Concept Of Adequacy Research Articles

Development of methodological foundations for analyzing the system reliability of modern electric power systems

The article discusses issues related to improving the methodological foundations for analyzing the system reliability of electric power systems. In particular, a decomposition of the complex property “system reliability” is presented, which covers all stages of control of electric power systems. In accordance with the new decomposition, system reliability is formed by three components: security (operational reliability), planned reliability and adequacy. Each of the components is designed to solve specific problems at various stages of managing electrical power systems. Thus, the methodological apparatus for analyzing adequacy should mainly be used when solving problems of designing the development of electric power systems, the methodological apparatus for analyzing planned reliability should be used when solving problems of work planning (states and balances), and the methodological apparatus for analyzing security when solving problems of operational management. Unlike the concepts of adequacy and security, the concept of planned reliability is new. The article presents the rationale for introducing the concept of “planned reliability” into the practice of managing electric power systems. The main differences between planned reliability and security and adequacy are reflected. The basic requirements for the methodology for assessing the planned reliability of electric power systems are formulated. It is indicated that when assessing the planned reliability of electric power systems, it is necessary to take into account a number of random processes in the functioning of energy facilities, such as energy storage systems, hydroelectric power plants, renewable energy sources and others, and this requires the use of the mathematical apparatus of random processes in the functioning of systems. To assess planned reliability, it is proposed to use the sequential Monte Carlo method.

Nitelikli ve Yeterli Eğitim Hakkının Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk Analizi

By virtue of the importance attributed to basic education for individuals and society to transform and develop the country as well as the self-fulfilment of individuals brought forward that right to education contains not only a right of enrolment to a school but also adequate education which fulfil certain standards and criteria. The history of segregation and disparity in welfare in South Africa, India and the USA make this issue more important. The courts have not answered the legal questions on the adequacy in a uniform way, particularly whether this right guarantees a certain standard of education, and if yes, what standard is this. This essay will compare and contrast the courts’ understandings of the right to adequate basic education in these jurisdictions. This will be done through the analysis of the interpretations given to the constitutions and international instruments to determine the responsibilities of the states to realise this right. The first question of the analysis is how the courts interpret the legal instruments, particularly their constitutions, to decide whether the right to education includes a right to adequate education. The second point is how the courts determine and reason the adequacy standards of the basic education. It will be argued that the apex courts of India, Kentucky and New Jersey provided that basic education is subject to certain constitutional standards; however, these courts displayed different understandings of the adequacy. Kentucky Court examined the content of the right to education to provide a comprehensive adequacy criteria, whereas, New Jersey Court focused on substantively equal funding of schools. Indian and South African Courts considered the concept of adequacy in terms of the adequacy of school facilities rather than its content or finance.

Texnik matnlardagi terminlarni tarjima qilishning etakchiligi va o'zgaruvchanligi

This article describes some of the problems encountered in the translation of scientific and technical terms that are currently relevant and their causes. In fact, not only students, but also specialists face a number of difficulties when translating scientific and technical texts, because it is important to learn the terms of that particular field along with a set of general words in the translation. And it also gives some information about the adequacy in the field of translation and ways of using it in the technical texts. Different views and theories of the equivalence and adequacy concepts are revealed. The problem of technical translation is of great importance nowadays, therefore common difficulties that a translator faces are identified in the article. Moreover, recommendations on technical translation are given.

An actuarial mathematical model for a new pension philosophy. An application to the accountant pension fund

Abstract This paper adapts an actuarial mathematical model, built for the Italian public pension system, based on the law proposal 3035/2009 to the Accountant Pension Fund (CNPADC). The aim is to introduce a new philosophy pension highly correlated with the concept of adequacy for an ambitious social welfare; using the logic of the 3035/2009 proposal, which guarantees a minimum threshold for the replacement rate of the direct pension, this study provides a rigorous actuarial mathematical model that explains a sort of rate of contribution at a tendential equilibrium, in a pay-as-you-go pension system. This model reveals for which parameters it is possible to intervene to maintain the standard of living in retirement.

Palliative Care for Patients with Kidney Disease.

Interest in palliative care has increased in recent times, particularly in its multidisciplinary approach developed to meet the needs of patients with a life-threatening disease and their families. Although the modern concept of palliative simultaneous care postulates the adoption of these qualitative treatments early on during the life-threatening disease (and potentially just after the diagnosis), palliative care is still reserved for patients at the end of their life in most of the clinical realities, and thus is consequently mistaken for hospice care. Patients with acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually experience poor quality of life and decreased survival expectancy and thus may benefit from palliative care. Palliative care requires close collaboration among multiple health care providers, patients, and their families to share the diagnosis, prognosis, realistic treatment goals, and treatment decisions. Several approaches, such as conservative management, extracorporeal, and peritoneal palliative dialysis, can be attempted to globally meet the needs of patients with kidney disease (e.g., physical, social, psychological, or spiritual needs). Particularly for frail patients, pharmacologic management or peritoneal dialysis may be more appropriate than extracorporeal treatment. Extracorporeal dialysis treatment may be disproportionate in these patients and associated with a high burden of symptoms correlated with this invasive procedure. For those patients undergoing extracorporeal dialysis, individualized goal setting and a broader concept of adequacy should be considered as the foundations of extracorporeal palliative dialysis. Interestingly, little evidence is available on palliative and end of life care for acute kidney injury (AKI) patients. In this review, the main variables influencing medical decision-making about palliative care in patients with kidney disease are described, as well as the different approaches that can fulfill the needs of patients with CKD and AKI.

Duration and management of sepsis-associated hypotension at rapid response team call-outs to patients subsequently admitted to the intensive care unit: A case series

BackgroundSepsis-related hypotension in hospital patients is a common reason for rapid response team (RRT) attendance and transfer to intensive care, but little is known about the duration and management of hypotension during these RRT call-outs. ObjectivesWe aimed to describe the duration and management of hypotension during RRT call-outs to patients with sepsis-related hypotension who required transfer to intensive care. MethodsRRT call-outs during 2018 for hypotension with transfer to intensive care were identified from a prospectively maintained database of RRT call-outs at a single tertiary hospital. From these, the records of a random sample of 60 cases were reviewed, and those attributed to sepsis and without missing data were described. Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. ResultsThere were 117 RRT call-outs for hypotension with transfer to intensive care, and of the 60 cases randomly chosen for further review, 41 were deemed sepsis related and were not missing data. The average age of the patients was 62 years, and 18 (44%) were already receiving antibiotics. The median time to arrival in the intensive care unit was 47 minutes. Patients were hypotensive for approximately two-thirds of their RRT time, despite 88% receiving some initial resuscitative treatments (fluids and/or vasopressors). Thirty-two (78%) were treated with intravenous fluids, and 20 (49%), with vasopressors. Patients spent 3 [2-4] days in intensive care, and 7 (17%) died in hospital. ConclusionsPatients with sepsis-related hypotension requiring an RRT call and transfer to intensive care remain hypotensive for a substantial duration of the call. This concept of adequacy of resuscitation after rapid response calls needs further exploration in a larger study.

Monitoring dialysis adequacy: history and current practice.

Dialysis adequacy for pediatric patients has largely followed the trends in adult dialysis by judging the success or adequacy of peritoneal or hemodialysis with urea kinetic modeling. While this provides a starting point to establish a dose of dialysis, it is clear that urea is only part of the picture. Many clinical parameters and interventions now have been identified that are just as impactful on mortality and morbidly as urea clearance. As such, our concept of adequacy is evolving to include non-urea parameters and assessing the impact that following an "adequate therapy" has on patient lives. As we move to a new era, we consider the impact these therapies have on patients and how it affects the quality of their lives; we must take these factors into consideration to achieve a therapy that is not just adequate, but livable.

Evaluating dialysis adequacy: Origins, evolution, and future directions.

The expansion and transformation over time of dialysis therapies have been inexorably linked to the concept of adequacy. While initially the goal of dialysis was simple survival of patients until their next treatment, this changed with the publication of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. It brought about a focus on defining adequate dialysis through measurements of the removal of small solutes, in particular urea. This spurred significant improvements in patient outcomes by standardizing therapy and providing benchmarks for each center to achieve. Over time, however, further research has found this narrow definition of adequacy to be insufficient to encompass the complexities of dialysis therapies. Factors such as residual kidney function (RKF), nutritional and volume status, and cardiovascular control all contribute to the outcomes for dialysis patients. We propose that an optimal definition of adequacy should not only focus on one factor but rather the interconnection and contribution to our patient's individual specific goals and their overall quality of life.

Frameworks Application for Estimation of Lyapunov Exponents for Systems with Periodic Coeffi cients

The identification problem of Lyapunov exponents is considered for dynamic systems with periodic coefficients under uncertainty. Indexes identification is based on the analysis of a special class of frameworks describing dynamics of indexes change. The method of frameworks obtaining is described. The adequacy concept of obtained estimations Lyapunov exponents is introduced. The adequacy criterion is based on the analysis of the structure definition domain. The domain which belongs to the set of Lyapunov exponents estimates is determined. The method proposed for the order estimation of the system. The method is based on the properties analysis of almost periodic to Bohr functions and proposed frameworks. The case when lineals for Lyapunov exponents are crossed is considered. WE obtain to an infinite spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. Upper bound for the smallest index and mobility limit for the large index are obtained and the index set of the system is determined. The graphics criteria based on the analysis of framework properties are proposed for the adequacy estimation of obtained indexes. The histogram method is applied to check of estimations set. It is shown that a dynamic system with periodic coefficients can have a set of Lyapunov exponents. The extension of almost periodic functions on Bohr is proposed to the problem solve of Lyapunov exponents evaluation. The system order estimation is obtained on the basis of the framework property analysis.

Adding Adequacy to Equity: The Evolving Legal Theory of School Finance Reform

The law of school finance reform is conventionally described as consisting of three waves, each associated with a distinctive legal theory - a first wave based on federal equal protection arguments, a second equity wave based on state equal protection clauses, and a third adequacy wave based on state constitutional education articles. The asserted shift from equity to adequacy has been credited with the increasing success of school finance reform plaintiffs. The wave metaphor and especially the differences between the second and third waves, however, have been sharply overstated - temporally, textually, in terms of litigation success, and as a matter of legal theory. State courts have repeatedly blurred adequacy and equity arguments and judicial analysis of adequacy often reflects equity concerns. Nor is there a clear or consistent judicial approach to the idea of adequacy. Rather, state courts have treated adequacy and the adequacy-equity relationship in three different ways. In one set of cases, courts have cited the adequacy of the educational system to mitigate or excuse a judicial finding that school financing does not violate equality. In a second set of equity minus cases, courts have used the concept of adequacy to require states to equalize the resources of the poorest districts to an adequate level without requiring that the poor be brought up to the level of the rich. Finally, some courts have held that adequacy actually requires more than simple interdistrict tax-base or per-pupil spending equalization. In these equity plus cases, that more can be more-than-equal resources for the poorest districts, or an across-the-board increase in state funding. The more can also mean greater state definition of the components and costs of an adequate education, and more state oversight of, and responsibility for improving, local performance. Some of these equity plus concepts have crossed over into equality litigation, further contributing to the blurring of adequacy and equity concerns. Although adequacy gives reformers another legal theory, it has not been a panacea. A number of state supreme courts have concluded that adequacy is nonjusticiable, and others have been locked in long-term conflicts with their legislatures, over remedies. Still, some state courts have been relatively successful in forcing the adoption of significant financial and administrative changes, and adequacy has contributed to a growing concern with education governance as part of the project of school finance reform.

Evaluating the quality of antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes using content and utilization assessment

To assess the adequacy of antenatal care (ANC) and its association with pregnancy outcomes using an approach that includes adequacy of both utilization and content. Retrospective cohort study. Women attending ANC at public-funded primary health clinics where data were extracted from individual records. Adequacy of utilization assessment was based on the concept of Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization index; adequacy of content assessed the recommended routine care received by the women according to local guidelines. Association between adequacy and pregnancy outcomes was examined using binary logistic regression. Pregnancy outcomes included preterm birth and low birth weight. Sixty-three percent of women showed higher than recommended ANC utilization; 52% had <80% of recommended routine care content. Although not statistically significant, the odds of preterm birth was lower among women with adequate level of utilization compared with inadequate (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) = 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-12.16) and intensive levels (aOR = 3.27, 95% CI 0.73-14.60). Regarding adequacy of content, women who received inadequate level of care content were associated with higher prevalence of preterm birth (aOR = 3.69, 95% CI 1.60-8.55). The study shows inadequate content is associated with higher prevalence of preterm birth and suggests that inadequate utilization increases the risk of preterm birth. It demonstrates the relevance of using both utilization and content assessment in evaluating quality of ANC. Further studies are encouraged to review the methods used.

Probabilistic evaluation of the long-term power system resource adequacy: The Greek case

This paper deals with the probabilistic evaluation of the long-term resource adequacy of an interconnected power system. An integrated software tool that solves the long-term scheduling problem using a sophisticated unit commitment model is employed, while both traditional capacity and flexibility adequacy concepts are addressed. A novel methodology to assess the flexibility adequacy using the operational power system schedule is presented. Multi-year simulations of the Greek interconnected power system on an hour-by-hour basis for the forthcoming 10-year study horizon (period 2018–2027) under a set of scenarios regarding the future operating conditions have been performed, providing the key operational data for the calculation of all probabilistic indicators. Test results indicate that the existence of all currently available thermal generating units as well as the timely realization of all scheduled construction plans is of utmost importance for the long-term secure and reliable operation of the Greek interconnected power system. In a more generalized framework, the ambitious EU goals regarding decarbonization and increasing RES shares in electricity generation should be accompanied by detailed studies in order to ensure that no resource adequacy problems will arise in the near future due to the massive withdrawal of conventional base-load and, possibly, flexible generating units.

Re-thinking translation quality

AbstractEditing and revision are regularly incorporated into professional translation projects as a means of quality assurance. Underlying the decision to include these tasks in translation workflows lay implicit assumptions about what constitutes quality. This article examines how quality is operationalized with respect to editing and revision and considers these assumptions. The case is made for incorporating revision into translation quality assessment models and employs the concepts of adequacy, distributed cognition, and salience – and their treatment in the research on cognitive translation processes, post-editing, and translation technology – in order to re-think translation quality.

The Model to Assess the Implementation of Technical Conditions Defined in Annex IV of Marpol Convention 73/78: The Case of the Baltic Sea Port of Klaipeda

Abstract Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission members seeking to implement MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV amendments which recognize the Baltic Sea as special are, in which discharge of uncommitted sewage from passenger ships is forbidden, must ensure that ports are equipped with adequate reception facilities. To ensure implementation of amendments of Annex IV in port of Klaipeda, the analysis framework model was defined by authors. The model evaluates the readiness of the port to changes brought by the amendments of MARPOL Annex IV. The scientific problem comes with perception of adequacy. Resolution MEPC.200(62) amending MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV states, that port reception facilities must be adequate to the needs of passenger ships using them without causing undue delay. Concept of adequacy is not defined, therefore other guidelines explaining adequacy were used: EU directive 2000/59/EC and IMO resolution MEPC.83(44) Guidelines for ensuring adequacy of port reception facilities. Based on these sources, criteria that must be met to ensure adequacy were identified and tested in article: 1) reception facilities meet needs of ships normally using them; 2) discharge of sewage does to cause undue delay; 3) reception facilities does not provide disincentive to use them; 4) facilities are accessible; 5) facilities contribute to the improvement of the marine environment.

Measuring the adequacy of antenatal health care: a national cross-sectional study in Mexico.

ObjectiveTo propose an antenatal care classification for measuring the continuum of health care based on the concept of adequacy: timeliness of entry into antenatal care, number of antenatal care visits and key processes of care.MethodsIn a cross-sectional, retrospective study we used data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) in 2012. This contained self-reported information about antenatal care use by 6494 women during their last pregnancy ending in live birth. Antenatal care was considered to be adequate if a woman attended her first visit during the first trimester of pregnancy, made a minimum of four antenatal care visits and underwent at least seven of the eight recommended procedures during visits. We used multivariate ordinal logistic regression to identify correlates of adequate antenatal care and predicted coverage.FindingsBased on a population-weighted sample of 9 052 044, 98.4% of women received antenatal care during their last pregnancy, but only 71.5% (95% confidence interval, CI: 69.7 to 73.2) received maternal health care classified as adequate. Significant geographic differences in coverage of care were identified among states. The probability of receiving adequate antenatal care was higher among women of higher socioeconomic status, with more years of schooling and with health insurance.ConclusionWhile basic antenatal care coverage is high in Mexico, adequate care remains low. Efforts by health systems, governments and researchers to measure and improve antenatal care should adopt a more rigorous definition of care to include important elements of quality such as continuity and processes of care.

Historische Angemessenheit als hermeneutisches Konzept, Argument oder Problem?

AbstractArguments about the concept of adequacy (›Angemessenheit‹) of interpretation are as constitutive for many hermeneutic theories of meaning as they are for the interpretive praxis derived from these theories. This essay seeks to illustrate by way of exemplary approaches by Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–1777), Johann Martin Chladenius (1710–1759) and Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834) that very different notions are prevalent within hermeneutics as to what counts as an adequate interpretation. For instance, the ascription ofThe goal of the following elaborations is not, however, a (linguistic) historical derivation of diverse forms of ›Angemessenheit‹. By means of a complex example for the interpretive deployment of (il-)legitimate anachronisms, the semantic conceptions of the three hermeneuticists mentioned above will be exemplified and analyzed with respect to the question of which bids for a specificallyUsing the scheme »a is suitable for b with respect to c«, we can with some clarity reconstruct the problem areas (among others, author, spatiotemporal contexts, reader, hypothetical reader models) associated with adequacy on the interpretive and theoretical levels. However, it will also be shown that a field of reference for arguments about adequacy which limits the scope of statements (»with reference to c«) is seldom explicated. It has to be deduced from precisely those premises which are axiomatic for a specific theory and its conception of meaning. If we compare the explicit arguments, the argumentative fields of reference, and the axiomatic premises of each hermeneutic with one another, we can very clearly prove that 1) there is noAgainst this background, a position can be taken with regard to the two arguments discussed repeatedly over the course of the essay: i) Arguments for adequacy are to be understood as hermeneutic topics and can in this way count as unproblematic aspects of theories of meaning. ii) Arguments for adequacy provide – contrary to i) – references to a previously insufficiently reflected type of argument in literary studies that hardly provides a solution to historically determined difficulties of understanding.The argumentative reference to specifically historical adequacy certainly invokes the central problems of a conception of meaning, but it does not explicate the strategies for solving them. The vagueness that results from such an attempt at reconstructive explication not only indicates the insufficient reflection of this type of argumentation (thesis ii). It also raises the question of whether adequacy – just like plausibility (cf. Winko 2015) – as a

Is Educational Adequacy Adequate for Just Education?

In this article I raise three objections to Debra Satz's adequacy approach to education. I argue that her approach fails to see education as a positional good that opens the door to more inequalities. Second, I argue that her concept of adequacy for equal citizenship misses an essential part of students’ educational experience beyond their citizenship statues. Last, I argue that Staz's approach fails to answer crucial practical questions about how to distribute extra resources when the adequate level is already met. Finally, I provide an alternative view that is sensitive to the fact that education is a positional good, based on an active and more inclusive account of citizenship, and conditioned to limit inequalities to be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged.

Информационно-методологическая база сценарного анализа при проектировании процессов социальной сферы

The basic principle of solving social problems is the simulation of the complete cycle of adoption and implementation. Combining different strata description, get a variety of information describing the system. The concept of adequacy is specified in the description of the problem studied social studies. Formed scenario reflects the behavior of the object, it allows to develop and implement preventive and operational measures to shape a plan of action, predict the perceived risks. Information basis for the formation of formalized scenarios of behavior of the object system is a hypothesis about the behavior of its constituent elements of the system, as well as the collection of information from the structuring of a dedicated domain. Strategy formation scenario is a method of selecting the next event. The advantage of this scheme is its invariance with respect to the specific methods of its construction.

Cyclicality of bank capital buffers in South-Eastern Europe: endogenous and exogenous aspects

The interdependence between the regulatory capital ratio and macroeconomic indicators, with reference to the phenomena cyclicality and pro-cyclicality is a widely emphasized disadvantage of the capital adequacy concept. Redesign of the aforementioned concept towards the countercyclical capital requirements is a kind of recognition of the creators of the Basel standards of the previous oversights in its development. This paper aims to explore empirically the direction, intensity and significance of endogenous and exogenous determinants of the changes in banks’ capital buffers by taking into consideration both the impact of the macroeconomic properties and the bank-specific characteristics of South- Eastern Europe. More than 80 commercial banks in the period from 2000-2010 have been encompassed by the research. Use of a dynamic panel analysis led to the conclusion that the bank capital buffers decreased during the observed period, with the exception of certain years during the economic expansion, which confirms the appropriateness of regulatory requirements considering the countercyclical capital buffers. Nevertheless, it might be that capital building and spending in the future will not follow the pattern from the last decade due to the specificities of the observed period, as well as the banking sector ownership transformations, economic and credit growth as well as asset prices growth in the post- transitional period, and finally, the real crisis which spilled over onto the financial sectors.

Uraemic toxins and new methods to control their accumulation: game changers for the concept of dialysis adequacy.

The current concept of an adequate dialysis based only on the dialysis process itself is rather limited. We now have considerable knowledge of uraemic toxicity and improved tools for limiting uraemic toxin accumulation. It is time to make use of these. A broader concept of adequacy that focusses on uraemic toxicity is required. As discussed in the present review, adequacy could be achieved by many different methods in combination with, or instead of, dialysis. These include preservation of renal function, dietary intake, reducing uraemic toxin generation rate and intestinal absorption, isolated ultrafiltration and extracorporeal adsorption of key uraemic toxins. A better measure of the quality of dialysis treatment would quantify the uraemic state in the patient using levels of a panel of key uraemic toxins. Treatment would focus on controlling uraemic toxicity while reducing harm or inconvenience to the patient. Delivering more dialysis might not be the best way to achieve this.