradigmatic and theoretical framework point of departure. The ego phenomenon as operationalized and measured in the theoretical framework of goal orientation will be the contextual framework for a historical conceptual analysis. In the past three decades, research in the theoretical framework of goal orientation has revealed a positive relationship between ego involvement and the tendency to use the prohibited substances to enhance performance in sport. The concept of the ego phenomenon as operationalized within goal orientation theory and meanings attached to the concept can be connected to the historic oriental writings that were written ~2,500 years ago. These attached meanings to the ego phenomenon include elements of extreme competitiveness and outcome orientation, as well as social comparisons and the external norms for the measurement of success and failure. These meanings can be traced back to the classical works involving the Bhagavad Gita, the Tao Te Ching, and the Eastern Origins of Mindfulness that are part of the broader Buddhist philosophical system. Meister Eckhart, a 12th century German theologian, in his significant contribution on the analysis of the having mode as opposed to the being mode also provides insight into the ego phenomenon that can explain why the ego phenomenon can be linked to some of the deeper psychological motives of using the prohibited substances. The researchers in psychology do not yet have a full understanding of why certain athletes dope or have a susceptibility to use the prohibited substances or performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) and thus the motivation for this historical conceptual analysis of the ego phenomenon. Therefore, this article aimed to deepen the understanding of psychological motives of the athletes who exhibit tendencies toward cheating in general and the proclivity to use the prohibited substances.

Ottoman Ego-Documents: State of the Art

Research into ego-documents has being going on around the world for several decades, especially in continental Europe. The Dutch historian Jacques Presser, the inventor of the term, used “ego-document” to refer to materials such as diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, and personal letters. The term was first used in the English language by Peter Burke. Some groups of historians, such as the one in Berlin under the leadership of Claudia Ulbrich, prefer to use the term “self-narrative” instead. Kaspar von Greyerz, leader of the Basel team and a leading critic, considers the term “ego-document” an unfortunate one on account of its connotation of Sigmund Freud's concept of ego. He claims that early modern material does not reflect the inner psychological state of the writer but rather the formal, outward facade. Artificial periodization prevents us from understanding the nature and intellectual heritage of the human being. The question is, “What changed with the transition from premodern to modern when suddenly characters started to see themselves as historical figures worth talking about?”

Ego and Self in Gestalt Theory

Summary The paper presents basic Gestalt theoretical concepts of ego and self. They differ from other concepts in the way that they do not comprehend ego and self as fixed entities or as central controlling instances of the psyche, but as one specific organized unit in a psychological field in dynamic interrelation with the other organized units—the environment units—of this field. On this theme, well-known representatives of Gestalt theory have presented some general and special theories since the early days of this approach that could partly be substantiated experimentally. They illuminate the relationship between ego and world in everyday life as well as in the case of mental disorders. Not only the spatial extension of the phenomenal ego is subject to situational changes, but also its place in the world, its functional fitting in this world, its internal differentiation, its permeability to the environment, and much more. The German Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Metzger emphasizes the significant functional role that this dynamic plasticity of the phenomenal world and its continuously changing segregation of ego and environment have for human life by designating the phenomenal world as a “Central Steering Mechanism.” In this article, ego and self as part of this field in their interrelation with the total psychological field will be illuminated from the perspective of the thinking of the Gestalt psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Lewin, Wolfgang Metzger, Mary Henle, Edwin Rausch, and Giuseppe Galli.

The ideal yogi

Introduction: The comparison between East and West can be played at different levels. At a religious level, we find numerous analogies. On a more cultural level, we may detect more differences than identities. Culture in the West has long been represented by literature. Perhaps, it is to the latter that Westerners have entrusted the expression of their ideal of man. It may therefore be interesting to make comparisons with the figure of the ideal yogi as it was outlined in India. Materials and Methods: On the one hand, some recent masters and some older texts on yoga have been examined and compared with some European writers, as far as they say about the ideal of man. Results: We found that the Western man, in XIX and XX centuries, has gone through a crisis. This crisis does not seem to have touched Indian thought, at least as far as yoga is concerned. The ideal of the yogi in India has withstood the blows of criticism to which the concept of ego in the West has been subjected. Discussion: While in the West, the ego was considered as a sovereign that performs acts of government and when it fails, a crisis occurs, in yoga, the ahamkāra is an aspect that must be transcended in the direction of a further development of the self. These differences in the conception of ego may partially explain the success and spread of yoga in the West.

EGOISM AS A WAY OUT OF EXISTENTIAL CRISIS FOR A PERSON IN DISABILITY SITUATION

Purpose of the article is to establish the role of egoism in the life of a person faced with a disability situation, as a moment of self-determination in an existential crisis. I set the task to evaluate the influence of egoism and find out its significance in the prospect of the person’s further existence in the conditions of disability using the philosophical anthropology based on the meta-anthropology principle. Theoretical basis. Based on the fact that the role of egoism is perceived by public opinion as a vice and entails the absorption by a person of the benefits intended for others, I find them inappropriate for a person in a situation of disability. Taking into account the concepts of ego of altruism and altruistic egoism, which partially justify the positive influence of egoism, are only a product of the symbiotic interaction of altruism and egoism. The combination of egoism with altruism cannot reveal the essence of the crisis for a person in a disability situation. In a situation of disability, a person cannot synthesize altruism, as part of the egoism symbiosis. Methodological system in the study of the positive role of egoism, the modern theory of meta-anthropology by Nazip Khamitov is used. The theory that divides the being of a person into various types (ordinary, ultimate, and being beyond the bounds) is able to most fully structure the concept of egoism in the being of a person who has disability. Originality. I made an attempt to prove the positive role of egoism in a situation related to the body transformation into new conditions. The analysis of evidence of the need for the egoism development, as a function capable of actualizing a person in the formed crisis circumstances is carried out. A theory about the need for egoism to get a person out of the existential crisis situation (ultimate being) in which he stays due to a disability situation was proposed. Conclusions. I show that taking care of oneself (egoism) is a balancing factor for a person, as opposing a fatally unfair situation in which a person has received disability. Rational egoism is able to bring a person out of ultimate being and allow him to transform into a new, changed reality.

Losing What "Me"?: An Existentialist Look at the Ego in the Zhuangzi

Even though the concept of ego is clearly not of Zhuangzi's time, and most of its uses are not appropriate categories to interpret the Zhuangzi , the existentialist conception of ego presents a relevant exception. Existentialist views on the ego's hypostatization and on its role as a source of alienation make Existentialism a good candidate to expound some aspects of the Zhuangzi and give its theory of mind a clearer theoretical basis. To grasp what it means for Zhuangzi to lose one's me, this paper follows the path laid down in the Qiwulun (ch. 2), starting from value judgments to the fixed heartmind, and through existentialist ideas shows why the crux of freedom is the emptiness and consequent mutability of the ego, not its absence or its eradication.

A Study on Mediation Effect of Self-Concept between Authentic Leadership and Changing Behavior of Industrial Training Instructors

본 연구는 산업교육 강사의 진정성 리더십과 변화행동의 관계에서 자아개념의 매개 효과를 연구하였다. 이를 위해 진정성 리더십, 자아개념, 변화행동의 선행연구를 분석하였으며 선행연구를 토대로 변수들 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 진정성 리더십은 그 연구가 제한적이며 리더의 진정성 리더십이 구성원에게 미치는 영향에 관한 연구가 주로 이루어졌다. 선행연구를 검토한 결과 진정성 리더십이 구성원에게 미치는 영향만큼이나 리더 자신에게 긍정적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 이에 본 연구에서는 자신의 진정성 리더십이 스스로의 자아개념과 변화행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 검증하려한다. 이를 위해 진정성 리더십과 관련된 선행논문 분석을 통해 연구모형과 가설을 설정하였다. 가설검증을 위해 연구의 모집단은 기업 임직원을 대상으로 강의를 진행하는 산업교육 강사로 선정하여 설문지 배포와 온라인 설문을 통해 수집된 152부의 설문지를 실증 분석하였다. 실증 분석결과 산업교육 강사의 진정성 리더십이 변화행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 자아개념에 정(+)의 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 자아개념과 변화행동의 관계에서 하위요소인 자아탄력성은 변화행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미친 반면 자아존중감은 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 진정성 리더십과 변화행동 간의 관계에서 자아개념이 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구의 말미에 연구의 의의 및 향후 연구를 위한 제안을 제시하였다.The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of self-concept in the relationship between the leadership of the industrial education instructor and the change behavior. To do this, the precedent researches on authenticity leadership, self-concept, and change behavior is analyzed as well as the relationship between variables based on previous research. The research on authenticity leadership is limited and the effect of leader s authenticity leadership on members is mainly studied. The results of this study are as follows. Authenticity leadership affected on leader positively as much as the influence of leadership on the members. The purpose of this study is to examine how authenticity leadership affected on concept of ego and change behavior. In order to verify this, research model and hypotheses were established through analysis of prior thesis related to authenticity leadership. In order to verify the hypothesis, the research population was selected as an industrial education instructor who conducted lectures for corporate employees and analyzed 152 questionnaires collected through questionnaire distribution and online questionnaires. Empirical analysis showed that the authenticity leadership of the industrial education instructor had a positive influence on the change behavior and an influence on the concept of ego. In the relationship between concept of ego and change behavior, the sub-factor, ego-resilience showed positive(+) influence on change behavior, but ego-resilience itself did not affect positive influence. Concept of ego was partially mediated in the relationship between authenticity leadership and change behavior. Based on the results of the study, the significance of the study and suggestions for future research were presented.

The Sequence of Acquisition of Personal Pronoun Case and Person Reference among 6 Year Old Children in Two Selected Malaysian Kindergartens

Pronoun case and person reference refer to the position of the pronoun in the sentence and the person the pronoun refers to respectively. Examining the acquisition of pronoun case and person reference among young children can be insightful as, besides their obvious relevance to language development, both these constructs can have implications on other aspects of child development. Attention given by children to these various constructs may indicate the importance children place on the concept of ego and self as well as on social relations. The sequence of acquisition of personal pronouns among these children is therefore an important phenomenon to be examined as it can reflect linguistic and socio-cognitive development. This largely descriptive study examines the sequence of acquisition of the English pronouns among forty 6 year old Malaysian children learning ESL in two kindergartens. The children in the study were presented with 33 drawings to assess their familiarity with case and person reference expressed through English personal pronouns. They were required to select the correct pronoun from three pronouns that were used to describe each drawing. This paper reports on the accuracy rates for each pronoun and assumes that high accuracy rates indicate a more complete acquisition of the pronoun. Error forms by the children were also be identified and examined. Data obtained were compared to acquisition sequences in the literature and general implications related to the acquisition of personal pronouns among children in an ESL setting in Malaysia will be discussed.

A Strange Fire: an exploration of psycho-spiritual development aided by Jungian analysis and Vedanta.

This paper explores the process of psychological and spiritual development through a series of active imaginations arising from the author's 'psycho-spiritual quest', a process of transformation in which the individual progressively frees themselves from the ego's identifications and may be afforded a vision of the 'self as consciousness', as described by Vedanta. The author describes how this quest was facilitated by the disciplines of Transcendental Meditation, Jungian analysis and Vedanta, and how these three disciplines can work together to foster psycho-spiritual development. The paper aims to de-mystify the actual experiences that can accompany these practices. The records of these active imaginations, tracing some key stages in this process, are then presented, with a commentary by Marcus West, linking them to Jung's concepts of ego and Self and recent understandings of consciousness and ego development. There is a discussion of Jung's conceptualizations of the ego and the Self and his rejection of the Vedantic understanding of the Self as consciousness. These views are then explored and a reconciliation is suggested through the understanding of the process of disidentification where the difference between Jung's view of the Self and that of Vedanta is understood to be due to the extent of disidentification from the contents of consciousness.

Instinct and Ego: Nietzsche's perspective

In Nietzsche’s thought the criticism of the concept of ego occupies a dominant position. In Nietzsche’s philosophy, the ego--both as a moral and as an epistemological subject--has received a serious criticism. Nietzsche views that the concept of ego, reason and consciousness have resulted from the breakup of human existence from a more natural state-- a state in which instinctual activity dominated the human life. Nietzsche’s concept of ego is closely related to his understanding of human instincts. The following article is an attempt to see the connection between the concept of ego and human instincts in Nietzsche’s philosophy.

The Effects of Sandplay Therapy on the Anxiety, Self-esteem, and Sociality of College Students with Blindness

The five sense organs of the human body are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. The visual sense is essential for determining directions, identifying people and objects, and adjusting movement and social behavior (Kim et al., 1998). However, the blind are restricted in these modes and they often experience discomfort in performing tasks that require vision and in controlling social behavior. In particular, those with acquired blindness tend to experience an acute sense of loss or “restriction” as a result of their severe psychological conflict and shock (Lowenfeld, 1979), and indeed, it would be no exaggeration to say, “Loss of sight is dying” (Carroll, 1961). Accordingly, this study examined three emotional problems that typically afflict blind people and investigated how sandplay therapy may solve such problems. One of the emotional problems resulting from blindness is anxiety. This is often triggered by an unidentified sound or smell and blind people may experience extreme anxiety until they obtain knowledge about its source from those who are not blind (Lim, 2000). In addition, blind people may feel tense and anxious that those without blindness are watching them (Kim, 1999). Blind people may not precisely recognize responses or evaluations around them and feel anxiety and fear due to their failure to understand information or cope with a danger or unexpected situation (Ma, 2003). A second emotional problem resulting from blindness is low self-esteem. Blind children’s restricted capabilities and resultant limited experiences can lead to passivity, dependence, and learned lethargy (Kim, 2005). As a result, their self-confidence and concept of ego are negatively affected and they have difficulty with actively expressing their thoughts and feelings to others. A third emotional problem because of blindness is lack of sociality. Those with blindness are lacking in social experiences as a result of their visual impairment. In interaction between blind children and their mother, she is dominant and authoritarian (Kim, 2003). Blind children tend to have more interaction with adults, rather than their peers, and largely play alone, not playing Original Article Symbols and Sandplay Therapy 2014;5(1):14-22 http://dx.doi.org/10.12964/jsst.130013 eISSN : 2288-5188 pISSN : 2234-0556

SUSRET PSIHOTERAPIJA ISTOKA I ZAPADA

U radu se diskutuju kreativni izazovi sa kojima se susreće psihoterapija kao novaprofesija u novom milenijumu. Koncept ega i dva tipa svesnosti su ključni u razmatranjurazličitosti psihoterapijskog pristupa Istoka i Zapada u pogledu lekovitosti terapijskogodnosa. Koncept duhovnosti, takođe. Razmatraju se i različiti ciljevi koji se postavljaju upsihoterapijskom tretmanu, a koji nužno vode i do različitih ishoda. Ostaje pitanje: da li jestvarno susret različitih pristupa Istoka i Zapada moguć, i ,ako jeste, kako se najbolje možeostvariti njihova saradnja.

The Ego: the problem and the term as treated by Russian philosophy

The starting point of the investigation is the correspondence between the term and concept of Ego (“I”) and the various types of experience. Two main ways of introducing and applying of the term “I” (Ego) in Russian philosophy are investigated from the semantic-analytical point of view. The first takes the Ego as initially existed either as a spiritual substance or a given form uniting experiences. This way of treating is realized in L. Lopatin’s and V. Soloviev’s philosophical teachings. The second containing some moments of reflexion on the concept treated the Ego as a result of experience. It was developed in M. Karinskij und G. Spet. In context of difference between the Ego and the subject or consciousness the question of the owner of consciousness is considered.

O eu na obra de Freud e a corporalidade

Este trabalho conjuga o conceito de eu na obra de Freud com o conceito de corporeidade em Merleau-Ponty, possibilitando um percurso teórico em que se pode pensar o corpo na sua perspectiva intersubjetiva. Na corporalidade, a "carne" de cada um, lançada ao mundo, se encontra na "carne" do outro, também lançada, para que re-efetue, na relação, uma troca expressiva inconsciente, a qual, porém, sem a consciência de um corpo subjetivado, perde suas possibilidades enquanto troca e expressão. O recorte, em Freud, se inicia com os conceitos de eu prazer e eu da realidade, percorrendo a questão dos ideais em que se concretiza a possibilidade de pensar as relações do eu com o outro. Esses conceitos, paralelizados com a obra filosófica, trazem um suporte para a clínica psicanalítica.