Concept Of Compensation Research Articles

Digital-Twin virtual model real-time construction via spatio-temporal cascade reconstruction for full-field plastic deformation monitoring in metal tube bending manufacturing

Digital Twin (DT) technology, which integrates multi-source information, is extensively applied for comprehensive monitoring, predicting, and optimizing manufacturing processes. The core of this technology is the Digital Twin Virtual Model (DTVM), which acts as a virtual mirror reflecting the real-world physical processes within a digital environment. In processes like tube bending, constructing a real-time DTVM capable of capturing full-field plastic deformation is essential for monitoring and analyzing plastic behavior. However, existing DTVMs often simplify spatial resolution and suffer from temporal delays, impeding the accurate real-time depiction of the complete state of the real physical processes. To address this issue, a real-time DTVM construction method based on spatio-temporal cascade reconstruction was proposed for full-field plastic deformation monitoring in metal tube bending. Initially, a joint-section driven predefined bending tube coordinate representation method was introduced to comprehensively capture the entire plastic deformation area in bending tubes. Subsequently, through a physics-derived model integrating limited real-time data and plastic forming theory, a low-fidelity model with complete but low accuracy was obtained. This model was subsequently refined into a high-fidelity model with both completeness and high accuracy using the proposed FPDR-Net. To eliminate temporal lags, the concept of compensation for time-delay through prediction was introduced. The newly developed TSCR-Net was applied to leverage past data to predict the present state, thereby achieving real-time synchronization mapping between the physical process and the DTVM. Finally, the proposed real-time reconstruction method for monitoring was validated through a case study on the bending of a 6061-T6 tube. The accuracy of full-field plastic deformation reconstruction was compared to traditional algorithms and finite element methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach is highly efficient for real-time and full-field plastic deformation monitoring.

TO THE CONCEPT OF INSURANCE INDEMNITY UNDER MOTOR TPL CONTRACTS

The present study is devoted to the issue of defining the concept of insurance compensation under contracts of compulsory motor third party liability insurance (hereinafter - CMTPL) in the system of related concepts of CMTPL using the formal-legal method of research. The article considers various approaches of insurance organisations to the concept of insurance indemnity in the context of legal relations in the field of CMTPL insurance, as well as examines the practical problems faced by both professional participants of the insurance services market - insurers, and persons who apply to them, whose property, in particular vehicles, has suffered as a result of damage caused to them by the perpetrators of road accidents. The paper analyses both regulatory legal acts in the field of CMTPL insurance and the practice of insurance organisations in carrying out their obligations under CMTPL insurance contracts in terms of insurance indemnities and related concepts: ‘insurance payments', “organisation of vehicle repair”, “insurance amounts”, etc. The paper concludes that it is necessary to establish legally the definition of the concept of insurance indemnity, to include in the content of this concept the organisation or payment for repairs within the insurance sum, and to justify the need to increase the terms of insurance indemnity in the form of repairs under CMTPL insurance contracts from thirty to forty-five days.

Concept of error compensation for non-orthogonality in two-axis displacement measurement system utilizing single grating scale and Littrow configuration

Concept of error compensation for non-orthogonality in two-axis displacement measurement system utilizing single grating scale and Littrow configuration

Reimbursement or compensation for damages caused by war: the civil law aspect

The article is devoted to the study of the correlation between the concepts of reimbursement and compensation for damages, including during the war. The author highlights the issue of distinguishing between the concepts of reimbursement and compensation as synonymous categories. It is determined that the term “compensation” is broader in scope and includes the narrower term “reimbursement”, as well as additional features – remuneration or payments. It is proposed to change the use of the established phrase “reimbursement of moral damage” to “compensation for moral damage” due to the impossibility of accurate determination of the amount of reimbursement due to the non-property component and the need to compensate a person for a certain amount of compensation for suffering, especially in wartime. It is established that the categories of “damage” and “losses” are not identical. The characteristic features of both concepts are analysed. Losses are defined as material losses which should be determined in monetary terms. Damage is a broader concept and is considered to be the negative consequences of unlawful behaviour towards a certain entity in connection with the violation of its rights. Damage can be tangible or intangible, which is not inherent in losses. It is proved that damage and losses are interrelated, i.e. damage may include losses, but only in respect of property damage. It is emphasised that losses are defined as losses due to damage or destruction of property or losses which a person could have suffered. It is determined that the definition of “non-pecuniary damage” contains a reference to the fact that it is also disclosed as losses of a non-property nature. The article analyses and notes that losses are deprivation of a person of a certain benefit. Non-pecuniary damage is inflicted on a person in non-property terms and cannot be considered losses. The particularities of reimbursement of damage caused by war are considered. The article establishes the absence of a single mechanism for reimbursement of damages caused by violation of their rights as a result of armed aggression. The need and possibility of reimbursement, in addition to property damage, of moral damage caused by war is revealed. It is emphasised that today the State, either independently or with the involvement of international partners, provides compensation to victims of war.

Compensation as Radical Transformation

This paper draws on the concurring judgment of Froneman J in Agri SA to articulate a "new and fresh approach" to the power to expropriate and duty to compensate in section 25 of the Constitution. In Agri SA, the Constitutional Court had to consider whether the provisions in the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) expropriated property and, if so, what form of compensation was required as a result. The answers that Froneman J provides, rooted in his conception of "compensation in kind", offer a framework to enable rational, purposive and wide-ranging transformation of property through legislation. Work, though, is needed to clarify the structure and implications of his approach. This paper provides that clarity. After an introduction, Part 2 unpacks the transformative, i.e., radical, nature of the change effected by the MPRDA, distinguishing it from reform. Armed with this distinction, it is argued that Froneman J's concepts of expropriation and compensation are rooted in a practical concern for: (a) the good and bad forms of being that Parliament wanted to facilitate and frustrate by way of the MPRDA; (b) the relations constitutive of these forms; and (c) the property that is needed to facilitate or frustrate the relations and forms. Part 3 clarifies the nature of Froneman's approach, by focusing on s 25(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, demonstrating that the factors it lists are concerned with maximally facilitating old and new goods, whilst always conscious of the fact that transformation by nature cannot avoid the need to sacrifice some goods for the sake of others. Part 4 offers some concluding thoughts.

Concepts for compensation of wave effects when measuring through water surfaces in photogrammetric applications

Abstract. A common problem when imaging and measuring through moving water surfaces is the quasi-random refraction caused by waves. The article presents two strategies to overcome this problem by lowering the complexity down to a planer air/water interface problem. In general, the methods assume that the shape of the water surface changes randomly over time and that the water surface moves around an idle-state (calm planar water surface). Thus, moments at which the surface normal is orientated vertically should occur more frequently than others should. By analysing a sequence of images taken from a stable camera position these moments could be identified – this can be done in the image or object space. It will be shown, that a simple median filtering of grey values in each pixel position can provide a corrected image freed from wave and glint effects. This should have the geometry of an image taken through calm water surface. However, in case of multi camera setups, the problem can be analysed in object space. By tracking homological underwater features, sets of image rays hitting accidently horizontal orientated water surface areas can be identified. Both methods are described in depth and evaluated on real and simulated data.

Multitasking across the lifespan in different task contexts

We assessed lifespan development of multitasking in a sample of 187 individuals aged 8–82 years. Participants performed a visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) task together with either postural control or reaction time (RT) tasks. Using criterion-referenced testing we individually adjusted difficulty levels for the VSWM task to control for single-task differences. Age-differences in single-task performances followed U-shaped patterns with young adults outperforming children and older adults. Multitasking manipulations yielded robust performance decrements in VSWM, postural control and RT tasks. Presumably due to our adjustment of VSWM challenges, costs in this task were small and similar across age groups suggesting that age-differential costs found in earlier studies largely reflected differences already present during single-task performance. Age-differences in multitasking costs for concurrent tasks depended on specific combinations. For VSWM and RT task combinations increases in RT were the smallest for children but pronounced in adults highlighting the role of cognitive control processes. Stabilogram diffusion analysis of postural control demonstrated that long-term control mechanisms were affected by concurrent VSWM demands. This interference was pronounced in older adults supporting concepts of compensation or increased cognitive involvement in sensorimotor processes at older age. Our study demonstrates how a lifespan approach can delineate the explanatory scope of models of human multitasking.

JUSTICE OF COMPENSATION FOR APPROPRIATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF OPENING ROADS IN JORDANIAN LAW (A COMPARATIVE STUDY)

Objective: This study aims to define the concept of fair compensation, and how the Jordanian constitution gives the ordinary legislator the authority to determine the nature of fair compensation so that he may stipulate deducting part of the property free of charge, or did the constitutional legislator grant the ordinary legislator the authority to determine how to estimate the value of fair compensation as stated in Comparative legislation. Theoretical Framework: The study employs a theoretical framework rooted in distributive justice theory, particularly drawing upon the perspectives of Rawls, Nozick, and Sen, the study evaluates the principles underlying fair compensation and its practical application in legal systems. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study follows a comparative analytical descriptive approach in dealing with the position of comparative legislation on fair compensation in the first requirement, and we will devote the second requirement to the position of the Jordanian legislator on fair compensation stipulated in Jordanian legislation. Result: The results of the study showed that appropriation for the public benefit has become recognized in constitutions and comparative legislations, as these legislations have defined the procedures for obtaining real estate to be appropriated in order to achieve the public benefit, and these legislations also included the principle of the owner's right to receive fair compensation that compensates the damage caused as a result of appropriation. Research, Practical & Social Implications: The study concluded that the legislations have differed in how to estimate fair compensation, some of which stipulate that the compensation must be complete without taking into account the impact of ownership on the remaining parts of the property and neighboring properties, and some of which introduced the concept of a free quarter such as the Jordanian law of ownership in the acquisitions of roads. This study came to show the fairness of the free quarter deduction in the acquisition of roads in the Jordanian acquisition law compared to what is applied in the comparative legislation. Originality/Value: The study provides original insights into the concept of fair compensation in Jordanian law, offering recommendations for legislative reforms to enhance distributive justice in expropriation cases.

JUSTICE OF COMPENSATION FOR APPROPRIATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF OPENING ROADS IN JORDANIAN LAW (A COMPARATIVE STUDY)

Objective: This study aims to define the concept of fair compensation, and how the Jordanian constitution gives the ordinary legislator the authority to determine the nature of fair compensation so that he may stipulate deducting part of the property free of charge, or did the constitutional legislator grant the ordinary legislator the authority to determine how to estimate the value of fair compensation as stated in Comparative legislation. Theoretical Framework: The study employs a theoretical framework rooted in distributive justice theory, particularly drawing upon the perspectives of Rawls, Nozick, and Sen, the study evaluates the principles underlying fair compensation and its practical application in legal systems. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study follows a comparative analytical descriptive approach in dealing with the position of comparative legislation on fair compensation in the first requirement, and we will devote the second requirement to the position of the Jordanian legislator on fair compensation stipulated in Jordanian legislation. Result: The results of the study showed that appropriation for the public benefit has become recognized in constitutions and comparative legislations, as these legislations have defined the procedures for obtaining real estate to be appropriated in order to achieve the public benefit, and these legislations also included the principle of the owner's right to receive fair compensation that compensates the damage caused as a result of appropriation. Research, Practical & Social Implications: The study concluded that the legislations have differed in how to estimate fair compensation, some of which stipulate that the compensation must be complete without taking into account the impact of ownership on the remaining parts of the property and neighboring properties, and some of which introduced the concept of a free quarter such as the Jordanian law of ownership in the acquisitions of roads. This study came to show the fairness of the free quarter deduction in the acquisition of roads in the Jordanian acquisition law compared to what is applied in the comparative legislation. Originality/Value: The study provides original insights into the concept of fair compensation in Jordanian law, offering recommendations for legislative reforms to enhance distributive justice in expropriation cases.

Volunteers, Civil Servants, and Street-Level Bureaucrats: What Motivates Poll Workers to Serve on the Front-Lines of Elections?

As election officials have come under increased scrutiny in the wake of the 2020 presidential election, research considering poll workers’ motivations offers a window into the human dimension of election administration. As public employees that work infrequently, poll workers perform their roles as government agents a few times a year (at most) for long hours and very low pay. Drawing upon original survey data collected from more than 1,000 poll workers in four Arizona counties between April and May, 2019, this study utilizes public service motivation (PSM) as a theoretical framework to explore whether and to what extent election workers express PSM. Ultimately, concepts of civic duty, social engagement, compensation, and social desirability are uncovered as factors motivating front-line election workers. The findings offer actionable insight on how workers can be better recruited to implement U.S. elections.

Professional Blood Donors: Ethical Concerns and Complexities

Blood donation is a cornerstone of modern medicine, enabling lifesaving transfusions for a variety of conditions. However, the practice of professional blood donation, where individuals are compensated for their blood, raises a number of ethical concerns. This paper explores the complexities surrounding professional blood donation. One central debate centres on the concept of altruism versus compensation. Voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation is often lauded for its selfless nature. Conversely, paying donors raises concerns about exploitation, particularly of vulnerable populations who may be motivated by financial hardship rather than pure altruism. This can lead to questions about informed consent and potential pressure to donate despite health risks. The safety of the blood supply is paramount. Professional donors, by virtue of their frequent donations, may be more likely to engage in risky behaviours to be eligible, potentially increasing the risk of blood borne diseases entering the supply. Additionally, the long-term health effects of frequent blood donation require further investigation. The issue of fairness also arises. Certain blood types are more in demand, potentially creating a situation where some donors are financially rewarded more than others. This could exacerbate existing social inequalities and raise concerns about equity in access to compensation. This paper argues for a nuanced discussion on professional blood donation. While the altruistic model has limitations, the potential exploitation and safety risks associated with compensation require careful consideration. The paper concludes by calling for further research on the long-term health impacts of frequent donation and the development of ethical frameworks that balance safety, equity, and the need for a sufficient blood supply.

A new emotional intelligent adaptive system for controlling the proposed sensor-less induction motor drive with dual stator winding based on a ten-switch converter in low speed range

A dual stator winding induction motor (DSWIM) has two isolated three-phase windings in its stator, and its rotor is a usual squirrel cage type. In a sensor-less DSWIM drive, the standard and optimal operating mode in all operating speed ranges is the synchronous mode. Until now, researchers use the asynchronous mode to control it in the low speed range that is not the standard mode. But, this paper proposes a new intelligent model reference adaptive system (IMRAS) to control a DSWIM drive without the speed sensor based on a ten-switch converter in the low speed range. In the proposed intelligent sensor-less DSWIM drive, the rotor speed is estimated via an intelligent model as single and bi-objective functions. In the proposed IMRAS, the second objective increases the speed estimation accuracy at very low speeds. In this idea, the rotor speed error is used as data in the rotor speed estimation process. As a result, the convergence between estimated speed and reference speed in the proposed IMRAS is increased at zero and very low speeds. Also, in this paper, the power losses, the capital cost, and the number of switching elements in the converter are reduced via the concept of flux compensation and using a ten-switch converter. The intelligent proposed sensor-less DSWIM drive, unlike conventional methods, works in its standard operating mode (synchronous mode) and has a suitable performance in the low speed range. Hence, the converter power losses are significantly decreased. The suggested techniques are simulated in MATLAB software. The simulation of the proposed DSWIM drive system is performed under different scenarios of operating conditions and the obtained results approve the assumptions.

Robust Observer-Based Proportional Derivative Fuzzy Control Approach for Discrete-Time Nonlinear Descriptor Systems with Transient Response Requirements

This paper proposes an observer-based proportional Derivative (O-BPD) fuzzy controller for uncertain discrete-time nonlinear descriptor systems (NDSs). Representing NDSs with the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model (T-SFM), the proportional derivative (PD) feedback method can be utilized in the fuzzy controller design via the Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) concept, such that the noncausal problem and impulse behavior are avoided. A fuzzy observer is proposed to obtain unmeasured states to fulfill the PD fuzzy controller. Moreover, uncertainties and transient response performances are taken into account for the NDSs. Then, a stability analysis process and corresponding stability conditions are derived from the Lyapunov theory with the robust control method and the pole constraint. Different from existing research, the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and the projection lemma are utilized to transfer the stability conditions into the Linear Matrix Inequation (LMI) form. Because of this reason, the conservatism of the analysis process can be reduced by eliminating the restriction on the positive definite matrix in the Lyapunov function. By giving the proper center and radius parameters of the pole constraint in the O-BPD fuzzy controller design process, the expected transient responses can be obtained for different designers and different practical applications. Finally, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed O-BPD fuzzy controller are demonstrated by two examples of the simulation.

Linking structural and functional changes during aging using multilayer brain network analysis

Brain structure and function are intimately linked, however this association remains poorly understood and the complexity of this relationship has remained understudied. Healthy aging is characterised by heterogenous levels of structural integrity changes that influence functional network dynamics. Here, we use the multilayer brain network analysis on structural (diffusion weighted imaging) and functional (magnetoencephalography) data from the Cam-CAN database. We found that the level of similarity of connectivity patterns between brain structure and function in the parietal and temporal regions (alpha frequency band) is associated with cognitive performance in healthy older individuals. These results highlight the impact of structural connectivity changes on the reorganisation of functional connectivity associated with the preservation of cognitive function, and provide a mechanistic understanding of the concepts of brain maintenance and compensation with aging. Investigation of the link between structure and function could thus represent a new marker of individual variability, and of pathological changes.

Compensation for Damage or Compensation for Damage Caused By a Crime, as a Sign of a Court Fine

The problematic aspects of compensation for damage or making amends for the harm caused by the crime are investigated as one of the basic signs of the type of exemption from criminal liability in the form of a court fine. As a result, the author formulates and substantiates the concepts of compensation for damage and compensation for damage caused by a crime, in relation to the category of a court fine. The article analyzes the judicial practice and the elaboration of this problem in the scientific literature. Relevant conclusions and proposals have been formulated.

The Status of Wildlife Damage Compensation in China.

The conservation management of natural ecosystems in China has significantly improved in recent decades, resulting in the effective protection of wildlife and the restoration of habitats. With the rapid growth in wildlife populations and corresponding range expansions, incidents of human-wildlife conflict have notably increased across China. However, only a few studies have paid adequate attention to wildlife damage management and compensation. In our review, we focus on the foremost mitigation measure to combat human-wildlife conflict, i.e., compensation for damage caused by wildlife. We conducted a questionnaire survey and an in-depth review of the literature across 19 Chinese provinces and autonomous regions, resulting in a total of 78 relevant sources. We first introduce the concept of wildlife damage compensation in China, followed by a review of Chinese legislation and policies regarding wildlife damage compensation. We compiled a comprehensive list of nuisance species, and we showcase four case studies in which we exemplarily describe the current situation of wildlife damage compensation. We reflect on difficulties and challenges such as delayed damage assessments or compensation quotas that do not correspond to current market prices. Since local legislation is often insufficient or completely absent, we make suggestions on how to improve existing policies and compensation mechanisms.

잔여지 보상에 관한 법적과제

As a public project, the project operator installs railways, roads, high-voltage lines and steel towers, rivers, old houses, parks, sports facilities, etc., and the remaining land is left in a long linear form, or becomes irregular and the value of the remaining land falls, or the remaining land is returned to its original state. If it is significantly impossible to use it for its intended purpose, compensation for acquisition or depreciation of the remaining land may be claimed. In addition, if new passages, ditches, fences, etc. in the remaining land are needed or other construction is required in the remaining land, compensation for the construction costs of the remaining land can be claimed.
 However, not only are the residual land compensation requirements under the Land Compensation Act strictly applied, but the expropriated person is unable to properly prove whether the remaining land is a piece of land, whether the value of the remaining land has decreased, and that it cannot be used for its original purpose, so purchase and expropriate the remaining land. Not only was the claim not accepted for decision, but there were cases where the request was dismissed without going through a decision even though the requirements for a claim for purchase and expropriation of the remaining land were met.
 In particular, when a project operator compensates for residual land, the Land Expropriation Act lacks specific provisions on fair compensation, or the standards for compensation for residual land must be specifically determined in the Land Compensation Act and the Enforcement Decree of the same Act in accordance with the legal reservation principle, but it is operated under the guidelines of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. What is happening is reality.
 Therefore, after identifying the concept and requirements of residual land compensation, we seek implications by reviewing legislative examples of residual land compensation in Korea, Germany, France, Japan, and the United States. Residual land compensation and fair compensation, introduction of a system for hearing opinions of expropriated persons as a preliminary rights relief procedure for those subject to residual land compensation, expansion of claims for purchase and expropriation of residual land and claims for loss compensation through rationalization of residual land compensation requirements, and profit recovery system for the increase in value of residual land. Presents legal challenges regarding introduction. In other words, in order to provide fair compensation for the loss of remaining land in accordance with Article 23 of the Constitution, various measures such as transaction comparison case law, cost approach law, and income comparison law should be legislatively prepared in the Land Compensation Act to reflect fair market value. In addition, the concept of a group of land and residual land should be specifically specified in the Land Compensation Act, and compensation requirements should be relaxed so that the expropriated person can claim compensation for residual land, as is the case in legislation such as Germany, France, and the United States, and the value should be guaranteed as much as possible. In addition, the Land Compensation Act requires the project operator to notify the expropriator of the details and list of compensation for losses on the remaining land when purchasing and expropriating land for public projects, as is the case in the United States, and as a preliminary relief procedure for the Land Expropriation Committee’s decision on the remaining land compensation. A residual land compensation deliberation committee must be established to hear opinions.

Passive Stabilization of Static Output Feedback of Disturbed Nonlinear Stochastic System

This paper investigates the Static Output (SO) control issue of the disturbed nonlinear stochastic system, which achieves passivity. Through the application of fuzzy sets and the stochastic differential equation, a Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model with the terms of multiplicative noise and external disturbance can be constructed to describe the considered systems. Furthermore, the Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) concept is used to design a fuzzy controller exhibiting an SO feedback scheme structure. To attenuate the effect of external disturbance, the PDC-based SO fuzzy controller is designed to exhibit passivity. During the derivation of some sufficient conditions, a line-integral Lyapunov function is utilized to avoid the conservative term produced using the derivative membership function. Using converting technologies, a stability criterion belonging to Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) forms is proposed such that the derived conditions are convex hull problems and are solved through an optimization algorithm. Then, the proposed criterion is used to discuss the problem of SO controller design of ship fin stabilizing systems with added disturbance and noise.

Gas Induced Superheated Slurry: Industrial Applicability, Energy Savings and Sustainability in High Pressure Die Casting

Objective of the paper is to present the latest applications of GISS technology, a little more than six years since the launch in the die casting industry. Industrial applicability and robustness of the solution have been the main targets of GISSCO development which is focussed on providing a technology appliable to mass production with short lead time and cost effectiveness. Based on the concepts of viscosity control and feeding compensation the GISS technology can lead to reduction of production costs (energy, lubrication, waste disposal, die life extension) as well as increase of the casting quality. Life Cycle Inventory and Carbon Footprint calculation of a case study are presented.

Convenient Conformal Transmissive Metasurface Antenna Embedded on Arbitrary Cylindrical Surface

Conformal metasurface antenna embedded on the platform with an arbitrary shape is of great significance for communication systems in practical applications. Herein, a convenient design strategy for conformal transmissive metasurface antenna with arbitrary cylinder surface is presented. First, a novel‐phase compensation concept for curved surface is inspired by ray‐tracing technique. Then, by using arc differentiation and numerical integration, the meta‐atoms’ coordinates calculation method is analyzed for arbitrary cylindrical surface. Next, the electromagnetic responses of planar and curved transmissive meta‐atoms are discussed, and conformal metasurfaces in single‐quadratic surfaces are simulated to validate the feasibility of the design strategy. Finally, for potential applications, three combined quadratics conformal metasurface antennas with capabilities of beam focusing, beam deflecting, and vortex generation are designed and measured. It is indicated in the results that the three conformal metasurface antennas with combined quadratic cylinder surfaces can transform the spherical wave efficiently into the plane wave, deflected beam, and vortex beam, respectively, verifying the validity of the designs. The convenient strategy has good generality and flexibility because it is applicable to arbitrary cylindrical metasurface with a specific alignment function, which has promising perspective in practical applications, and offers a novel approach to design conformal antennas without changing aerodynamic shapes of platforms.