Concept Of Policy Research Articles

Modern Information and Communication Mechanisms for Adaptation of Foreign Labor Migrants in Russia

Introduction. The article examines the existing mechanisms of adaptation of labor migrants in Russia. Based on the analysis of regulatory documents and the practice of implementing various solutions (from migrant cards to special information applications), conclusions are drawn about successes and shortcomings, and recommendations are given for the further development and improvement of these mechanisms.Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the works of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as reports and datasets from leading international organizations, in particular the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Advisory Committee on Migration Policy of the EEC. The work uses elements of the theory of digital communication, as well as classical theories of migration. In particular, the theories of Everett S.Lee, M. Prior, H.G. Duncan, V. Zelinsky and S.N. Eisenstadt used methods of induction, deduction, generalization, synthesis, and comparison to conduct system analysis.Research results. During the conducted research, an analysis of the regulatory framework was carried out, in particular, the provisions of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 No. 622 "On the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019-2025" (recent amendments and additions dated May 12, 2023)In addition, it was found that the main digital Mobile and Internet applications are the tools for the adaptation of migrants to Russian society. Among the most successful projects, it is worth noting the work of multifunctional centers and the creation of an electronic migrant card. It has been established that many tools do not work effectively enough. The main reasons are the complex legal language and the lack of translation, the applications are fragmented, there are no clear methodological instructions, there are regulatory and technical limitations.Discussion and conclusion. All the tools and resources used today for the adaptation of migrants in Russia operate separately. It is important to emphasize that increasing the number of platforms and applications will not solve the problem of effective use of digital technologies in this matter. It is necessary to create a network of quality resources linked to each other, each resource must provide a certain direction (legislative information, migrant status, access to services, etc.) so that when using them, a foreign citizen understands the relevance of the information provided and easily gets access to the services offered.

Innovation Performance in High-Tech Enterprises: The Interplay of Innovation Policy, Entrepreneurship, and Digital Transformation

This study investigates the intricate relationships between innovation policy, entrepreneurship, and innovation performance in high-tech enterprises, with a particular focus on the mediating role of digital transformation. Utilizing a sample of high-tech enterprises in Hainan, China, and employing structural equation modeling (SEM), the research explores how innovation policy and entrepreneurship drive innovation performance. The results demonstrate that both innovation policy and entrepreneurship significantly enhance innovation performance. Furthermore, digital transformation is found to partially mediate the relationship between these variables, suggesting that it is a crucial mechanism through which innovation policy and entrepreneurship translate into tangible innovation outcomes. The study also highlights the amplifying effect of digital transformation, showing that it enhances the positive impact of innovation policy and entrepreneurship on innovation performance. This underscores the importance of digital transformation as a strategic tool in the digital economy, essential for sustaining competitive advantage. The research makes a valuable contribution to the literature by integrating the concepts of innovation policy, entrepreneurship, and digital transformation into a comprehensive framework and providing empirical evidence of their interplay in the context of high-tech enterprises. The practical implications are significant, indicating that both policymakers and business leaders should prioritize digital transformation initiatives to bolster innovation capabilities and maintain competitive edge in an increasingly digitalized global market. Future research is encouraged to examine the potential moderating effects of organizational culture, market conditions, and technological sophistication on these relationships to further deepen the understanding of innovation dynamics in the digital era.

Profit and Reliability Analysis of a Gas Production Unit with the Concept of Optimal Age Replacement Policy: A Copula Approach

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of reliability analysis of a gas production plant, before and after applying optimal age replacement policy for a specific machine. The gas production plant has six machines connected in the series configuration a sulfur (S) shaft, coal pit, reaction furnace, sulfur separation machine, adiabatic reactor, and cooling machine. Here, the optimal age replacement policy has been applied to the cooling machine as this machine is working under a wear-out period, i.e., it has completed its prescribed age (say T) and is still operational. Two different situations have been discussed to analyze the performance variation of the system (i) when the model is working with high risk because the cooling machine is operational even after completion of its prescribed age (ii) when the old cooling machine is replaced by a new one after completing the age, T. The failure of any machine can cause the model failure. Additionally, a situation of employee walkout is also considered a responsible factor for model failure. Supplementary variable technique and copula methodology have been applied to solve the Markov model.

Faktor China dalam Dasar Luar Indonesia

This study examines how China's rise has influenced Indonesia's foreign policy towards China, focusing on the historical shifts between tension and harmony in their relations. It aims to analyze the impact of China’s economic growth on Indonesia’s foreign policy through three main factors: systemic (China's economic rise), domestic (Indonesia’s economic and political interests), and individual (leadership roles). The study also evaluates the implications for Indonesia's economic continuity and political stability. Using a qualitative approach and applying foreign policy concepts with a three-level analysis framework, the study argues that systemic factors have reshaped the dynamics of Indonesia-China relations, strengthening China's influence in Southeast Asia. Despite perceiving China as a potential threat, domestic factors and Indonesia's leadership have facilitated a more harmonious relationship. This cooperation has supported Indonesia’s economic stability and political continuity, as well as contributed to broader regional stability in Southeast Asia.

Preparing Russians for Retirement from the Perspective of the Active Longevity Concept (Based on the Yaroslavl Region)

The article describes attitudes towards the choice of labour, financial, and health-preserving trajectories of Russians in preparation for retirement based on the results of the author's sociological study conducted using the method of personal interviews (n = 650). It is shown that in the context of demographic aging in Russia, there is a gradual shift away from understanding aging as a mutual alienation of an elderly person and society, and the elderly - exclusively as objects of care, towards considering the elderly as active participants in public life, in relation to whom the policy of active longevity is implemented. It involves a system of measures to promote employment of the elderly, maintain material well-being, improve health and quality of life, and learning throughout life. However, the index of active longevity in Russia remains low. The assertion is substantiated that the system of measures in line with the concept of active longevity policy has a proactive nature, that is, it is aimed at future generations of elderly people, rather than the current ones, and involves preparation for the period of aging, marked by retirement. Based on the data of the conducted sociological study, it is shown that the labour, financial and health-preserving trajectories of respondents who have not reached retirement age, regarding the preparation for the retirement in some ways are in line with the principles of active longevity, and in some ways, contradict them. At the same time, the main differences are observed between respondents under 46 years of age and pre-retirees. The respondents' orientation towards long-term employment, readiness for lifelong professional training, mastering non-traditional forms of employment (for example, readiness to work on Internet platforms), awareness of responsibility for ensuring their economic well-being in old age and the use of various strategies for this (professional-labour, savings, investment), the attitude towards giving up bad habits and maintaining physical activity (sports, physical education) create the basis for living out their aging by future pensioners in accordance with the principles of active longevity. There are also barriers that hinder the transformation of the aging model in the direction of following the principles of active longevity: the influence of objective factors of economic instability, a low level of financial literacy of the population, the lack of special financial planning skills in preparation for retirement, the lack of a culture of health care.

ANALYSIS OF GEORGIAN FOREIGN POLICY AND FOREIGN POLICY DOCUMENTS ADOPTED BY THE GOVERNMENT

The foreign policy concepts and documents adopted by the government are important for understanding the foreign policy of Georgia and especially the regional policy. Georgia and its foreign policy are among the priorities of the study of RA foreign policy, taking into account the high-level Armenian-Georgian relations, the transit importance of Georgia, the existence of a large Armenian community living in Georgia, as well as mutual interests in bilateral relations. In the article, we analyze the concepts of Georgia's foreign policy and the documents adopted by the government, their priorities and the changes that took place after geopolitical developments. While writing the scientific work, we used the systematic methods of historical-comparative, event and content analysis. In the course of our scientific work, we have set ourselves the following goals: Study the concepts of Georgia's foreign policy, the documents adopted by the government, conceptual changes that took place after geopolitical developments, and also the relevance of concepts some foreign policy documents. Achievements: Georgia's foreign policy concepts have undergone many changes after geopolitical developments, and do not fully express the reality that exists in the foreign policy adopted by Georgia.

AN INSIGHT INTO NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY OBJECTIVES 2009-2021

The research examined Nigeria’s Foreign Policy from 2009 to 2021. Qualitative data were sourced from both primary and secondary, content analysis and elite theory was adopted. The paper was motivated to find out domestic challenges, foreign policy thrust and how the latter addressed the former. In order to aid understanding, the concepts of foreign policy and national interest were conceptualised and Nigeria’s foreign policy objectives under the past administrations were condensed. The data indicated three personalities championed the course of Nigeria’s foreign policy. Nigeria's internal environment was characterised by unemployment, insecurity, poverty and corruption. With the instrumentality of diplomacy, Nigeria’s foreign policy thrust were economy, insecurity threat and anti-corruption. These have not yielded expected outcomes in addressing the municipal problems. Hence, the paper recommended: inclusion of the private enterprise, trade union and general populace in outlining Nigeria’s foreign policy. Continuation of policy in order to ensure it realisation

On powerful knowledge as a policy concept and sociological theory

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze Michael Young’s and Johan Muller’s revisit of the origins of the concept of powerful knowledge. The background and theoretical framing of the analysis consist in an ongoing debate regarding similarities and differences between Anglophone and German-Nordic approaches to frame teaching and pedagogical practice conceptually. The methodological approach applied is hermeneutical text analysis of significant contributions by Young and Muller. The result of the analysis focus four critical issues. Firstly, emphasizing the importance of an epistemological analysis of curricular knowledge, the social realist reasoning appears valid primarily within Anglophone education research. Secondly, powerful knowledge represents instructional reductionism, separating epistemological analysis from pedagogical reflection, unlike Didaktik, which treats them relationally, considering the educative dimensions of contents. Thirdly, in comparison with Durkheim’s and Bernstein’s theories, powerful knowledge seems more like a policy concept. Fourthly, as I appreciate Bernstein’s theoretical approach to conceptualizing sociology of knowledge, I argue also that pedagogy or education requires a similar level of conceptual clarification. The conclusion of the article is that given that Education as an autonomous academic discipline, like sociology or psychology, Education requires an independent ontological and epistemological curricular base. Thus, education is not be reduced to a field of practical application, as is the case with Young and Muller.

Legal frameworks and state policy in education: A theoretical analysis

The analysis of the concept of "state policy in the field of education" highlights the necessity to prioritise the issue of avoiding and eliminating the problem of social diversification in the provision of educational services. This process can be seen as strategic academic planning. Furthermore, the Constitution guarantees the right to participate in primary, secondary and higher education, respectively, which is an absolute right for all citizens. It also imposes an obligation on the state to ensure the structuring of educational services. In the course of composing this research article, the following general scientific methods of cognition were employed: analysis of literature sources, systematisation and generalisation methods. In the course of writing this scientific article, the following general scientific methods of cognition were employed: analysis of literary sources, and the method of systematisation and generalisation. To assess the efficacy of methodologies employed in the analysis of legal support for state policy in education, a survey was conducted among 27 legal scholars. Responses were provided on a scale of 1 to 5. The data were subsequently interpreted through a ranking of the obtained points and calculation of the standard deviation. The study sought to ascertain the efficacy of disparate methodologies for the analysis of legal support for state policy in educationThe results of the multifaceted analysis of the main concepts of state policy indicate that modern theories focus on various fundamental approaches to analysing the legal support of state policy in education. These include the institutional approach, the normative approach, the sociolegal approach, the systemic approach and the procedural approach. These approaches are tools for making managerial decisions and form the basis of a value-dependent process that includes interaction between various political actors and civil society.

President Joko Widodo's foreign policy shift on Egypt? Analysis of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi's visit to Indonesia in 2015

This dissertation research aims to analyze and answer Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt which has been running since the time of President Soekarno to President Joko Widodo. During the time of President Soekarno, Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt was in a very strong or ideal position. This turns out to be different from the time of President Soeharto, who was in quite a worrying position. Efforts to strengthen Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt were carried out through President Soeharto's state visit to Egypt as carried out by President Soekarno. State visits to Egypt became a continuing tradition for Indonesian foreign policy during the period of Presidents Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The transition of Indonesian leadership from SBY to Jokowi apparently had an influence on Indonesia's foreign policy tradition towards Egypt, which was originally structured to change. President Jokowi's absence from visiting Egypt on several occasions has increasingly become a big question mark and has become an unprecedented problem in Indonesia's foreign policy. This research answers why President Joko Widodo's foreign policy in relation to Egypt looks different from his predecessor, as well as what considerations are the background to President Jokowi's policy of not visiting Egypt. The type of research is qualitative research. The research method uses case studies with the primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data obtained through documentation data collection techniques and literature study. The theoretical approach used is foreign policy, psychological concepts in foreign policy making. This research finds that Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt during President Jokowi's leadership has undergone changes from the traditions of previous presidents. This change was marked by the absence of President Jokowi's visit to Egypt and Indonesia's current foreign policy priorities which prioritize economic cooperation and investment with China, the UAE and Saudi Arabia. Meanwhile, the factors that influenced President Jokowi's considerations in his policy of not visiting Egypt were due to the domestic situation in Egypt after the Arab Spring which had not fully improved, President Jokowi's individual background and President Jokowi's cognitive (psychological) considerations regarding the information he believed.

EU as a Trade Power: Adjusting Instruments of Foreign Economic Policy

The focus of this study is aimed at the foreign economic policy of the European Union and the areas of its implementation. The article is based on a comprehensive approach to the concept of EU foreign economic policy as a set of instruments combining trade and investment policies of the EU. The study evaluates the communitarization of the main directions of the EU’s foreign economic policy. As a result, it is concluded that the exclusive competence of the supranational bodies of the Union is partially extended to investment policy. Considering that the paradigm of realism is taken as the basis for the study, the subject of the article is to assess the role of the EU’s foreign economic policy in the realization of the Union’s foreign policy interests. The authors believe that the European Union as a “trade power”, seeks not only to achieve economic benefits, but also to ensure that its trading partners meet a number of regulatory and value requirements. Taking into account the transformation of the world order, the need for the European Union to strengthen its own political subjectivity and economic competitiveness is increasing. This leads to the expansion of “defensive” measures in trade policy (sanctions mechanism for non-compliance with the provisions on sustainable development in trade agreements) and investment policy (mechanism for controlling foreign direct investments). As a result, it strengthens the normative and value content of EU foreign economic policy on one hand and make it more protectionist on the other hand. The authors of the article conclude that by means of foreign economic policy, the European Union, as a “trading force”, seeks to create and maintain an international trade order based on rules that are beneficial to the EU.

Comprehensiveness in Primary Care: A Scoping Review.

Associated with system efficiency and patient-perceived quality, comprehensiveness is widely recognized as foundational to high-quality primary care. However, there is concern that comprehensiveness is declining and that primary care physicians are providing a narrower range of services. Efforts to address this perceived decline are hampered by the many different and sometimes vague definitions of comprehensiveness in current use. This scoping review explored how comprehensiveness in primary care is conceptualized and defined in order to map its attributes in support of being able to more clearly and precisely define this key concept in research, practice, and policy. We conducted a scoping review, following the methods of Arksey and O'Malley and Levac and colleagues. The search included terms for two key concepts: primary care and comprehensiveness. Developed in Ovid Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the search was adapted for Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Embase, as well as for gray literature. After a multistep review, included sources underwent detailed data extraction. A total of 360 sources were extracted; 57% were empirical studies and 65% were published between 2010 and 2022. Across these sources, we identified nine attributes of comprehensiveness in primary care. We mapped these attributes into two conceptual domains: breadth of care (services, settings, health needs and conditions, patients served, and availability) and approach to care (one-stop shop, whole-person care, referrals and coordination, and longitudinal care). Additionally, we identified three enablers of comprehensiveness, namely structures and resources, teams, and competency. The conceptual map of comprehensiveness in primary care offers a valuable tool that supports clarity for future use of the term comprehensiveness. The domains and attributes we identified can be used to develop definitions and measures that are appropriate to research, practice, and policy contexts, enabling more precise efforts to improve primary care systems.

Exploring the policy implementation of a holistic approach to cancer investigation in non-specific symptom pathways in England: An ethnographic study.

This study aimed to explore the policy implementation of non-specific symptom pathways within the English National Health Service. A multi-site ethnographic project was conducted in four hospitals that contained non-specific symptom pathways between November 2021 and February 2023. The research involved observation (44h), interviews (n = 54), patient shadowing, and document review. The study examined how the policy concept of 'holistic' care was understood and put into practice within four non-specific symptom pathways. Several challenges associated with providing holistic care were identified. One key challenge was the conflict between delivering holistic care and meeting timed targets, such as the Faster Diagnosis Standard, due to limited availability of imaging and diagnostic tools. The interpretation of a holistic approach varied among participants, with some acknowledging that the current model did not recognise holistic care beyond cancer exclusion. The findings also revealed a lack of clarity and differing opinions on the boundaries of holistic care, resulting in wide variation in NSS pathway implementation across health care providers. Additionally, holistic investigation of non-specific symptoms in younger patients were seen to pose difficulties due to younger patients' history of health anxiety or depression, as well as concerns over radiological risk exposure. The study highlights the complexity of implementing non-specific symptom pathways in light of standardised timed cancer targets and local cancer policies. There is a need for appropriately funded organisational models of care that prioritise holistic care in a timely manner over solely meeting cancer targets. Decision-makers should also consider the role of non-specific symptom pathways within the broader context of chronic disease management, with a particular emphasis on expanding diagnostic capacity.

The Brain in Context: A Scoping Review and Concept Definition of Neuro-Informed Policy and Practice.

Among the developmental sciences, discovery in neuroscience has underpinned research innovations and made a significant contribution to knowledge translation. With the growth of neuroscience discovery, policymakers and practitioner workforces have adopted 'neuro-informed' in decisions targeting the delivery of human, social, and economic wellbeing. In this scoping review, we examined the use and conceptualization of neuro-informed policy and practice (NPP) over the last two decades. We aim to establish a working definition of NPP and identify the key knowledge bases underpinning the application of NPP, with a specific focus on children and young people. A total of 116 publications related to NPP were identified across academic and policy sources. Publications derived from diverse fields (e.g., psychology, social policy, medicine, urban planning). Health and Education were the most common target areas for NPP; however, applications of NPP to social services, law, and physical environments were also identified. Despite the growth in NPP, concept definitions of NPP were limited and primarily tautological. A four-stage process of concept definition was used to develop a working definition of NPP applicable to different systems, workforces, and contexts. By applying content analysis, 12 distinct knowledge bases underpinning NPP were identified. Our scoping review highlights the importance of defining the concept of neuro-informed policy and practice, extending beyond the brain or individual in isolation to include consideration of the brain in context.

Strategic principles of ensuring food security in the conditions of the legal regime of martial state: organizational and legal aspect

The factors, threats and challenges affecting the state of ensuring food security are identified. It was emphasized that Ukraine is the world's granary and a global donor of food. The role and significance of food security as an important component of national security in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law is detailed. The organizational and legal principles and features of the development and functioning of domestic agriculture in the conditions of russian military aggression are summarized. Concepts of state agrarian policy in a special period are defined. The analysis and interpretation of the basic provisions of the Food Security Strategy of Ukraine were carried out. The purpose, tasks and priorities of the Food Security Strategy of Ukraine are detailed. The directions for the formation of the food reserve in the conditions of martial law and directions to overcome the negative consequences for agriculture in connection with climate changes are outlined. The directions of improvement in the field of ensuring food security in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law have been determined.

The Republic of Kazakhstan’s multi-vector foreign policy

The purpose of this scientific work is to assess the developing directions of Kazakhstan’s interaction with other states in various spheres. Different methods of scientific research were used in the study, namely analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, abstraction, formal legal method etc. Since independence, Kazakhstan’s multi-vector foreign policy has to some extent contributed to maintaining the balance of power in the region. Having chosen the professional diplomat Tokayev as his successor, Nazarbayev resigned on March 19, 2019, ushering in a new, unanalysed phase of the multi-vector foreign policy that has developed over the past 30 years. A theoretical analysis of the development of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy during the transition of power was carried out. It is concluded that during the transition of power, the multi-vector foreign policy develops in a new direction and in accordance with the priority of geo-economic values. The practical value of this research lies in the contribution to the literature of understanding the concept of multi-vector foreign policy or balance-based foreign policy during power transitions.

A gazdasági átalakulás tapasztalatai Csehországban, Szlovákiában, Lengyelországban és az egykori Német Demokratikus Köztársaságban (1990-2000)

During the period from 1989 to 1990, economic and political transition in Central and Eastern Europe was accompanied by the general liberalisation and opening up of markets to foreign investors. This process started at the end of the 80s, which coincided with the general crisis of “state socialism” in the region. It is worth mentioning that there were substantial differences in the creation of a free market economy among the Central and Eastern European countries. Whereas Poland applied shock treatment based on the general principles of the Washington Consensus, Czechoslovakia followed a double policy by pursuing the concept of neoliberal economic policy and the road of “gradualism” to avoid the negative impacts of the transformation process such as the emergence of mass unemployment and bankruptcy of state-owned companies. As a result of the Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union, the German Democratic Republic became an organic part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990, which required the introduction of liberalisation measures. Although the Central and Eastern European countries followed a different road in the creation of a free enterprise market economy in the 1990s, but by the turn of the millennium due to the privatisation of state-owned assets, privately held companies accounted for 70 per cent of GDP, whilst the share of the state sector was 30 per cent. The objective of the paper is to highlight the experiences of economic transition in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) by comparing its main characteristics and stages. Besides macroeconomic stabilisation, emphasis will be placed on evaluating the achievements of privatisation and its main consequences. Due to length constraints, the essay will not focus on the social impacts of the transformation process in Central and Eastern Europe.

President Joko Widodo's Foreign Policy Shift on Egypt? Analysis of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi's Visit to Indonesia in 2015

This dissertation research aims to analyze and answer Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt which has been running since the time of President Soekarno to President Joko Widodo. During the time of President Soekarno, Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt was in a very strong or ideal position. This turns out to be different from the time of President Soeharto, who was in quite a worrying position. Efforts to strengthen Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt were carried out through President Soeharto's state visit to Egypt as carried out by President Soekarno. State visits to Egypt became a continuing tradition for Indonesian foreign policy during the period of Presidents Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The transition of Indonesian leadership from SBY to Jokowi apparently had an influence on Indonesia's foreign policy tradition towards Egypt, which was originally structured to change.President Jokowi's absence from visiting Egypt on several occasions has increasingly become a big question mark and has become an unprecedented problem in Indonesia's foreign policy. This research answers why President Joko Widodo's foreign policy in relation to Egypt looks different from his predecessor, as well as what considerations are the background to President Jokowi's policy of not visiting Egypt. The type of research is qualitative research.The research method uses case studies with the primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data obtained through documentation data collection techniques and literature study. The theoretical approach used is foreign policy, psychological concepts in foreign policy making. This research finds that Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt during President Jokowi's leadership has undergone changes from the traditions of previous presidents. This change was marked by the absence of President Jokowi's visit to Egypt and Indonesia's current foreign policy priorities which prioritize economic cooperation and investment with China, the UAE and Saudi Arabia. Meanwhile, the factors that influenced President Jokowi's considerations in his policy of not visiting Egypt were due to the domestic situation in Egypt after the Arab Spring which had not fully improved, President Jokowi's individual background and President Jokowi's cognitive (psychological) considerations regarding the information he believed.

Navigating the Continuity of Indonesia-China Relations in the Mining and Energy Sectors After the 2024 Election

This research aims to analyze the potential for continuity of Indonesia-China relations in the mining and energy sectors after the 2024 elections. By using the concepts of foreign policy in developing countries and change and continuity, the author argues that the results of the 2024 elections are unlikely to change Indonesia-China relations. Mining and energy cooperation between the two countries has provided great benefits for Indonesia. Currently, China is still Indonesia's largest coal-fired power plant (CFPP) investor, with a total supply of 12,949 MW and 1,800 MW that are still under construction. Furthermore, China's downstream policy has bolstered Indonesia's domestic production capabilities, enabling it to produce semi-finished mineral products like briquettes, coke, semi-coke, upgraded coal, ferronickel, nickel pig iron, and nickel matter at elevated prices. The construction of smelters and large-scale industrial areas has also made Indonesia an important player in the global production chain, controlling 48.48% of the world's total nickel production. We also need to keep in mind that Indonesia is still a developing country, which is undeniably influential in the process of determining foreign policy strategies and goals. As a developing country, economic growth through investment policies will still be the government's main priority. Therefore, the transition of power from President Jokowi to the next government will likely only form a pattern of intensification; that is, it will not change Indonesia-China foreign policy in the mining and energy sectors. This step will be followed by strengthening goals, defining scope, and defining policy strategies to maximize cooperation in an effort to strengthen the position of the two countries in the global mineral and energy supply chain.

Devolved education policymaking in the UK: a four jurisdictions perspective

This short paper addresses the pace, ebb and flow of policy moves in education in the context of the continuing process of political and administrative devolution in the UK. The concept of policy making is explicitly approached as a process. Given the potentially broad policy arena, the focus is necessarily selective and restricted to policy for schools. The paper identifies areas of policy mobility and immobility drawing on the concepts of ‘policy mortality’ ‘drift’, ‘paralysis’ and ‘reversal’ (Gunter and Courtney, 2023; Béland et al., 2016; Gallagher, 2021). This brief review aims to show how policy possibilities in the four closely-linked jurisdictions are influenced by varying degrees of coordinative capacity, ministerial influence, policy styles and advisory systems, and the power and influence of potential veto players. Critical attention is afforded to the enactment of the principle of subsidiarity in relation to education change. Rather than progressive linear advance, the paper notes three alternate moves: continuing tension between central control and local autonomy in education governance in Wales and Scotland, paralysing policy drift from political division in Northern Ireland, and rapid acceleration of market-oriented change in England.