Concept Of Decentralization Research Articles

The Evaluation of Regional Head Election: Developing Synergy of Regional Autonomy and Regional Head Election

The reform aims to achieve democracy, prosperity, and justice at the local level. Even though the reform process has been rolling for more than two decades, the goal of reform in realizing local democracy through an ideal regional head election is still far from expectations. This study aims to analyze the causes of the absence of synergy between regional autonomy and regional elections and identify the causes. A qualitative approach is used in the literature review method. The result showed that the root of the problem is not creating a synergy between regional autonomy and regional head elections because the application of the decentralization concept in Indonesia is dominated by the administrative decentralization perspective and the lack of actualizing the political perspective decentralization. The definitions of decentralization and regional autonomy in Acts tend to preserve centralization. Besides, regional autonomy's main objective places more emphasis on the administrative objectives of government and regional development rather than the development of local democracy. The lack of synergy between regional autonomy and regional elections is the gap between expectations and reality and conflicts at the ideological and technical levels. The gap between expectations and reality can be seen from the hope of realizing the acceleration of the democratization process at the local level, but technically, regional autonomy is characterized by an oligarchy of political parties and transactional politics. There are some suggestions for the Ministry of Home Affairs to revise the policy packages for decentralization and regional autonomy, especially in articles regulating the definition and objectives of regional autonomy, as well as revising Acts of Regional Head Election and Acts of Political Parties, particularly regarding the mechanism for nominating regional heads.

Pemekaran Daerah Luwu Raya Sebagai Isu Kampanye Pemilihan Gubernur Sulawesi Selatan

Regional expansion is argued to improve people's welfare, the quality of public services, create good and efficient local government, and build substantive democracy at the local level. Regional expansion must consider aspects of urgency and capacity. The policy process for regional expansion in Indonesia is bottom-up and is dominated by a political process rather than an administrative process. This issue raised in the momentum of the Pilkada, but until the 2018 period it had not yet been realized. This study aims to explain the issue of regional expansion of Luwu Raya during the regional elections for Governor and the Vice Governor of South Sulawesi in 2009, 2013 and 2018 and the obstacles. Data obtained from official government documents and reports. The data presented is the result of the clustering process, descriptive analysis of interview transcripts and processed as research results. The relationship between the elite is the focus of the analysis in this study. Researchers further explore the political dynamics of local elites in the discourse of regional expansion. It examines the issue of regional expansion becomes a political campaign maneuver aims to collect electoral votes. The concept of decentralization does not made the political process of regional expansion easily to realize. The practice of decentralization governance not only changing the implementation of governance in the regional administrative but also the implementation of politics at the local level. Political elites compete for electoral barns as a manifestation of local political practices that coincide with the issue of regional expansion.

Застосування інструментів децентралізації у соціальній сфері в Україні на прикладі Республіки Польща

Since 2014, among many reforms, decentralization has been instrumental in creating transparent, open and effective local governance that will ensure the quality and accessibility of services in all spheres of community life, including the social sphere (quality social services) in Ukraine As for the development of the social services system in the context of the transition period of decentralization, there are priorities in this way, regarding the complexity of the provision of social services, their accessibility, targeting and effectiveness, as well as increasing attention to each person (client). Such priorities are possible provided there is an integrated approach to community-based social services. The article explores the issues of social sphere in Ukraine. The focus is on the substance and importance of the concept of decentralization for the social sphere. The legal analys is of the application of decentralization instruments in the social sphere in the neigh boring country – the Republic of Poland – is carried out. The main directions of the implementation of the social policy of the Republic of Poland are described in order to meet their requirements of decentralization. The necessity to introduce decentralization tools for the Republic of Poland for the effective functioning of the social sphere is confirmed. The main problems of centralized management of social sphere in Ukraine are analyzed. Conclusions are made as to the expediency of using decentralization tools in the contemporary social sphere of Ukraine. Keywords: social sphere, social policy, decentralization, decentralization instruments, social services, social institutions

MUTU DALAM LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Management is a theory that is used as a foundation to carry out all organizational activities which have been jointly determined, in order to achieve togetherness of vision and mission in institutions, of educational institutions in particular, both in the domain of national and institutional objectives. Improving the quality of education becomes a very urgent problem, related to customers, from direct education users "learners" of society in general, to continue to improve develop all potential which is institutionally, will be facilitated by educational institutions, in the concept of decentralization of education in the management, implementation, development, and policy determinants in a structured manner, starting from the central government, provincial government, regional / city government, educational institutions to the class or teacher who directly become the main executor in the process of educational journey series.Keywords: quality, Islamic education institution

The Legal Status of the National Data Protection Authority in light of the Regulatory State Theory

Purpose ”“ The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adequacy of the legal nature of the National Data Protection Authority (ANPD), proposed by Law no. 13.853/19, to the reality of Brazilian Law, starting from the theoretical bases developed by the Regulatory State Theory regarding the valorization of the technical decision immune to political influences.
 Methodology ”“ This study adopts the doctrine revision of the Regulatory State Theory, aiming to point the theoretical bases on the autonomy of the regulatory entities, in order to make the comparison of adequacy between the legal nature of the ANPD placed in Law no. 13.709/18 and the material concept of administrative decentralization.
 Findings ”“ The study demonstrates that the Brazilian legal-political tradition will make it difficult for the National Data Protection Supervisor to act in view of its legal nature as a public body that is part of the structure of the Presidency of the Republic, which greatly relativizes its autonomy.
 Practical Implications ”“ The probable revision of the legal nature of the ANPD, as provided for in art. 55-A, §1, of Law no. 13.709/18, and the effectiveness of the performance of this National Authority.
 Originality ”“ A very current issue in the Brazilian legal environment is the suitability of the companies that will be affected by the entry into force of the General Data Protection Act (Law no. 13.709/18) in August 2020, due to the comprehensive potential of this law. This paper studies the legal nature of the National Data Protection Authority, a regulatory body that will have a relevant regulatory role in the data economy society, highlighting the relevance of the study to the sector.

An Analysis of Village Fund Implementation in Central Java Province: An Institutional Theory Approach With a Modeling Institutional Aspect

The implementation of the fiscal decentralization concept in Indonesia has completed with the issuance of the Village Law and Village Fund Program. Nevertheless, some problems arose in the application. This study aims to map the issues and to build a relationship model based on institutional theory, using content analysis and triangle approach interviews. The study concludes that the Village Fund is profoundly affected by the coercive element that is sourced from the authority of the government to regulate and supervise the program. The coercive then influence the normative in which the regulation frame and strict implementation lead to the difficulties to fulfill the administrative requirements. It then affects the cognitive element on how to make sustain and executable planning of the Village Fund Program, which leads to poor planning, so that difficult to be executed. As it is mandatory, the program is still run improvised that makes the output utilization was low. 

Desentralisasi Asimetris Kewenangan Provinsi Kepulauan dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam untuk Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

The research entitled Asymmetric Decentralization of the Authority of Archipelago Provinces in Natural Resources Management to Realize Community Welfare aims to (1) determine the meaning and urgency of implementing the concept of asymmetric decentralization in regulating the authority of archipelagic provinces; and (2) analyze how the authority of the archipelagic provinces in the management of natural resources can create public welfare. This research is a normative legal research (juridical normative) using approaches including: a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach. This research uses the main theory "welfare law state theory" to analyze the achievement of the goal of legal development, namely the welfare of the community. In order to analyze the existing problems, several relevant concepts were also used, including: (1) the concept of asymmetric decentralization and regional autonomy; and (2) the concept of an archipelagic state and archipelagic province that is specifically focused on the formulation of the norms of regional government authority in provinces characterized by islands.Keywords: Asymmetric Decentralization, Islands, Natural Resources

Modern concepts of budget decentralization

Actuality of the theme of the research. Ukraine's European integration process involves a series of reforms, one of which is budget decentralization. It must ensure the financial autonomy and capacity of local communities in accordance with European standards. The statement of the problem. Carrying out budgetary decentralization reform requires a detailed study of the concept's origins to understand its essence, as well as to compare it with financial and fiscal decentralization. The analysis of the last researches and the publications. Scientists such as M. Bell, V. Bodrov, J. Buchanan, R. Gatti, M. Derkach, R. Musgrave, W. Oates, P. Samuelson, and C. Tiebout, R. Fisman and others have devoted their scientific works to the issues of theoretical substantiation of the provisions of fiscal decentralization. The statement of the purpose the research. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the conceptual provisions of budget, fiscal and financial decentralization and their correlation. Research method or methodology. The research methods that are used in the article include comparative analysis, generalizations, grouping, comparisons, etc. The results of the work. The article deals with the process of becoming a concept of "fiscal decentralization". It is compared with the concept of "financial decentralization", and it is proved that they are synonymous. The concept of "budget decentralization" is considered and its relation with the concept of fiscal and financial decentralization is determined. The advantages and disadvantages of budget decentralization are identified. Conclusions. Thus, the results of the studying show that the concepts of fiscal and financial decentralization are synonymous. Instead, budget decentralization is a component of fiscal decentralization. One of the problems of introducing budget decentralization is the ability of local authorities to abuse their own position, to commit corruption. That’s why, it is necessary to establish state financial control at the local level.

Localization in Social Policy Development and Social Work Practices: The Case Study of Sakarya Metropolitan Municipality Social Development Center

Modern dünya düzeni, ekonomik, teknolojik gelişme ve yenilikler bireylerin ihtiyaç hiyerarşisini değiştirmiş, refah toplumunun ruhunu oluşturan sosyal devlet ve sosyal belediyecilik anlayışı yaygınlaşmış, yeni yerel sosyal politika üretim ve uygulamalarına ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Yerel yönetimlerin bölgesel farklılıklar, gelişmişlik düzeyi, yerel halkın sosyoekonomik ve kültürel yapısını daha iyi tanıması, sorunlara hâkim olması ve halka daha yakın olması sosyal politika üretimi ve uygulamalarında söz sahibi olmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Bu makalenin amacı; sosyal politika uygulamalarının ve sosyal hizmetlerin yerelleştirilerek merkezi yönetim yerine yerinden yönetim tarafından üretilip uygulanmasının önem ve gerekliliğini Sakarya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Sosyal Gelişim Merkezinin hizmet ve uygulamaları özelinde açıklamaktır. Araştırma ‘durum çalışması (örnek olay)’ yöntemine dayalı ‘iç içe geçmiş tek durum deseni’ niteliği taşımaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında görüşme tekniği kullanılarak merkez yöneticileri ve çalışanları ile mülakatlar yapılmış, merkezin hizmet ve faaliyetlerine yönelik dokümanlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın teorik alt yapısında ise sosyal politika, sosyal hizmet, sosyal belediyecilik, merkezi yönetim ve yerinden yönetim kavramları incelenerek sosyal hizmet ile ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda yereldeki sosyal sorunların çözümü için uygulanabilir yerel sosyal politikalar üretilmesi ve yerel yönetimler tarafından sosyal hizmet perspektifinde uygulanmasının merkezi yönetim uygulamalarına göre daha etkin ve verimli olacağı kanaati ortaya çıkmıştır.

A Simple Macroeconomic Model of Decentralized Emission Markets Based on the Solow Growth Model

As technology revolutionizes the methods of both production and communication, economists have to respond to new market structures and efficiencies, and the controversial concept of decentralization emerging in recent decades should also be examined in terms of its capacity to induce structural changes in the economy. This paper takes look at one specific market of interest and models the decentralization of a hypothetical emission quota market with the inclusion of households though automated auctions, in order to provide a preliminary analysis of how the redistribution of emission quotas would impact short-run equilibrium in this market and long-run growths; Given the endogenous dynamics, we would also examine the effects of exogenous technological shocks, For the purpose and scope of this paper, a simple mathematical formulation based on the Solow growth model as well as certain strong assumptions derived from economic intuitions is established, aiming to provide a more quantitative illustration of the effects from decentralization on such a system.

Fog Computıng – A Rasperry Pı Decentralızed Network

Ever since the concept of parallel processing and remote computation became feasible, Cloud computing is at its highest peak in its popularity. Although cloud computing is effective and feasible in its usage, using the cloud for frequent operations may not be the be the most optimal solution. Hence the concept of FOG proves to be more optimal and efficient. In this paper, we propose a solution by improving the FOG computing concept of decentralization by implementing a secure distributed files system utilizing the IPFS and the Ethereum Blockchain technology. Our proposed system has proved to be efficient by successfully distributing the data in a Raspberry Pi network. The outcome of this work will assist FOG architects in implementing this system in their infrastructure and also prove to be effective for IoT developers in implementing a Raspberry Pi decentralized network while providing more security to the data.

DECENTRALIZATION AND CORRUPTION IN POST-1998 CRISIS ASIA IN IMF ASSISTANCE RECEIVER COUNTRY

Rapid action must be taken by countries to handle the 1998 Asian crisis, one of which is through IMF loans, hopefully by promoting economic development. Unfortunately, IMF recipient countries must adjust the prescription of good governance ala IMF is identical to decentralization, as a result the power from the central government is distributed to the regional government. The presence of this prescription makes corruption still exist even more extends to the regional level. The article argues that the conditions of corruption in several Asian countries that receive IMF assistance still exist, even extending to the regional level where this is closely related to the IMF prescription which is identical to the concept of decentralization. This article focuses on several IMF recipient countries, namely Thailand, South Korea, the Philippines and especially Indonesia. This article uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. In conclusion, the application of this concept, checks & balances must be further improved because power is distributed to the regional level so that corruption in the country becomes more resolved.

Rethinking corruption on fiscal decentralization and global competitiveness Nexus

PurposeThis study investigates the effects of fiscal decentralization on global competitiveness through the level of corruption. This study aims to clarify the causal impacts of fiscal decentralization policy on the achievement of competitiveness rank considering the degree of corruption in a country.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses an empirical study using both cross-country arithmetic mean and panel data, covering ten-year period (2005-2014). The analysis uses both linear and non-linear specification in search of actual intermediating effects of corruption with controlling the possible endogeneity.FindingsThe paper provides empirical insights about corruption effects of fiscal decentralization on global competitiveness. It suggests that increasing level of fiscal decentralization has a positive contribution to competitiveness for the less-corrupt countries. The adverse effects appear for corrupt countries where the delegation of fiscal authority should endanger the country competitiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThis research exploits the well-known measurement of fiscal decentralization, the degree of corruption and competitiveness. Therefore, this measurement might be challenged for representing the real concept of decentralization, corruption and competitiveness, furthermore its relationship. Despite the limitation, this research explores the entanglement of fiscal decentralization, corruption and competitiveness.Practical implicationsThe paper provides the implications for the national policymakers about decentralizing the fiscal authority to achieve higher competitiveness level, through assessing their state of corruption.Originality/valueThe research provides additional comments for Oates’ (1972) decentralization theorem in connection to competitiveness, by adding corruption level as pre-requisite condition.

The Emergence of Decentralised Centralism in the South African Education Governance System

After the advent of post-apartheid democracy, the government was confronted with the dilemma of how to address the inequities of the apartheid education dispensation by increasing access and participation while simultaneously allowing self-managing schools and promoting efficiency. In addition, the political transformation was accompanied by a strong emphasis on the need for shared responsibility for the governance of schools by local school governing bodies (SGBs) in partnership with the state. However, it is argued that ‘decentralised centralism’ has permeated the South African education system at the expense of the notion of community participation. The first part of the article examines the concepts of decentralisation and decentralised centralism. This is followed by an examination of the enactment of decentralisation in the South African education system. The third section shows how re-regulation of the periphery has gradually led to the education system becoming more centralised and how vested interests contributed to the development of decentralised centralism. The article concludes with a discussion of the schism between policy idealism and the practical reality and the connection between a legitimacy crisis and political realism as drivers of the movement towards decentralised centralism in the South African education system.

Удосконалення фінансової основи місцевого самоврядування в контексті децентралізації, реалізації бюджетної та податкової політики держави

Розвиток сучасного муніципального права України відбувається на якісно новому рівні. Концепції децентралізації, деконцентрації державної влади, зокрема децентралізації фінансів, є предметом посиленої уваги під час політико-правових дискусій і практичного втілення результатів доктринальних та інших теоретичних досліджень. Мета цієї публікації – запропонувати шляхи розв’язання проблем правового регулювання процесу фінансової децентралізації в Україні на підставі результатів аналізу законодавства, а також подальшого вдосконалення фінансової основи територіальних громад і системи місцевого самоврядування в Україні. Методологія. Для досягнення окресленої мети застосовано загальнонаукові методи, насамперед – діалектичний метод наукового пізнання реальних явищ, а також акцентовано на його використанні під час дослідження діяльності органів місцевого самоврядування в Україні. Визначальними є також спеціальні методи дослідження: метод системного аналізу; системно-структурний – для висвітлення змісту досліджуваних категорій і правових явищ, формування понятійно-категоріального апарату; порівняльно-правовий, формально-логічний, статистичний, прогностичний тощо. Наукова новизна статті полягає в удосконаленні теоретичного розуміння змісту фінансової децентралізації на рівні місцевого самоврядування. Реалізація права на місцеве самоврядування, захист законних інтересів членів територіальних громад, які покладено на органи й посадових осіб місцевого самоврядування, потребують перегляду пріоритетів і напрямів бюджетної та податкової політики держави в сучасних умовах, здійснення фінансової децентралізації в інтересах громад і місцевих жителів. Висновки. Одним із напрямів сучасної муніципальної реформи в Україні є децентралізація державно-владних повноважень, зокрема її різновид – фінансова децентралізація. На підставі результатів аналізу проблемних питань створення та функціонування територіальних громад як юридичних осіб публічного права визначено перспективи вдосконалення їхнього статусу, фінансових та інших засад організації, діяльності територіальних громад. Вивчення співвідношення централізації та децентралізації державно-владних повноважень, реформи міжбюджетних відносин дали змогу сформулювати пропозиції щодо підвищення рівня ефективності інституційного та нормативного механізмів діяльності системи місцевого самоврядування, продовження фінансової децентралізації з метою забезпечення соціально-економічного розвитку територіальних громад в Україні.

Research on Block-Chain-Based Intelligent Transaction and Collaborative Scheduling Strategies for Large Grid

In view of the problems of large-grid-level centralized transactions and dispatch centers with information asymmetry and high processing costs, a completely decentralized transaction architecture and a weak centralized scheduling strategy based on block-chain are proposed. Firstly, the concepts of transaction decentralization and scheduling decentralization are defined, and the reliability of distributed transaction communication is studied. Built a blockchain transaction risk control model based on the communication credit consensus mechanism. Secondly, under the weakly centralized scheduling architecture based on the autonomous chain of substations, security checks are performed, and temporary central nodes are set up to perform scheduling tasks. Finally, an improved evolutionary game algorithm is used to solve the above model, and the optimal solution is obtained by dynamically updating the credibility.

The Process of Decentralization Management Based on Foreign Experience

The democratization of relations in society among developed countries, in most cases, is accompanied by the concept of fiscal decentralization. Today the priority in the world is the reform of public administration and decentralization which results in the abandonment of the centralized model of governance and the introduction of an effective system of territorial organization, financial self-sufficiency of local governments and expanding their budgets. In the current state of the economy of Ukraine and its regions there are a number of negative phenomena due to the loss of production potential, insufficient level of entrepreneurial activity, the presence of a significant level of shadow economy, resulting in economic instability and economic crisis. Thus, today there are many unresolved issues regarding the effective strategy of regulating the processes of decentralization of the management system, the equal distribution of powers at the local level and an effective strategy for the formation and distribution of the local budget. The task is to reform the country's inter-budgetary relations. However, the key to success in successfully reforming the state's governance system is to ensure economic decentralization with financial support from the central government in the initial stages. This strategy was followed by most developed countries in Europe and the world. Therefore, it is advisable to analyze the main advantages, risks and disadvantages of a decentralized management system based on foreign experience. Historical and modern strategies of reforming the management system of the leading countries of the world are considered.The scientific article considers the problematic aspects of the reforms and their specific implementation in countries such as Germany, Poland, Great Britain and Sweden. Prospects for the development of reform in Ukraine are identified and the main problems that arose at the first stage of the decentralization process are identified.

Methodological Bases of Fiscal Decentralization of Incomes in the Conditions of Formation of Budgetary Federalization of the Unitary State

The article reveals the organizational and economic essence and financial content of the budget federalization of the unitary state. The criteria of financial potential of the region (gross regional product as a result of financial and economic activity of the territory) and redistribution of fiscal powers of national, regional and local levels (achieving completeness of material and value cycle of components of reproductive processes of human and social capital according to tasks development policy). Systematized theoretical and real models of fiscal decentralization of different researchers and specific countries. Five concepts of fiscal decentralization are generalized with a focus on the introduction of socially adequate management in Ukraine in the intergovernmental regulation of revenues and expenditures. The main strategic directions of further development of fiscal policy and the main tasks of improving fiscal decentralization in the conditions of creation of the United Territorial Communities are given. Keywords budget federalism, fiscal decentralization, financial autonomy, revenues, expendi

Проблеми реформи децентралізації влади в Україні

The article deals with the governmental decentralization in Ukraine; it studies association of territorial communities and increasing their own financial capabilities, as a result of decentralization. An analysis of the reform of local self-government at the basic level – the association of territorial communities is conducted. The article studies the theoretical principles of decentralization, systematizes its forms and tools, summarizing the conclusions of the leading scientists in this field. The author identifies the key advantages and disadvantages of decentralization in Ukraine along with revealing related threats. Based on the analysis, the concept of decentralization of power is defined, and it is proposed to conduct a list of actions for the proper functioning of local authorities. Modern research in the field of reforming public authorities and local self-government is analyzed. The historical aspect, which created the need for reform of local self-government, is considered. The experience of governmental reform in other countries and its impact on Ukraine is presented. Based on the analysis, the concept of decentralization of power is defined, it is proposed to conduct a list of actions for the proper functioning of local government. Considered acts adopted under the reform. As a result, the process of decentralization needs a careful complex approach by qualified persons and understanding of capabilities by the local communities. Importance of implementation of the reform of decentralization of power for development of Ukraine as democratic constitutional state is proved. The legislative framework for implementation of the reform of decentralization of power is analyzed. The necessity of carrying out constructive changes in the functioning of local government is substantiated. An approach to scientific capability analysis is proposed newly formed territorial communities can be used to develop systemic mechanism to ensure the formation of capable territorial communities and their further development, improving the implementation of reforms with decentralization in Ukraine. The components of the implementation of decentralization of power are given, namely, the development of political, legal, organizational and economic components.

The Decentralization, Devolution and Local Governance Practices in Nepal: The Emerging Challenges and Concerns

Nepal has been facing political changes and systems over the decades. Presently Nepal has adopted the unitary federal political system. Under the system, devolution of power is shared to local levels in order to strengthen localism and development. The devolution is a broader concept of decentralization where power and authority are provided to a sub-national level of government constitutionally. This paper discusses the devolution and its implication on local levels that are directly related to local people and grass-roots democracy. The Constitution of Nepal 2015, Local Government Operations Act 2017, Inter Governmental Fiscal Transfer Act 2017 and other sectoral legislation and published related documents are reviewed for this paper. Besides, three numbers of local levels (rural municipalities) are taken as an empirical inquiry to find out the problems and challenges facing by local levels. The Constitution of Nepal 2015 provided enough power and authority to the local levels based on devolution under federalism. Despite that, the inadequacy of laws, and policies, and lacking coordination between local levels and center-province and poor mobilization are major challenges to local levels and the question of good governance and leadership is more pronounced in this regard. The relationship among the center, province and local levels is still debatable. Overall, the present collateral form of local governance is not being well functioned. The effectiveness of Leadership seems to be important to cope with local governance for local development and grass-roots democracy.