Concept Of Defense Research Articles

Russia’s Evolving Military Strategy in Response to NATO Expansion: Continuity and Changes

This article analyses the changes and continuities in the Russian Military Strategy in response to NATO’s expansionist policies. The methodology used is interdisciplinary in nature as the discourse is based and conceptualized in the historical context with social insights into the contemporary development of events. The paper is divided into two sections: the first concerns NATO’s expansion, both during and after the Cold War period; and the second examines the proposed Russian Military Strategy in response to NATO’s increasing eastward expansion. It is concluded that Russia’s national security concepts and evolving expressions of military doctrine closely follow the process of NATO’s expansion. The nature of forward deployment, defense concept and military strategy that NATO adopts are decisive in formulating and influencing not only Kremlin’s perception but also its reaction, especially in the military field to alliance enlargement.

Stomata-pathogen interactions: over a century of research.

It has been 136 years since the description that fungal spores penetrated into a stoma, and 16 years since the concept of stomatal defense was developed. Recent advances have provided new insights into stomata-pathogen interactions. We briefly chronicle the milestone achievements and discuss new frontiers in stomata-pathogen interactions.

The Role of The Ministry of Defense in Ensuring Food Security for State Defense

The development of global dynamics has led to a shift in the security paradigm, one of which is in the food sector. Based on FAO's qualification for food security, Indonesia is at a relatively stable point in its food security index. But this is also a concern for the government considering that Indonesia is also experiencing a period of Covid 19 which forces food consumption to increase. The appointment of the Ministry of Defense as the leading sector in the food sector is a strategic policy of the government with regard to the country's defense in non-military threats. This paper uses role theory, defense concepts and food security concepts in discussing the topic. The results of this study saw that Indonesia's food security index from the availability aspect reached a score of 67.36, aspects of food access (79.56), utilization aspects (67.97) and food stability (72.11). The appointment of the Ministry of Defense as the leading sector places Central Kalimantan as a food estate considering that the province has a relatively sufficient food availability score. Central Kalimantan is projected to be a source of food reserves for areas that lack food index so that food stability in Indonesia can increase.

‘Batavische constantie’

Based on archival research, this article describes the actions taken by the city government to put Amsterdam into a state of defence during 1672, the so-called Disaster Year. Particular attention is paid to the spatial consequences of these measures. In the spring of 1672, the Dutch Republic was attacked by an alliance between France, England, Cologne and Münster. The French army’s advance was eventually halted on the border of the province of Holland by dint of flooding the polders. In 1673, the tide of the war turned in the Republic’s favour, and hostilities ceased in 1674.
 In 1659, Amsterdam had embarked on a series of major urban expansion works between the Leidsegracht canal and the IJ inlet. On 10 June 1672, all city works were halted except those on the fortifications. Priority was given to the restoration of the city wall, which had been weakened by subsidence. Outside the wall, a free field of fire was created, and measures were taken to defend the unfortified IJ shore. The city militia was also reorganized.
 From June 1672, a semi-circle of low-lying polders around Amsterdam were flooded by opening sluices and breaching dykes. This was done step by step, in a form of dynamic water management that was constantly adapted to the changing circumstances in order to maximize the defensive potential and to minimize the damage. Waterways were blocked off and defended by armed ships. Six fortifications were built on the higher access roads in the immediate vicinity of the city, often close to one of the inundation openings. These were permanently manned. The city government also arranged for the construction of outposts further away, such as in Uithoorn, which were crucial to maintaining the flooding operations. With the river Vecht acting as the first line of defence – the ‘outer wall’ of Amsterdam as it were – Muiden, Weesp, the Hinderdam and Nieuwersluis were also reinforced with fortifications.
 After the recapture of Naarden in 1673, the first steps were taken to return to normality and in 1674-1675 all temporary fortifications were demolished. All defensive structures disappeared from the landscape around Amsterdam. From this point of view, the spatial consequences seem to have been short-lived. However, the 1672 defence concept served as a model for all later defence lines around Amsterdam, the last one being the Stelling van Amsterdam, or Amsterdam Defence Line, in which the capital city functioned as a ‘national redoubt’. In this respect the spatial consequences of the Disaster Year cannot be underestimated.

The Conatus Doctrine: A Rational Interpretation of Innate Intelligence

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to reinterpret metaphysical concepts found in chiropractic historic teachings by comparing these to the philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza. DiscussionUniversal intelligence and innate intelligence are components of the historic and traditional philosophy of chiropractic. These concepts have offered a unique clinical perspective at the cost of committing to an a priori assumption that some see as untenable. The meaning of universal and innate intelligence may be reinterpreted through an understanding of life and health as offered by the conatus doctrine of Baruch Spinoza. The conatus doctrine defines within a formal system the striving and endurance of living beings to remain in unique forms. The reinterpretation offered in this article provides a rationally defensible concept closely tied to contemporary definitions of vitalism, which see life as potentiality striving against inertia and entropy. In its striving, life manifests itself by originating meaning out of information. ConclusionThough the product of early-modern rationalism, Spinoza's conatus doctrine offers a contemporary interpretation of an aspect of living beings congruent with established notions within the philosophy of chiropractic. Concepts in Spinoza's work that concern substance and monism offer clarifying perspectives on concepts in the philosophy of chiropractic that may help resolve conflicts concerning spiritualism and naturalism.

Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategy for Nuclear Safety: Opportunities and Challenges

The concept and methodology of traditional Defense in Depth (DID) was challenged in the Fukushima nuclear accident. In order to fix the weakness of the traditional emergency strategies of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and to enhance the DID for nuclear safety, the U.S. Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) put forward the concept of Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategies (FLEX) for the special purpose of beyond-design-basis external event (BDBEE) hazard mitigation and the corresponding FLEX support guidelines (FSG). The theory has been wildly spread and accepted by many countries that generate nuclear power. The research on the FLEX strategy is a new trend in nuclear engineering in the recent decade. It provides not only fixed on-site equipment/devices but also on- and off-site portable resources to strengthen the reliability of the nuclear safety system, especially for the disaster/hazards (similar to the Fukushima nuclear accident) triggered by BDBEEs. After a brief introduction of the FLEX strategy, four opportunities and ten challenges are summarized. Subsequently, in view of these challenges and technical difficulties, five suggestions for future work are recommended.

The legal foundation for the participation of citizens in the territorial defense of Ukraine

The article analyzes the legal foundation for the participation of citizens in the territorial defense of Ukraine and volunteer formations of the territorial communities during armed aggression. The concepts of territorial defense, resistance movement and national resistance are considered.
 The purpose of national resistance is understood as increasing the defense capability of the state, giving the defense of Ukraine a comprehensive character, and helping to ensure the readiness of Ukrainian citizens for national resistance.
 It has been systematized the information on the status of the territorial defense of Ukraine at the end of February 2022 and it was identified the problematic issues that the territorial communities faced in the process of organizing resistance forces in the subordinate territories during the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.
 There are some problems that the communities faced in organizing resistance forces on their territories at the beginning of the war. Among them there were singled out: the lack of coordination of the activities of volunteer battalions, military administrations and law enforcement agencies; problems of identifying certain groups of the population as volunteer formations; lack of proper financial and logistical support for territorial defense units of the Armed Forces and volunteer formations.
 It has been analyzed the main components of the territorial defense, including military, civil and military-civilian. The features of the creation of volunteer formations and territorial communities and the procedure for their recruitment are considered, as well the requirements of volunteers under the legislation of Ukraine.
 It is noted that the basis of volunteer formations of territorial communities should be the citizens of Ukraine who have completed military service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine or the service of other military formations and law enforcement agencies.
 It has also been defined the rules in accordance with which the citizens can participate in repelling and deterring the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and other states, including the rules that regulate the procedure for purchasing the firearms and the ammunition for it, as well as the procedure for its use in a military conflict.

The Concept of Stealth UAV to Support Air Defense System in Indonesia’s New Capital City

The phenomenon of moving the new capital city in Indonesia creates a new geostrategic perspective. Where in the process must be prepared carefully, especially in the aspect of defense and security systems. This study aims to provide an analysis concept of stealth Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to support the air defense system in Indonesia's new capital city area. The research method used is a qualitative approach by conducting a literature study. The results of the study reveal that the air defense system for Indonesia's new capital city is in accordance with the concept of a smart defense, the need for a platform/ air vehicle that can be used to carry out intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and even be able to carry out attacks in maintaining security in the Indonesian new capital city area by minimizing enemy detection. . And one platform is to use UAV with stealth which can provide advantages in terms of flexibility, reach, minimized operational risk, and the ability to perform operations that are not detected by enemy defense radar sensors.

Russia's evolving military strategy in response to NATO expansion: Continuity and changes

This article analyses the changes and continuities in the Russian Military Strategy in response to NATO’s expansionist policies. The methodology used is inter-disciplinary in nature as the discourse is based and conceptualised in the historical context with social insights into the contemporary development of events. The paper is divided into two sections: the first concerns NATO’s expansion, both during and after the cold war period; and the second examines the proposed Russian Military Strategy in response to NATO's increasing eastward expansion. It is concluded that Russia’s national security concepts and evolving expressions of military doctrine closely follow the process of NATO's expansion. The nature of forward deployment, defence concept and military strategy that NATO adopts are decisive in formulating and influencing not only Kremlin's perception but also its reaction, especially in the military field to alliance enlargement.

Analysis of the Position of the Tactical Vehicle Defense Industry on the National Defense Development in a Logistics Perspective

The defense industry is part of the pillars of empowering the state's defense posture, especially in times of peace. Tactical vehicles are part of the defense industry which is an industry downstream. In this research, we analyzed the position of the tactical vehicle industry on the part of national defense empowerment. The concept of national defense explains the defense and threat spectrum. The logistics concept provides a framework analysis of the national defense empowerment and military operations. The first analysis is the industry of tactical vehicles in legal aspect is part of national defense posture. On strategic logistic levels, this industry plays a role in meeting the needs of national defense empowerment requirements in tactical vehicles. The last, tactical logistics levels play the role as the main or support power in the military operations of TNI.

TASKS OF INFORMATION DEFENSE

The article continues the analysis of the concept of information defense proposed by the author in previously published works. The necessity of perception of information aggression on the same level as territorial aggression in order to ensure national security is proved. The tasks of information defense are considered, examples of information aggression are cited, and attention is focused on the problem of developing forms of state response to information aggression.

TASKS OF INFORMATION DEFENSE

The article continues the analysis of the concept of information defense proposed by the author in previously published works. The necessity of perception of information aggression on the same level as territorial aggression in order to ensure national security is proved. The tasks of information defense are considered, examples of information aggression are cited, and attention is focused on the problem of developing forms of state response to information aggression.

Sentencing over Objection to Mobilization as Military Reserve: An analysis of National and International Laws

Law Number 23 of 2019 concerning National Resource Management for State Defense does not regulate conscientious objection, which refers to the right of a person to refuse to participate in a war or military service on the grounds of religion and morality. Their absence in such services is replaced by other responsibilities such as working in public health services, providing security, and being involved in other social services. Article 77 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 23 of 2019 expressly provides for sentences that should be imposed on those who refuse to serve as a military reserve, where the rule is not in accordance with the principle of conscientious objection which gives a person the right to refuse on the basis of conscience. This research discusses the legal consequences of the enactment of two rules regarding military service and the application of different conscientious objections. This study applied normative juridical methods and approaches to examine the consistency and relevance of various statutes and government regulations that govern conscientious objection. This study also used conceptual and statutory approaches to explore why conscientious objection is considered a ground for refusal to participate in conscription according to International Human Rights Law. The findings revealed that the conception of defense and compulsory military service in Indonesia does not leave any chance to guarantee the rights of citizens to refuse to participate in military service according to the conscience and belief of every individual (conscientious objection). This is in contrast to the regulatory provisions of international human rights ratified by Indonesia under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Additionally, there is a need for clear arrangements regarding conscientious objection and the requirements that must be met by citizens who submit these principles for the rejection of military service in Indonesia.

PESAN BELA NEGARA DALAM WUJUD SILA KETIGA PERSATUAN DAN KESATUAN (STUDI KASUS SPANDUK SIMPATISAN HABIB RIZIEQ SHIHAB)

Defending the state is a patriotic form, both from attitude and behavior, as a form of love for the motherland based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, as well as Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. The application of state defense, among others, can be applied through outdoor media, such as messages inside banners. This study discusses the third principle of unity and integrity that the actions of Habib Rizieq Shihab's sympathizers want to echo through the media
 of banners. The purpose of this study is to examine three related elements in the concept of state defense, namely, people, regions, and government. This research uses a qualitative method with
 a communication approach, especially in the encoding process. The results showed that the message of defending the country under the banner of sympathizer Habib Rizieq Shihab was able to represent the value of unity of the third precept of Pancasila. This research is expected to be an academic reference in conveying the message of defending the country in communicative and informative
 outdoor media.

Intrinsic Security: A Robust Framework for Cloud-Native Network Slicing via a Proactive Defense Paradigm

Opening-up sharing has prompted the multi-tenancy architecture, whereby different vendors (including outsourcees) work together with network operators to form a vibrant service ecosystem, resulting in several advantages as well as risks. In particular, the static nature of existing architectures in network functions virtualization-based (NFV-based) clouds facilitate hacking. Thus, much attention has been focused on determining how to avoid the uncontrollable cloud security induced by complex production relations and non-trustworthy software/hardware sources when the two sets of security risks intersect. In this article, we investigate latent persistent threats against cloud environments and determine a high degree of complementarity and consistency between the NFV-based cloud environment and the dynamic defense concept. More specifically, new NFV-based cloud features provide an effective implementation for dynamic defense, while the generalized robustness of dynamic defense theory allows for high security gains. Intrinsic cloud security (iCS) is then proposed to align NFV-based clouds, mimicking defense and the moving target defense (MTD) paradigm to implement a seamless integration and symbiosis evolution between security and NFV-based clouds. We quantify the impact on system overhead to account for efficiency and cost issues. The simulation analysis demonstrates that the enhanced mode is able to consistently obtain a more beneficial and stable defense compared with the counterparts.

Wealth defence strategies of Bulgarian Oligarchs in the 1990s

ABSTRACT The rise of the ownership concentration has become a significant political and economic issue and one of the biggest policy questions in the newly forming democracies after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe. The so-called oligarchs have attracted great interest due to their influence in policy-making, whereby they pursued their own agenda. Much less systematic attention has been, however, devoted to how they do so. In this article, I use the concept of wealth defence to scrutinize the strategies of Bulgarian oligarchs for securing their fortune in the period between 1989 and 1997. This article reveals, contrary to the theoretical literature’s assumptions, that in a country where the rule of law was lacking, the oligarchs did not resort preferably to an actual assumption of power by holding a state office. Since their property rights were weak, they re-insured their property by employing a different set of strategies to ensure risk diversification.

POLITICAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGY INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMY IN HIS ROLE ACCELERATE COVID-19 MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

The involvement of the military in the global health crisis has started since the COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia, starting from the implementation of Large-Scale Social Restrictions to the implementation of the new normal adaptation phase, including the acceleration of vaccination. However, this involvement has its pros and cons. A number of parties regard it as something natural, while others criticize the urgency of involving the military. This study focuses on the political communication strategy of the roles of two defense institutions, namely the Indonesian National Army and the Ministry of Defense in dealing with COVID-19. The methodology used is a qualitative research design. Researchers used role theory, political communication concepts, national defense concepts, and pandemic handling concepts to analyze this study. The results of the study show that the TNI has a role in political PR in changing the good image of its institutions and is closely correlated in providing communication from the government, which is strategically in a number of fields such as health, security, and socio-economics in an effort to tackle COVID-19. The Ministry of Defense also plays a strategic role both internally and externally through collaboration with other ministries, domestic private companies, state-owned enterprises in the defense industry sector, and with other countries in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Revitalization of the Kuto Besak Fort in Palembang as an Indonesian Defense Heritage Asset

This research investigated the meaning of the revitalization process of colonial forts in Indonesia as defense heritage assets. This was a case study of the revitalization of Kuto Besak Fort in Palembang, South Sumatera. The researchers also analyzed the importance of studying defense heritage in defense diplomacy courses. The aim of this paper was to raise awareness about the defense heritage concept in Indonesia, as well as to create a framework that stakeholders could use to carry out the revitalization process. Qualitative methods were used through a literature review and examining references about the Kuto Besak revitalization process and Palembang history. Three theories were employed: the concept of defense heritage from Dr. Jeanne Francoise, defense diplomacy theory, and the revitalization definition from the Regional Revitalization Guidelines of the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works No.18/PRT/M/2010. It is hoped that this analysis can be used as an academic reference for the South Sumatera government to revitalize Kuto Besak fort, as well as to promote the idea of defense heritage in young people in Palembang, to increase their interest in the defense heritage values behind historical objects or buildings around them.
 Keywords: Indonesia, defense heritage, Kuto Besak fort, Palembang, South Sumatera, defense diplomacy, historical building, revitalization

Analisis Kebijakan Keamanan Nasional Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Kelembagaan dan Perkembangan Ancaman

Defense and security are two concepts that cannot be separated from the life of the nation and state. After Reformasi Era, the concepts of defense and security in Indonesia were absolutely separated, which was also followed by the separation of the TNI and POLRI, previously known as ABRI. This study analyzes the relevance of national security policies in Indonesia, which separates the concepts of defense and security, compared to the latest developments in threats to Indonesia's existence as a country. This study uses a qualitative method. This study finds that the complexity of the threats that come to the existence of the Indonesian state and the security of its people has developed into a multi-spectrum and cross-sectoral, so that cross-sectoral resources are needed for handling it. Referring to the Sishanta doctrine adopted by Indonesia, the handling of threats should be able to empower all resources owned by the components of the nation, not dichotomizing threats, and handling them comprehensively through good interagency. The plan to form a National Security Council is important to fill this gap, where this council is expected to be a forum for the final assessment of emerging threats to further direct state institutions in synergizing with one another, empowering their resources in handling threats.

Transformation Projects and Virtual Military Strategy

Major conflicts and wars are the fundament and important drivers for strong economies and their expansions. Military institutions are the ones who drive major technological transformation, evolution and innovation trends; like the USA’s Défense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which developed the Internet… Military technology transformation and innovation projects depend on financing capacities, geopolitics, economical strategies and demography. Countries, Armies, and institutions (or simply Entities) are increasingly using avant-garde technologies to gain substantial defence, geopolitical and economic advantages. Entities are today, facing new challenges and eventual risks, when implementing their vital organizational defence concept and distributed Information and Communication System (ICS). It is important to find the right balance between, Optimal Innovative Military Technology (OIMT), biotech’s evolution, military strategy, geopolitical context, combative capabilities, and the evolution of demography, which is probably the most important factor. The stability of an Entity depends on a well-defined OIMT Strategy to support the Entity’s evolution. This article proposes the fundaments of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to support Virtual Reality (VR) for OIMT (VR4OIMT) integration. The author’s Applied Holistic Mathematical Model (AHMM) for VR (AHMM4VR) is the result of research on AI-based VR, business, financial and organizational transformations using a mathematical model’s concept (Trad & Kalpić, 2020a). The AI based VR4OIMT manages and evaluates VR activities in projects, which are complex. Weightings of factors and areas are used as variables in the VR4OIMT. VR’s main problem is peoples’ addiction and subject areas’ complexities, due to the excessive use if VR based videogames which have exponentially expended and making decisions based on simple simulations (Acer, 2018)