Concentrations Of Water Quality Parameters Research Articles

Decentralised Wastewater Treatment at Omkareshwar: A Case Study

Developing country like India is facing a severe problem of pollution of water bodies due to population explosion and subsequent urban, rural and agricultural growth. It has resulted in increase in domestic and industrial waste which is being discharged in water bodies without providing even primary treatment. River pollution has been one of the main issues in the environmental status of Narmada River due to villages and urban area along its bank. Tapping drains (Nallas) which carries sewage of towns near bank of rivers and treating wastewater carried by them by decentralised sewage treatment plant (DSTP) seems to be timely approach to prevent river pollution. Present study was conducted to find out the pollution situation of Narmada River at Omkareshwar town in dist. Khandwa of Madhya Pradesh state. The water test results of the river Narmada on the samples taken at upstream and downstream of joining of nallas of Omkareshwar town in the duration of 2017–2018 clearly indicate that the water quality of Narmada River is deteriorating. It has high concentration of water quality parameters which are higher than the standard permissible limits. To mitigate the problem of pollution of River Narmada, specifically decentralised wastewater treatment after tapping various nallas has been studied and different technologies adopted for treatment are analysed. The effluent of these treatment units has considerable reduction in the mentioned parameters. Latest technologies like Bio-Remediation with Recirculating Reactor (BRR) have been utilised in designing the DSTPs.

Phytoremediation of Detergent Levels in Waters Using Water Plants: Eichornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratoites and Their Combinations

Research on phytoremidiation to reduce detergent waste in waters has been successfully carried out. The phytoremidiation process is carried out using aquatic plants: Eichornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratoites, and their combinations. The treated water sample comes from the Ancar river Mataram, NTB. The research is experimental with a randomized block design, with the procedure: Water samples are planted with aquatic plants according to the research design which serves to absorb detergent waste. Detergent levels before and after the treatment of aquatic plants were observed using the MBAS (Methylen Blue Active Substance) method. The results showed that the three water plants used were able to reduce the concentration of detergents and improve the concentration of water quality parameters (pH, DO, BOD, and COD) and which had the best ability (73.60%) in absorbing detergents was a combination of Eichornia crassipes and Ipomoea aquatic the best accumulation time of absorption occurred in the period of 7 to 14.

Spatio-Temporal Variation of Total Nitrogen and Ammonia Nitrogen in the Water Source of the Middle Route of the South-To-North Water Diversion Project

The quantitative inversion of the concentrations of water quality parameters could clarify the temporal and spatial distribution characteristic, migration, and conversion of water quality parameters. This study took the Danjiangkou Reservoir as the research object, and established an inversion model based on the reflectance of different band combinations of remote sensing analyses on Sentinel-2 images, combined with the water quality monitoring data of total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) of the sampling sites in February 2016. The inversion results of TN and NH3-N in 2020 were obtained, the variation of TN and NH3-N concentrations in the reservoir area were analyzed, and the factors accounting for the variation were discussed. The results indicated that the fitting accuracy using the established model was high for both TN and NH3-N, and R2 was 0.782 for TN and 0.851 for NH3-N, respectively, showing high predication accuracy, which could be suitable for remote sensing inversion of TN and NH3-N concentrations in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The NH3-N concentration of the Danjiangkou Reservoir was in line with Class I from 2016 to 2020, while the TN concentration was between Class III and IV. The inter-annual changes indicated that the overall water quality had an upward trend. The main tributary in the northern of the Danjiangkou Reservoir had a heavy load of TN, and after entering the reservoir, the flow velocity decreased, which caused nitrogen to accumulate at the river entrance, leading to a high TN concentration. The large slope of the mountainous area cause soil erosion. The lost soil and water carried a large amount of pesticides and fertilizers, and the ground runoff carried a large amount of nitrogen into water body, which could account for the high NH3-N concentration on the east and west sides of the southern part of the Danjiangkou Reservoir.

Determination of water quality parameters in the Tan Rai exploiting area (Lam Dong province) using Sentinel-2 msi and Landsat 8 data

Despite high profits, the mining process often leads to negative effects on the quality of groundwater around the mining site. Due to the close relationship between the concentration of water quality parameters and spectral reflectance values of surface watẻ, optical remote sensing image has been used effectively in the world in assessing and monitoring surface water quality. This paper presents the results of determining some surface water quality parameters in the Tan Rai bauxite mining area (Lam Dong province) such as turbidity, water-transparency (Secchi depth), and surface temperature from Sentinel-2A and Landsat 8 images taken on January 29, 2019. The results obtained in this study show that the mining process has a great influence on the surface water quality in Tan Rai (Lam Dong), reflected in all three water quality parameters such as turbidity, Secchi depth, and water temperature.

Estimation of Chlorophyll and Turbidity Using Sentinel 2A and EO1 Data in Kneiss Archipelago Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia

Multispectral and hyperspectral sensor data of the bio-optical parameters with a high spatial resolution are important for monitoring and mapping of the coastal ecosystems and estuarine areas, such as the Kneiss Islands in the Gulf of Gabes. Sentinel 2 S2A and Hyperion Earth observing-1 (EO1) imaging sensors reflectance data have been used for water quality determination and mapping of turbidity TU and chlorophyll Chl-a in shallow waters. First, we applied a tidal swing area mask based on uncorrelated pixel via 2D scatter plot between 665 nm and 865 nm to eliminate the overestimation of the concentration of water quality parameters due to the effect of the bottom reflection. The processing for mapping and validating Chl-a, Turbidity S2A, and EO1 were performed using a relation between reflectance bands and in situ measurements. Therefore, we were able to validate the performance of the case 2 regional coast colour processor (C2RCC) as well as our region-adapted empirical optical remote sensing algorithms. Turbidity was mapped based on the reflectance of 550 nm band for EO1 (R2 = 0.63) and 665 nm band for S2A (R2 = 0.70). Chlorophyll was mapped based on (457/528 nm) reflectance ratio (R2 = 0.57) for EO1 and (705/665 nm) reflectance ratio (R2 = 0.72) for the S2A.

Seasonal-Spatial of Putrajaya Lake Water Quality Parameter (WQP) Concentration Using Geographic Information System (GIS)

This study presents the assessment of selected water quality parameters (WQP) distribution at Putrajaya Lake during the dry and wet season using spatial analysis. The WQP used in this study were dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total suspended solid (TSS), pH and temperature. Total thirteen water samples were obtained during both dry and wet seasons from May 2015 until March 2016 distributed throughout the areas. To explore the WQP distribution, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) was employed. The results have shown that mean values of WQ concentration during dry and wet season are varies accordingly. The highest value parameters of water quality during dry season which are COD (17.2 mg/L), DO (7.11 mg/L) and NH3N (0.94 mg/L). Meanwhile on the wet season, the highest values are recorded for BOD (5.27 mg/L), pH (7.62 mg/L) and TSS (18.4 mg/L) respectively. This has indicated that the concentration of WQP in the lake changed seasonally. Furthermore, among the WQPs; DO, TSS and COD have exhibited significant relationship between others for both seasons.

Contamination of arsenic, manganese and coliform bacteria in groundwater at Kushtia District, Bangladesh: human health vulnerabilities.

Safe water is essential for life. Consumption of arsenic and manganese contaminated water poses a range of health effects to humans. Physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater at five administrative upazillas in Kushtia District, Bangladesh, have been studied to evaluate the potability of water for drinking purpose from 32 randomly selected tube wells (TWs). APHA (2012) standard analytical methods were applied for analyses of the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of the water samples. Arsenic, iron, and manganese content were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The investigated parameters of water samples were found as pH 6.81-8.12, electrical conductivity (EC) 520-1,995 μs/cm, total dissolved solids (TDS) 357.8-1,372.6 mg/L, chloride 10-615 mg/L, total hardness 285-810 mg/L, arsenic (As) 0.001-0.098 mg/L, iron (Fe) 0.04-1.45 mg/L, manganese (Mn) 0.01-6.32 mg/L. About 56.25% of TWs were highly contaminated with fecal coliform (FC) and 68.75% were found to be contaminated with total coliform (TC). Results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Drinking Standards (BDS). The concentrations of water quality parameters are much higher as compared to WHO and BDS standards. This may cause acute public health risks and make water unsuitable for direct human consumption without treatment.

Monitoring and modeling land-based marine pollution

An integrated numerical coastal water quality model was developed to simulate the effects of land-based pollutants. The model was applied to Izmir Inner Bay, Turkey. Water temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total dissolved and inorganic phosphorus, and total dissolved and organic carbon were measured monthly, for one year. Land-based pollutant loadings were estimated using the USEPA’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM, v5.1). The study considered the loads washed off from the surrounding basin of the Izmir Inner Bay, namely, total suspended solids, biological and chemical oxygen demand, inorganic phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations, from urban and as well as industrial effluents. The coastal circulations and changes in the water quality parameters were simulated by HYDROTAM-3D, a three-dimensional coastal hydrodynamics, transport, and water quality model. The concentrations of water quality parameters, namely, total dissolved phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen for Izmir Inner Bay were estimated for the year 2015 and compared with the monthly field measurements conducted at six monitoring stations located near discharge points in the bay. The model successfully simulated the effects of land use on coastal water quality parameters. The results indicated that Izmir Inner Bay coastal waters were hypertrophic in 2015. Best management practices in remediation, street cleaning, good agricultural practices, and increased proportions of wastewater treatment before discharge were considered in the model to reduce the land-based pollution in projections for 2040. The results showed that remediation will reduce the point and distributed source loadings on the sub-basins, and Izmir Inner Bay water quality is expected to improve significantly.

Examination of Differences in Water Quality and Quantity by Reservoir Catchment with a Different Land-Use Type in the Republic of Mauritius

Forest buffers contribute to enhancing the quality and availability of water in catchments. This study aims to examine the effects of forest buffers on water quality and quantity in three reservoir catchments in Mauritius, including Mare aux Vacoas (MAV), Mare Longue (ML), and La Ferme (LF). While MAV and ML are surrounded by forests, the forested area of LF was cleared for photovoltaic panels for electricity generation and agriculture. We used catchment simulation modeling and empirical data analysis. The results showed that the concentrations of water quality parameters, such as conductivity, silica, total suspended solid (TSS), total organic carbon (TOC), NO3−, NO2−, and total reactive P in LF were higher than those in MAV and ML. Sparsely vegetated lands can lead to water quality degradation due to surface runoff. In addition, the water quantity per unit area for MAV and ML were greater than that for LF, which indicated that a high percentage of forest buffer cover also positively influences the quantity of water in catchments. Our findings suggest that forest buffers have a critical importance in hydrological cycles and also enhance water production, and thus should help develop an effective and innovative water resource management strategy in Mauritius.

Effects of land use and land cover changes on water quality in the uMngeni river catchment, South Africa

Land use and land cover change are major drivers of water quality deterioration in watercourses and impoundments. However, understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of land use change characteristics and their link to water quality parameters in catchments is limited. As a contribution to address this limitation, the objective of this study is to assess the linkages between biophysico-chemical water quality parameters and land use and land cover (LULC) classes in the upper reaches of the uMngeni Catchment, a rapidly developing catchment in South Africa. These were assessed using Geographic Information Systems tools and statistical analyses for the years 1994, 2000, 2008 and 2011 based on changes over time of eight LULC classes and available water quality information. Natural vegetation, forest plantations and cultivated areas occupy 85% of the catchment. Cultivated, urban/built-up and degraded areas increased by 6%, 4.5% and 3%, respectively coinciding with a decrease in natural vegetation by 17%. Variability in the concentration of water quality parameters from 1994 to 2011 and an overall decline in water quality were observed. Escherichia coli (E. coli) levels exceeding the recommended guidelines for recreation and public health protection was noted as a major issue at seven of the nine sampling points. Overall, water supply reservoirs in the catchment retained over 20% of nutrients and over 85% of E. coli entering them. A relationship between land use types and water quality variables was found. However, the degree and magnitude of the associations varies between sub-catchments and is difficult to quantify. This highlights the complexity and the site-specific nature of relationships between land use types and water quality parameters in the catchment. Thus, this study provides useful findings on the general relationship between land use and land cover and water quality degradation, but highlights the risks of applying simple relationships or adding complex relationships in the management of the catchment.

THE STUDY OF WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY (CASE STUDY: GAJAHWONG WATERSHED)

Gajahwong River is one of the nine rivers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. During dry season,its water quantity has been decreasing so the water flow is insufficient to dilute the pollutant from sewage and affecting the water quality. Some pollutant parameters that have exceeded the quality standard in the Gajahwong river are including BOD, COD, TSS, phosphates, and total coliform. The study is expected to show the relationship between the water quantity and water pollution parameters and how to mitigate it. Water availability at the river was analyzed by using Mock model and the result was presented in flow duration curve. Climate data including rainfall for 12 years period from 2001 to 2012 were collected.Thecondition ofriver water quality was analyzed using Pollution Index Method. Results show that dependable flow at 80% probability was 0.80 m3/s. Water quality conditions in the Gajahwong River from upstream to downstream have declined at moderately polluted level. During 2007 to 2012 the level of TDS, TSS, DO, COD, detergents, oils, and fats, and fecal coliform has decreased. The concentration of water quality parameters was increased like BOD, phosphate, and total coliform that causing polluted water. The concentration of TSS, BOD, COD, phosphates, detergents, oils and fats, fecal coliform, and total coliform exceeds the threshold of water quality standards class II.

Impact Identification of Estuarine Water Quality to Marine Biota: A Case Study in Wonorejo Estuary, Indonesia

Marine pollution in Wonorejo estuary has been a concern. Partly, marine pollution is carried by the river and the effluent from fish ponds. The amount of fish harvesting for fishermen and fish ponds farmers, especially shrimp ponds decreases time by time. The aim of this study is to know water quality parameters that have exceeded from the quality standard criteria from field work and their impacts to marine biota. Sampling of water quality took place at ten stations along river up to open sea with three points of depth to find out the concentration of ammonia, phosphate, BOD, DO, and phenol. The average concentrations of water quality parameters, 0.6 mg/L for ammonia, 0.09 mg/L for phosphate, 6.8 mg/L for BOD, 5.51 mg/L for DO, and 0.0451 mg/L for phenol, respectively. High concentration of phenol can cause a death for some marine biota.

Water quality modeling for seasonal fluctuation of Ichamati river, West Bengal, India

The study was carried out to assess some physico-chemical water quality parameters and pollution scenario of the Ichamati river. Water samples were collected from nine different selected stations at origin of the river Majhdia to Taki end portion of the Ichamati river during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon periods. A seasonal variation in these parameters was observed throughout the study period and monthly comparisons were made as monsoon, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The results of the present investigation was undertaken to asses seasonal and spatial variation in pH, Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Salinity, Chlorophyll, DO and Water Temperature are compared with literature values and investigation reveals that there is a fluctuation in the physico-chemical characters of the water, this will be due to ebb and flow and change in the temperature and salinity as season changes. All parameters except turbidity and conductivity have shown high concentration in pre-monsoon-monsoon and post-monsoon, overall the concentration of water quality parameters were governed by flushing of rainfall, river water flow, sea water intrusion runoff from agricultural fields. Turbidity content in the study area was higher because the Ichamati river is dynamic zone of lower stretch. This river only depends on upper stretch rainy season rain water; no tidal fluctuation but lower stretch of the river is high tidal fluctuation the salinity is must high then upper stretch the value of Salinity 3–8.5 ppm that the parallely fluctuation the huge amount of sediment continuing; the turbidity is very high 600–700 NTU.

Determination of Ammonia, Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations in Marine Water Samples with Cultured Marine Ornamental Fish Water Sample Analysis

The present studies were concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and pH. For seven physicochemical parameters were determined in marine water samples along with marine ornamental fish water sources from CAS in marine biology laboratory conditions at Parangipettai. Water sample have been studied at a marine water sources. The study concentrations of parameters like ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, and pH. And physicochemical parameters have been calculated. The data showed the difference of the investigated parameters in samples as follows; Concentration of water quality parameters like ammonia was maximum level above 1.158 μmol¯1, nitrite was ranging from 0.811 to 0.922 μmol¯1, nitrate was range maximum level above 4.84 μmol¯1, dissolved oxygen content was maximum level above 2.4 mg¯1, temperature was ranging from 32.3 to 100 °C, salinity values ranging from 0 to 36ppt and pH was ranging from 6.5 to 8.0. During the study period of from July 2013 to June 2014 we investigated concentration of seven physicochemical parameters value Marine water samples with cultured fish species in presence of water from CAS in Marine Biology laboratory Annamalai University at Parangipettai.

Determination of Ammonia, Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations in Marine Water Samples with Cultured Marine Ornamental Fish Water Sample Analysis

The present studies were concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and pH. For seven physicochemical parameters were determined in marine water samples along with marine ornamental fish water sources from CAS in marine biology laboratory conditions at Parangipettai. Water sample have been studied at a marine water sources. The study concentrations of parameters like ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, and pH. And physicochemical parameters have been calculated. The data showed the difference of the investigated parameters in samples as follows; Concentration of water quality parameters like ammonia was maximum level above 1.158 μmol¯1, nitrite was ranging from 0.811 to 0.922 μmol¯1, nitrate was range maximum level above 4.84 μmol¯1, dissolved oxygen content was maximum level above 2.4 mg¯1, temperature was ranging from 32.3 to 100 °C, salinity values ranging from 0 to 36ppt and pH was ranging from 6.5 to 8.0. During the study period of from July 2013 to June 2014 we investigated concentration of seven physicochemical parameters value Marine water samples with cultured fish species in presence of water from CAS in Marine Biology laboratory Annamalai University at Parangipettai.

Simulation, evaluation and prediction modeling of river water quality properties (case study: Ireland Rivers)

In this analysis, three input parameters temperature, pH and electrical conductivity were chosen due to their easy and less costly measurement technique, and a package of six models were presented for estimating the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, DO percentage, biological oxygen demand, chloride, alkalinity and total hardness. 3001 data sets (a 3001 × 8 data array) were used to training the models. The models have been tested in order to verify their prediction values, and the resulted R factor (the rate of precision) for each model equals to 0.93, 0.95, 0.77, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.92, respectively. This proves that the package can be used to estimate the concentrations of water quality parameters with accuracy close to the reality. The River data collected from 210 monitoring stations located in all over Ireland have been used. The data set covers different conditions and makes the model applicable in many different places and conditions. For development of all models, feed-forward algorithm used for training, as well as the Levenberg–Marquardt and tansign(x) functions as learning and transfer functions.

Evaluation of multi-resolution satellite sensors for assessing water quality and bottom depth of Lake Garda.

In this study we evaluate the capabilities of three satellite sensors for assessing water composition and bottom depth in Lake Garda, Italy. A consistent physics-based processing chain was applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and RapidEye. Images gathered on 10 June 2014 were corrected for the atmospheric effects with the 6SV code. The computed remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) from MODIS and OLI were converted into water quality parameters by adopting a spectral inversion procedure based on a bio-optical model calibrated with optical properties of the lake. The same spectral inversion procedure was applied to RapidEye and to OLI data to map bottom depth. In situ measurements of Rrs and of concentrations of water quality parameters collected in five locations were used to evaluate the models. The bottom depth maps from OLI and RapidEye showed similar gradients up to 7 m (r = 0.72). The results indicate that: (1) the spatial and radiometric resolutions of OLI enabled mapping water constituents and bottom properties; (2) MODIS was appropriate for assessing water quality in the pelagic areas at a coarser spatial resolution; and (3) RapidEye had the capability to retrieve bottom depth at high spatial resolution. Future work should evaluate the performance of the three sensors in different bio-optical conditions.

Historical Changes in Fish Assemblage Composition Following Water Quality Improvement in the Mainstem Trinity River of Texas

AbstractThe Clean Water Act of 1972 is credited with improving water quality across the USA, although few long‐term studies tracking hydrologic, chemical, and biological responses to cleanup efforts exist. The Trinity River of Texas was plagued by poor water quality for more than a century before passage of legislation to reduce point source pollution from the Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) Metroplex. We tracked changes in components of flow regime; concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); and fish assemblage composition in three mainstem reaches during a 40‐year period (1968–2008) following implementation of a large‐scale cleanup initiative. Results suggest little change in flow regime components such as magnitude, timing, and rate of change among the three reaches during 1968–2008. Concentrations of water quality parameters declined through time and with greater distance from DFW, including the lowest concentrations in the reach downstream of a mainstem reservoir (Lake Livingston). Fish assemblage composition shifts correlated with attenuated nutrient and BOD concentrations, and species richness generally increased among all reaches. Native and intolerant fishes consistently increased through time among all three reaches, although lentic and non‐native species also increased downstream of Lake Livingston. Our findings suggest a revitalization of the Trinity River fish assemblage associated with reduced nutrient pollution in DFW (even among distant reaches) and also illustrate potential confounding factors such as stream impoundment and continued nutrient deposition that likely preclude complete recovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

회귀분석에 의한 TOC 농도 추정 - 오수천 유역을 대상으로 -

The objective of this study is to evaluate and analyze Osu stream watershed water environment system. The data were collected from January 2009 to December 2011 including water temperature, pH, DO, EC, BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P and discharge. The data were used for principle component analysis and factor analysis. The results are as followes. The primary factors obtained from both the principal component analysis and the factor analysis were BOD, COD, TOC, SS and T-P. Once principal component analysis and factor analysis have been performed with the collected data and then the results will be applied to both simple regression model and multiple regression model. The regression model was developed into case 1 using concentrations of water quality parameters and case 2 using delivery loads. The value of the coefficient of determination on case 1 fell between 0.629 and 0.866; this was lower than case 2 value which fell between 0.946 and 0.998. Therefore, case 2 model would be a reliable choice.The coefficient of determination between the estimated figure using data which was developed to the regression model in 2012 and the actual measurement value was over 0.6, overall. It can be safely deduced that the correlation value between the two findings was high. The same model can be applied to get TOC concentrations in future.

Spatial and Seasonal Variation in Groundwater Quality in Parts of Cuddalore District, South India

An effort has been made to evaluate the groundwater quality in parts of Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu. This study observed an alkaline nature of water for all the samples throughout the year. Classification of water based on TDS shows that majority of the samples were permissible for drinking. A wide range of values for hardness were exhibited by the groundwaters. However, pre-monsoon samples were much harder than the post-monsoon samples. Two distinct water types were present in the study area, samples from coastal areas found to have Na–Cl and the upper reaches showed a Ca–HCO3 type of water. Results suggest that the major processes controlling the groundwater chemistry are the seawater intrusion in the eastern coastal aquifers and the rock-water interaction in western part. Most of the samples exceeded the permissible limit of sodium percentage for irrigation purposes. Fluoride and nitrate concentration were below the permissible limits. Spatial distribution maps showed a clear gradation in the concentration of water quality parameters from the hilly terrains to the coastal areas. This study revealed that the groundwater quality at the eastern boundary of Cuddalore, Kurinjipetai, Parangipettai, Keerampalayam and Komaratchi Taluks were deteriorated by the seawater intrusion.