Sunset Yellow Concentration Research Articles

Development of a highly sensitive ultra-small ratiometric fluorescence nanosphere probe for Sunset Yellow detection

A highly sensitive ultra-small ratiometric fluorescence nanosphere probe was successfully manufactured to detect Sunset Yellow (SY). The probe, CMCS@N, S-CDs/Rh6G, was formed through the encapsulation of N, S-CDs and Rh6G within carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) through in situ cross-linking. Remarkably, our nanosphere probe had an average grain diameter of 6.80 nm and exhibited excellent dispersibility without the need for additional solvents. The probe exhibited a strong linear relationship with SY concentration in the range of 0.26–100 μM, with a low detection limit of 0.078 μM. Furthermore, SY demonstrated strong fluorescence quenching capability on our nanosphere probe, with the fluorescence quenching mechanism involving a combined effects of inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching. Notably, our nanosphere probe retained the bacteriostatic properties of CMCS, with a substantial bacteriostasis rate of 77.58 %, introducing novel potential applications.

A modified electrode based on a 3D reduced graphene oxide and MoS2 composite for simultaneous detection of sunset yellow and tartrazine.

A 3D reduced graphene oxide (3DrGO) composite loaded with cauliflower-like MoS2 was prepared. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of 3DrGO and cauliflower-like MoS2, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the 3DrGO-MoS2 composite (3DrGO-MoS2/GCE) displays high sensing performance for sunset yellow (SY) and tartrazine (TZ) at working potentials of 0.795 and 1.034 V. Furthermore, a well separated oxidation peak potential can achieve simultaneous detection of the two analytes. Under selected conditions, the peak current exhibits a piecewise linear relationship with the SY concentration in the range of 0.05-10 μmol L-1 and 10-60 μmol L-1, and the plot of peak current versus the TZ concentration also exhibits two linear segments in the range of 0.1-6.0 μmol L-1 and 6.0-60 μmol L-1. The detection limits of SY and TZ are as low as 17.6 and 37.4 nmol L-1, respectively. The prepared 3DrGO-MoS2/GCE was applied for the determination of SY and TZ in food samples with excellent recoveries of 95.1-105.4%.

Optimization of square wave voltammetry parameters by response surface methodology for the determination of Sunset yellow using an electrochemical sensor based on Purpald®

A modified electrode (Purpald®/GC) was prepared by electrochemical deposition of 4-Amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (Purpald®) on the glassy carbon electrode surface to determine sunset yellow (SY). The sensor was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached, and electrochemical techniques. Optimum experimental conditions were determined for the determination of SY. To obtain better analytical performance on the Purpald®/GC sensor, the response surface methodology experimental design was used. The square wave voltammetry technique’s parameters were optimized to obtain the highest anodic peak current of SY. The working range was obtained as three linear concentration ranges were 4.97 nM-1.18 µM, 1.18 µM-15.16 µM, and 15.16 µM-0.153 mM. The LOD value was found as 1.15 nM with the optimum parameters combination. Using the proposed sensor, SY concentration was determined with satisfactory results in instant powder drink and orange-flavored carbonated drink samples.

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Sunset Yellow Based on Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode.

Electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode (AGCE) was fabricated and applied for sensitive and selective detection of sunset yellow (SY). The electroanalysis of SY was investigated by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Owed to the specific oxygen-contained functional groups and the outstanding conductivity of AGCE, the proposed sensor exhibits an enhanced oxidation peak current of SY when compared with non-activated glass carbon electrode (GCE). Under the optimal analytical conditions, the oxidation peak current is linear with SY concentration in the range of 0.005–1.0 μM. The low limit of detection is 0.00167 μM (S/N = 3). This method is applied for the detection of SY in the actual samples. The recovery is between 96.19 and 103.47%, indicating that AGCE is suitable for the determination of SY in beverage sample.

Development of quantum dot-linked immunosorbent assay (QLISA) and ELISA for the detection of sunset yellow in foods and beverages

Sunset yellow (SY) is widely used as food colorant. Excess and illegal use of SY could pose potential health risk. Quantum dots have been successfully used in biological research due to the high photoluminescence and high resistance to photobleaching. To analyze SY efficiently, quantum dot-linked immunosorbent assay (QLISA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) were developed on the basis of generated monoclonal antibody. A carboxyl group was introduced to SY and coupled with carrier proteins to synthesize artificial antigen. Under the optimal conditions, inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of SY were 1.9 ng/mL (ic-ELISA) and 3.4 ng/mL (QLISA); the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.2 ng/mL (ic-ELISA) and 1.0 ng/mL (QLISA), respectively. Cross-reactivities of the mAb toward eight kinds of analogues were<0.01%. The recovery rates in spiked foods and beverages were 75.6%∼120.1% (ic-ELISA) and 74.0%∼114.1% (QLISA), respectively.

Sunset Yellow Dye Induces Amorphous Aggregation in β-Lactoglobulin at Acidic pH: A Multi-Techniques Approach.

Protein aggregation is of two types: (i) amorphous and (ii) amyloid fibril. Several extrinsic factors (temperature, pH, and small ligands) stimulate protein aggregation in vitro. In this study, we have examined the role of sunset yellow (SY) on the β-lactoglobulin (BLG) aggregation at pH 2.0. We have used spectroscopic (turbidity, Rayleigh light scattering (RLS), far-UV CD) and microscopic (transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) techniques to describe the effects of SY on BLG aggregation. Our results showed that BLG aggregation is dependent on SY concentrations. Very low concentrations (0.0–0.07 mM) of SY were unable to induce aggregation, while SY in the concentrations range of 0.1–5.0 mM induces aggregation in BLG. The kinetics of SY-stimulated aggregation is very fast and monomeric form of BLG directly converted into polymeric aggregates. The kinetics results also showed SY-induced BLG aggregation disappeared in the presence of NaCl. The far-UV CD and TEM results indicated the amorphous nature of SY-induced BLG aggregates. We believe that our results clearly suggest that SY dye effectively stimulates BLG aggregation.

In vitro effects of Sunset Yellow on Chromosomal Damage and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

Sunset Yellow (SY) is an organic azo dye that is used extensively as a coloring agent in many industries, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals ,and foodstuffs. Many studies have conflicting results about the genotoxicity effect of SY. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide additional data concerning SY genotoxicity in human lymphocytes by using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) assay. Four concentrations of Sunset Yellow (1, 5, 20 ,and 50 mg/ml) were used on human lymphocyte cultures. Positive and negative controls were mitomycin C and distilled water, respectively. Compared to the control, SY caused a significant increase in CAs and SCEs frequencies at all concentrations. A total of five types of CAs were observed, such as gaps, fragments, RCF, stickiness,and polyploidy. According to the present results, high concentrations of SY are genotoxic in vitro to cultured human lymphocytes. To determine its full genotoxicity potential, SY should be tested in other test systems.

Gram-scale synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots from locusts for selective determination of sunset yellow in food samples.

Locust powder was converted into water-soluble fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) with gram-scale yield through a self-exothermic reaction between nitric acid and diethylenetriamine (DETA) within 10 min. The morphology, elemental information, and optical properties of the N-CDs were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared, ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectroscopic investigation indicated that the fluorescence emission behaviour of N-CDs is excitation wavelength dependent, with the strongest emission peak at 470 nm using a 390 nm excitation wavelength. The strong absorption peak of sunset yellow (SY) at 482 nm overlaps substantially with the blue emission peak (470 nm) of N-CDs. This enables the fluorescence emission of N-CDs to be obviously quenched by SY through the inner filter effect. There was a good linear relationship between the fluorescence quenching degree and the concentrations of SY within the range 0.5-40 μM. The detection limit of developed fluorescence assay for SY is 28 nM, and the relative standard deviation is 2.3% (c = 10 μM). The N-CDs derived from locusts by the self-exothermic reaction are highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probes for SY, which were applied to the fluorescence sensing of SY in different food samples with satisfactory results.

Molecular interaction of Sunset Yellow with whey protein: Multi-spectroscopic techniques and computational study

Sunset Yellow (SY) dye is an essential component in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic, industries. Therefore, we studied its interaction with whey protein (β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)) using spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques at pH 7.4. Intrinsic fluorescence data at three different temperatures suggested that the fluorescence intensity decreased upon the addition of SY dye. The fluorescence quenching constant (Ksv) values decreases in response to increase in temperature which signified the a static quenching mechanism was taking place between SY and β-LG. The thermodynamic data revealed that hydrophobic interaction was dominantly involved in the SY–β-LG interaction. The negative sign of standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) denoted that the SY-β-LG complex formed via spontaneous molecular interaction. The UV–Vis spectroscopy results showed that the absorbance of β-LG increased with increasing SY concentration because of complex formation. The far-UV CD data suggested that the secondary structure of β-LG increased in the presence of SY dye and the overall β-LG conformation changed. Molecular docking results showed the high-affinity binding (-11.27 kcal/mol) of SY with β-LG through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. This study provides detailed information about food additive dye interactions with dairy products and shows conformational changes of dairy proteins due to interaction with dye.

Removal of Sunset Yellow by Methanol Modified Walnut Shell

The present research was aimed to analyze the possibility of a novel low-cost biosorbent, Methanol Modified Walnut Shell (MMWS), to improve its biosorption properties with respect to the removal of Sunset Yellow (SY) from aqueous solution, The influences of process parameters, such as pH, temperature, and initial concentration of SY on its adsorption capacity were investigated in a batch system. The equilibrium data were evaluated using the Langmuir and the Freundlich models and the latter could provide a better fit. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of SY onto MMWS was 18.35 mg/g at 298 K, which showed a significant improvement as compared to the raw walnut shell. The obtained thermodynamic parameters demonstrated a spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process of SY onto walnut shell biomass. The adsorption kinetics fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model. It was concluded that intra-particle diffusion was one of the rate-controlling steps in this process. MMWS was proved to be a promising adsorbent to treat dye wastewater.

Rapid Determination of Sunset Yellow in Soft Drinks Using Silicon Nanoparticles Synthesized under Mild Conditions.

Sunset yellow (SY) is a synthetic colorant which can cause allergies, diarrhea and other symptoms in sensitive people. When ingested too much, it can accumulate in the body and cause damage to the kidneys and liver. Therefore, the content of SY in food must be strictly controlled. In order to regulate their use and ensure food quality, simple and cost-effective methods need to be developed to identify them. In this experiment, fluorescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) were prepared by a one-step method, which is simple, mild and less time-consuming. The fluorescent SiNPs prepared had good thermal stability, excellent salt resistance and pH stability. SY effectively quenched the fluorescence of SiNPs by fluorescence resonance energy transfer when added to the system as an interfering substance. The method had a good linear relationship in the range of SY concentration of 0.050 - 14.0 μg mL-1 and the detection limit is 0.023 μg mL-1. The established sensor was applied to the detection of SY in beverages, and the recovery rate was 93.8 - 102.4%. Based on the excellent selectivity and sensitivity of the method, it could provide a convenient way for the detection of SY in food samples.

A comparison of PMT-based and CCD-based sensors for electrochemiluminescence detection of sunset yellow in soft drinks

The use of artificial colorants in food is highly regulated due to their potential to harm human health. Thus, it is crucial to detect these substances effectively to ensure conformance with industrial standards. In this work, we prepared a photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor and a charged coupled device (CCD)-based ECL sensor and compared their merits in the detection of sunset yellow (SY) dye. The sensors used C,N quantum dot-embedded g-C3N4 nanosheets (QDs@NSs) as the ECL agent and K2S2O8 as the coreactant. SY was analyzed on the basis of amplification in the QDs@NHs-K2S2O8 ECL system. The PMT-based sensor realized ultrasensitive detection using a single electrode, especially at low concentrations of SY. A CCD-based sensor imaged the ECL phenomenon of an electrode array and provided the advantages of high throughput and time savings. Under optimized conditions, both sensors exhibited high specificity, reproducibility and stability; detection limits of 20 nM with PMT detection and 5 μM with CCD detection were determined for SY, with detection ranging over at least two decades. The practical feasibilities of these systems were confirmed by satisfactory detection of SY in real drink samples.

Simultaneous removal of binary mixture dyes using mn - Fe layered double hydroxide coated chitosan fibers prepared by wet spinning

In this study, the carbohydrate polymer chitosan (CS) fibers were prepared successfully by a simple wet spinning process and subsequently coated by manganese iron layered double hydroxide (Mn-Fe LDH) through hydrothermal technique. The properties of the Mn-Fe LDH/CS composite were identified by various techniques such as FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, BET and element mapping analyses. The simultaneous removal of indigo carmine (IC) and sunset yellow (SY) as anionic dyes from aqueous solutions using an as-prepared composite were studied. In binary solutions, the first order derivative spectrophotometric approach was used for the simultaneous measurement of IC and SY. Four operational variables, concluding initial concentration of IC and SY, adsorbent amount and contact time were selected to investigate by central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). In the optimum conditions, kinetic study was performed and the pseudo second order model for both IC and SY were found the well fitted model compared to other models, whereas the adsorption isotherm of dyes followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 17.85 and 11.37 mg g −1 for IC and SY, respectively. The thermodynamic analysis highlighted that the adsorption process of dyes onto the Mn-Fe LDH/CS fibers was an endothermic process.

Mixed Magnetic Dispersive Micro‐Solid Phase–Cloud Point Extraction of Sunset Yellow in Food and Pharmaceutical Samples

AbstractThe simple and green separation/pre‐concentration technique combining magnetic dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction (MD‐μ‐SPE) with cloud point extraction (CPE) was applied for the trace determination of sunset yellow FCF (SY). Reduced graphene oxide‐cobalt oxide nanocomposite (RGO‐Co3O4) with high extraction ability as a suitable adsorbent was synthesized and characterized. In the proposed method, rapid and reproducible extraction is accomplished, lending reduced analysis time and relative inertness to surfactant concentration and equilibration temperature compared to conventional CPE. The influences of solution pH, concentration of sunset yellow, amount of RGO‐Co3O4, and triton X‐35 surfactant (10 % w/v) volume on the extraction performance of SY were investigated and optimized by multivariate optimization strategy. The proposed method, combining two different and effective techniques, offers satisfactory analytical features in terms of the limit of detection (9 ng mL−1), repeatability (1.8 %), and accuracy (89–102 %). Furthermore, the MD‐μ‐SPE/CPE method showed a good ability to analyze SY in food and pharmaceutical samples.

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NS) as dual responsive template for fluorescent sensing as well as degradation of food colorants

In this work, fluorescent g-C3N4 NS with laminar morphology and ultrathin thickness were fabricated. The as synthesized NS were well characterized by UV–Visible and Fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD and HR-TEM. The bright blue fluorescent suspension of g-C3N4 NS was utilized for efficient detection of food colorant; tartrazine (Tz) and sunset yellow (SY). Both food colorant were able to quench fluorescence of NS efficiently were able to detect them selectively over other interfering analytes. The chemosensor showed linear range response for low concentration of Tz and SY with limit of detection for Tz and SY as 0.0325 μM (32.5 nM) and 0.221 μM (221 nM), respectively. They served as non-toxic and low cost photocatalyst. The catalytic degradation process was confirmed by mass and UV–Visible spectra analysis. The g-C3N4 NS served dual role of detection as well as photocatalytic degradation of food colorant.

Comparative study of ability of sonochemistry combined ZnS:Ni nanoparticles-loaded activated carbon in reductive of organic pollutants from environmental water samples

Nickel-doped ZnS nanoparticle-loaded activated carbon applied for the simultaneous removal of sunset yellow (SY) and methylene blue (MB) from their aqueous solution. The under study adsorbent characterization and properties were identified and recognized via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), particle Size distribution (PSD) and point of zero charge (pHpzc). Detailed of dyes adsorption dependency to expected significant variable such as pH, adsorbent mass, SY concentration, MB concentration and sonication time in term of sole and combination part was checked by central composite design on their simultaneous removal percentages. The experimental results reveal that most effective parameter was sonication time. The predictive models and best performance were attributed to 16 mg.L−1, 6.0, 0.014 g and 4 min corresponding to the initial concentration of each dye, pH, adsorbent mass and sonication time, respectively, at which more than 98% of both dyes was adsorbed. The analysis of experimental equilibrium data by conventional approaches reveal better applicability of the Langmuir isotherm for fitting and explanation of experimental data. Meanwhile, the maximum ultrasound-assisted adsorption capacities for SY and MB were estimated to be 120.481 and 142.86 mg g−1, respectively. Besides, their adsorption described well correlated and represented by the pseudo-second-order model. At optimum conditions, where the ultrasound-assisted best adsorption method is highly superior to magnetic-stirring- and vortex-assisted methods in term of lower time and higher adsorption capacity.

A novel voltammetric platform based on dysprosium oxide for the sensitive determination of sunset yellow in the presence of tartrazine

This study reports the preparation of a novel voltammetric platform based on the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) nanoparticles. The electrode material was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction method (XRD). The novel platform (Dy2O3NPs/MWCNTs/GCE) was applied for the voltammetric determination of sunset yellow (SY) in the presence of tartrazine (TAR). SY was first adsorbed at the surface of Dy2O3NPs/MWCNTs/GCE by keeping it into a solution of SY for 200 s. Afterwards, the proposed platform was washed with ultrapure water and transferred with the adsorbed species in a voltammetric cell containing only 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Then, the novel platform (Dy2O3NPs/MWCNTs/GCE) exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity and presented improved voltammetric responses when compared to other electrodes. The novel platform produced an improved anodic peak at 0.705 V and a corresponding cathodic peak at 0.690 V for SY and an irreversible anodic peak at 0.957 V for TAR. When compared to the electrode modified with only MWCNTs, a remarkable increase in current response and a electrocatalytic activity of the proposed platform were observed for SY and TAR at a GCE modified with both MWCNTs and Dy2O3NPs. A linear relationship was obtained between the current response and the concentration of SY over range of 1.0 × 10−9 M − 1.4 × 10−7 M with an LOD of 3.5 × 10−10 M using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The proposed procedure provided an accurate and a precise quantification to the analysis of food and pharmaceutical samples.

Graphene-based materials produced by graphite electrochemical exfoliation in acidic solutions: Application to Sunset Yellow voltammetric detection

Two graphene-based materials were prepared by exfoliation of graphite rod with pulses of current. The first material (denoted EGr-1) was exfoliated in a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid (3:1 ratio; 0.5 M each; pH 1) giving a material composed of graphene (40% few-layer; 32% multi-layer) and graphene oxide (28%). The second material (denoted EGr-2) was prepared by exfoliation of the graphite rod in 0.05 M boric acid (pH 5.1) in which 0.05 M NaCl was added to increase the electrolyte conductivity. After preparation, the materials were used for the modification of two glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, denoted GC/EGr-1 and GC/EGr-2, respectively. The performances of each electrode toward Sunset Yellow (SY) detection were tested in laboratory solutions (pH 6 PBS) containing increasing concentrations of SY (3 × 10−7–1 × 10−4 M). It is important to emphasize that the sensitivities, linear ranges and the limits of detection of the two electrodes were different. Hence, in the case of the electrode covered with graphene prepared in strong acidic solution (GC/EGr-1) the sensitivity was 0.017 A·M−1, the linear range between 6 × 10−6 and 1 × 10−4 M, the LOD was 1.8 × 10−6 M. In contrast, the electrode covered with the material prepared in weak acidic solution (GC/EGr-2) has higher sensitivity (0.021 A·M−1) wider linear range (1 × 10−6–1 × 10−4 M) and lower LOD (3 × 10−7 M).

All aspect of toxic effect of brilliant blue and sunset yellow in Allium cepa roots.

Substances added to food are considerable for survival and are the oldest technologies used in preservation, sweetening and coloring. This work was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the food additives sunset yellow (SY) and brilliant blue (BB) on Allium cepa root meristematic cells. Control and treatment groups were created from germinated roots. Group 1 (control group) did not receive chemicals. Group 2 (SY or BB-treatment group), received increasing doses of SY (25, 50, 100 and 500ppm) and BB (100, 200, 400 and 500ppm) with time periodsof 24, 48 and 72h. After different treatment periods, the roots were obtained from all groups and EC50 concentrations, cell death, chromosome aberrations, mitotic index were observed by a light microscopy. Changing antioxidant capacity of roots was determined by FRAP and TEAC assay. Also, DNA damage was measured by comet assay and RAPD-PCR technique. Approximately 50 and 200ppm were accepted as EC50 value for SY and BB, respectively. Chromosome aberration values were obtained with increasing concentrations and longer treatment times such as chromosome bridge, C-mitosis, micronucleus, chromosome mis-segregation in both groups. Increasing exposure doses of SY and BB caused decreasing mitotic index values at 72h. FRAP and TEAC assay showed that antioxidant capacity of roots was decreased by increasing concentrations of SY and BB. The tail DNA% and tail length significantly increased for all exposure times when compared to the control group. 50 and 200ppm of SY and BB caused a genotoxic effect on genetic material at 72h according to RAPD-PCR. Increasing the doses of SY and BB resulted in increased toxicity to all studied parameters of A. cepa. In conclusion, the SY and BB tested in this study have cytotoxic and mutagenic potential. Furthermore, SY is more harmful than BB for use in the A. cepa root meristematic cells.

Label-Free Fluorescent Determination of Sunset Yellow in Soft Drinks Based on an Indicator-Displacement Assay

This work reported a fluorescence sensing platform for Sunset Yellow (SY) determination based on competitive host-guest interaction between cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and signal probe/target molecules. Luteolin/epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and SY were selected as the probe and target molecules, respectively. When luteolin or EGCG entered the CB7 host, its fluorescence significantly improved. However, upon the presence of SY in the performed luteolin·CB7 or EGCG·CB7 complex, this led to a remarkable decrease in fluorescence. This result was due to the fact that the binding constant of CB7/SY (4.9×104 M−1) was greater than that of CB7/luteolin (3.2×103 M−1) or CB7/EGCG (4.8×103 M−1). The fluorescence intensities of CB7/luteolin and CB7/EGCG complexes decreased linearly with increased SY concentration ranges of 0.5–50.0 and 2.0–50.0 μM. The proposed method had detection limits of 0.12 and 0.45 μM and was successfully used to determine SY samples with good recoveries ranging from 96.3% to 103.8%. This competitive mode provided a promising fluorescence assay strategy for potential applications in food safety.