Soap Concentration Research Articles

Interactions between fatty acids and lipoprotein lipase: specific binding and complex formation.

Lipoprotein lipase is the extrahepatic lipase responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins. Its enzymic activity and its location on the surface of endothelial cells are affected by the presence of fatty acids, implying that the protein possesses binding sites for that ligand. In this study, we examine the binding of fatty acids to LpL and describe factors that must be considered when the dissociation constant of the acceptor-ligand equilibrium is close to the critical micelle concentration of the fatty acid. The interaction of fatty acids with lipoprotein lipase (LpL) was studied by two methods. A new direct method, based on the LpL-induced increase in the apparent critical micelle concentration of the sodium soap of the fatty acid, indicates the presence of multiple high-affinity binding sites. In the second method, the specific binding of fatty acids to LpL was measured by quantitating the blue shift in the tryptophan fluorescence of LpL that occurs upon binding the ligand. Both methods suggest the existence of 4-6 fatty acid binding sites on LpL with a dissociation constant on the order of 10(-6)-10(-7) M. Further analysis of the blue shift indicates that at higher concentrations of fatty acid, large complexes are formed consisting of 260-310 molecules of fatty acid per LPL monomer. In contrast, no large complexes are formed with fatty acids that form crystals above their solubility limit.

Ultrasonic behaviour of the system magnesium soap-benzene and methanol

The colloid chemical behaviour and the micellar features of magnesium caprylate and caprate in benzene-methanol mixtures (v:v = 9:1,1:1,1:4) were investigated by ultrasonic velocity and density measurements at 40° ± 0.1. The critical micelle concentrations (c.m.c.) depend upon the composition of solvent mixtures and are found to decrease with the increasing chain length of the soap anion. Acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length show deviations at different concentrations indicating effective soap-binary solvent interaction. The specific acoustic impedance and molar sound velocity increase, while adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length decrease with increasing soap concentration. With respect to soaps, the values of specific acoustic impedance and ultrasonic velocity follow the order Caprylate > Caprate. The result reveals that soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions and show significant interaction between the soap-solvent molecules. The data confirm that the behaviour of the soap below and above 1:1 is quite different.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Cerium(III) Caprylate

Abstract The respective values of critical micelle concentration, CMC (4.9 × 10−4 and 3.3 × 10−4M) of cerium(III) caprylate in the solvent-mixture of 70/30 and 50/50(v/v) methanol-benzene have been obtained by observing the inflexion exhibited by the plots of physical properties (viz. conductivity, density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity) versus soap concentration, C.

Effects of Invert Soap with 0.05% Sodium Hydroxide on Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

The effects of invert soaps with sodium hydroxide on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were studied. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride was most effective, followed by alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride and [mono-bis(tri-methylammonium-methylene chloride)]-alkyl (C9-15) toluene. Dilutions without NaOH had little effect on virus titer. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride was further tested for its effects on IBDV by varying temperature, concentration of invert soap, and pH of the dilution. The effect of the invert soap was strong at 40 C, moderate at room temperature, and weak at 4 C. The concentration of invert soap influenced its efficacy at room temperature but not at 4 C. At pH values below 12.9, the invert soap showed decreased efficacy.

Acoustic behaviour of chromium soap solutions in benzene–dimethyl formamide mixture

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration and various acoustic parameters of chromium soaps (myristate, palmitate, and stearate) in a mixture of benzene and dimethyl formamide (4 : 1 v/v) have been determined by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The results showed that the ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, molar sound velocity, and molar sound compressibility increase, while intermolecular freelength, adiabatic compressibility, and available volume decrease with increasing concentration and chain length of the soap. The results show that there is a significant interaction between soap and solvent molecules in dilute solutions and the soap molecules do not aggregate appreciably in dilute solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Acoustical Study and Thermodynamics of Dissociation and Micellization of Lanthanum and Cerium Linoleates in A Mixture of Benzene and Methanol

Abstract Ultrasonic measurements on lanthanum and cerium linoleates were made in a mixture of 60% benzene and 40% methanol (V/V), to determine the CMC, soap-solvent interaction and various acoustic and thermodynamic parameters. The values of the CMC increase with the increase in temperature. The ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, apparent molar compressibility, relative association and Rao's number increase while the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, apparent molar volume, solvation number and available volume decrease with increasing soap concentration. The dissociation constant and thermodynamic parameters for dissociation and micellization processes of lanthanum and cerium linoleates were evaluated from conductivity measurements. The results showed that these soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions and the micellization process is dominant over the dissociation process.

LETTUCE SEEDLING RESPONSE TO DETERGENTS RECOMMENDED FOR SPACE TRAVEL

Water contributes approximately 90% of the life support consumables in a closed space environment, therefore, regeneration of pure water from waste streams is important for long term space travel. Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) will rely on plants to produce food, oxygen, consume CO2 and purify water. Igepon TC42, Amide coco N-methyl N-2-sulphoethyl sodium salt, is the main ingredient of the soap recommended for showering and hand washing aboard Space Station Freedom. To determine the soap concentration which causes plant toxicity, lettuce seeds were germinated in 0.1 strength modified Hoagland's nutrient solution and a series of increasing concentrations of Igepon. After 5 days, the seedlings were examined and primary root length measured. The dose response curve indicates an Igepon acute toxicity threshold of 0.2 g l-1 Below the threshold concentration the curve is similar to that of the control, but drops linearly upon reaching the toxic threshold. Seedlings exposed to concentrations of soap greater than the toxic threshold exhibited root damage characterized by the browning of cells in bands above the root cap resulting in reduced growth rates. The damaged cells enlarged becoming round in appearance prior to departing from adjacent cells. The underlying cells appeared clear and uniform making up a thinner, more fragile root mass when compared to undamaged root regions.

The performance of a continuous loop tubular reactor for emulsion polymerization of styrene.

The emulsion polymerization of styrene in a continuous-loop tubular reactor (CLTR) is studied as functions of the soap concentration and temperature. The soap concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) ranged from 3.73 to 24.24 g/l-water, and reaction temperatures ranged from 50 to 70°C are examined. The effects of temperature and soap concentration on the conversion, average diameter of particles, number concentration of particles and average molecular weight are discussed. It is found that instability of monomer conversion and the number concentration of particles during the polymerization are the overshoot but not oscillation or multiple steady states. The phenomenon of monomer conversion is eliminated by adjusting the soap concentration. The reaction mechanism of the polymerization in the case of low soap concentration (3.73 g SLS/l-water) is different from that with a soap concentration higher than 12.40 g SLS/l-water.

Ultrasonic measurements and other allied parameters of praseodymium and neodymium palmitates in mixed organic solvents

Ultrasonic measurements on praseodymium and neodymium palmitates were made in a mixture of 60% benzene and 40% dimethyl sulfoxide (V/V), to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), soap-solvent interaction, and various acoustic and thermodynamic parameters. The values of the CMC increase with the increase in the size of the cation in the soap molecules. The ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume and relative association increase while the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, solvation number, molar sound velocity and available volume decrease with increasing soap concentration.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY SOURCES AND LEVELS OF FAT ON PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT RETENTION AND BONE MINERALIZATION OF BROILER CHICKS FED TWO LEVELS OF CALCIUM

It is often reported that oil in full-fat seeds is poorly utilized by chicks. Studies were conducted to note the role of fat-mineral interactions for various oil and fat sources. The effects of dietary animal-vegetable blend fat (AV-blend), soybean oil, canola oil or canola soapstock at 5 or 10% inclusion level in the presence of low (0.8%) or high (1.2%) dietary calcium were investigated using broilers from 0 to 3 wk of age. Birds fed canola oil consumed significantly less feed than birds fed AV-blend fat (P < 0.05). Birds fed soybean oil exhibited a superior feed efficiency (P < 0.05). There was no effect of the dietary levels of fat or calcium on feed intake or feed efficiency (P > 0.05). There was no effect of the dietary treatments on protein retention (> 0.05). However, there was variation among the different sources of fat in their effects on fat retention and excreta soap concentration (P < 0.01). Significant interactions were observed between the dietary sources and levels of fat on calcium and magnesium retention (P < 0.01) and phosphorus retention (P < 0.05). There were also interactions between dietary sources of fat and calcium levels on magnesium and phosphorus retention (P < 0.05) while an interaction was observed between dietary levels of fat and calcium on the metabolizable energy values of the diets (P < 0.05). Birds fed diets with animal-vegetable blend fat had the lowest bone calcium content (P < 0.01). It is concluded from this trial that the problem of fat utilization often observed when full-fat protein supplements are fed to birds, relates to factors other than the type of fat they contain, since oils extracted from these full-fat protein supplements are well utilized. Key words: Fat, calcium, broiler performance, mineral metabolism

Studies on acoustic behavior of praseodymium soaps

AbstractThe CMC and various acoustic parameters of praseodymium soaps in 1‐pentanol have been determined by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The results show that the ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, apparent molal compressibility, and molar sound velocity increase while adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length decrease with increasing concentration and chain length of soap.

Thermodynamics and Acoustical Studies on Calcium Soap Solutions

Abstract The critical micelle concentration, degree of dissociation, dissociation constant and thermodynamic parameters for dissociation and micellization processes for calcium myristate in a mixture of chloroform and propylene glycol of varying composition and different temperatures were evaluated from the conductivity measurements. The results showed that these soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions and the values of the CMC increase with the increasing temperature. The ultrasonic measurements for calcium soaps have been carried out to determine the CMC, soap-solvent interaction and various acoustic parameters. The results showed that the ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, apparent molal compressibility and molar sound velocity increase while the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and solvation number decrease with increasing soap concentration.

Studies on Acoustic Behaviour of Samarium Caproate in Alkanols

Abstract The effects of soap concentration and chainlength of the solvent (alkanols) on the ultrasonic velocity and various acoustic parameters (intermolecular free length, adiabatic compressibility, apparent molal compressibility, specific acoustic impedance, apparent molal volume, molar sound velocity and solvation number) for the solutions of samarium caproate have been investigated. The results have been used to determine the CMC, soap-solvent interaction and solvation number.

Influence of the microscopic shape anisotropy of the micelles on the pitch in a cholesteric lyotropic liquid crystal.

The influence of the microscopic shape anisotropy of the micelles on the pitch of a cholesteric lyotropic liquid crystal is investigated by x-ray diffraction and optical techniques. The mixture studied is potassium laurate, decanol, water, and brucine sulfate. The relative molar concentration of the brucine sulfate is kept constant and the relative molar concentrations of the alcohol and the soap vary. The microscopic shape anisotropy of the micelles is controlled by the balance between the molar concentrations of alcohol and soap. For a fixed molar concentration of the chiral molecule, the greater the shape anisotropy of the micelles, the smaller the cholesteric pitch. This result is discussed in terms of the analogy between the local rotation induced by the chiral molecule and the electrostatic field in a dielectric medium. The relation between the optical birefringence and the shape anisotropy is also discussed.

Acoustic behavior of calcium soap solutions

AbstractThe results of ultrasonic velocity for calcium soap solutions show that the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and solvation number decrease while the specific acoustic impedence, apparent molal compressibility, apparent molal volume and molar sound velocity increase with increasing soap concentration. The ultrasonic results are in agreement with the conductance measurements and confirm that calcium soaps behave as weak electrolytes in solutions.

Influence of Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentration and Conductance Behaviour of Sodium Soaps in Aqueous Solution

AbstractMicellar behaviour of sodium caprylate and sodium oleate in water has been studied in presence of several hydroxy compounds. Effect of added alcohol on critical micelle concentration (CMC) and conductance of soap solution is explained. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated for micellar systems in presence of n‐alkanols to further explain the results.

EFFECTS OF INCREASING DIETARY LEVELS OF COMMERCIALLY HEATED SOYBEANS ON PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT RETENTION AND CARCASS QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKENS

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing broiler diets fed to 6 wk of age, with 0, 10, 20 or 30% of commercially heated unextracted soybeans (T.I.A. 3.9 mg g−1). Birds fed soybeans consumed less feed in the 0- to 21-d starter period and this was associated with reduced weight gain (P < 0.05) and increased feed intake: weight gain (P < 0.05). There was a decrease in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and fat retention with feeding of soybeans and this effect was most pronounced with the 30% inclusion level. Diet ME was also reduced with increased use of soybeans (P < 0.05). However, there was a decrease in digesta and fecal soap concentration with an increase in dietary levels of heated ground soybeans (P < 0.01). While carcass weight followed a trend similar to that of weight gain (P < 0.01), there was no difference between treatments for percent carcass yield (P < 0.05). Soft fat depot areas were observed when soybean oil was the primary dietary fat. Fatty acid analysis of carcass fat confirms a high degree of unsaturation for birds fed 30% heated soybeans. However, this feature was not unduly objectionable nor did it affect carcass grading (P > 0.05). Key words: Heated soybeans, broiler performance, carcass quality

Effects of Increasing Dietary Levels of Full-Fat Canola on Performance, Nutrient Retention, and Bone Mineralization

Day-old male broiler chickens were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% raw, ground, full-fat canola for a period of three weeks. Increasing the dietary proportion of full-fat canola significantly reduced feed intake (P<.05) and weight gain (P<.01), without altering feed:gain ratio.Diet had no significant effect on protein retention although there was a significant decrease in fat retention with an increase in dietary levels of full-fat canola (P<.01). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in metabolizable energy (P<.01). Increasing the proportion of dietary full-fat canola significantly reduced the concentration of soap in the digesta (P<.05) and excreta (P<.01). There was no significant effect of the dietary treatments on calcium or phosphorus retention. There was also no effect of the dietary full-fat canola on bone ash, bone calcium, or phosphorus content.

Colloidal behavior of cobalt monooleate soap in apolar organic solvents

A new type of metal soap-cobalt hydroxy monooleate soap, exhibiting an extraordinary thickening ability in apolar organic solvents, has been prepared using the metathesis method. Viscometric measurements showed that cobalt soap solutions have an unusual rheological behavior: (1) The soap solutions revealed a marked non-Newtonian behavior. (2) The extremely high intrinsic viscosity value (=5500 cm 3 g −1) indicated the formation of long polymer chains by the soap molecules. (3) The presence of additives such as acetylacetone and pyridine greatly reduced the solution viscosity, even to the same level as the solvent alone. By using static light-scattering intensity measurements, we determined the weight average molecular weight of soap polymer chains ( M w = 3.41 × 10 6 g mole −1) and the z-averaged radius of gyration ( 〈R g 2〉 z 1 2 = 320 nm ) at very low soap concentrations. By using the transient electric birefringent technique we also determined the rotational diffusion coefficient of the soap chains ( D r = 32 ± 3 s −1) at infinite dilution. A wormlike chain model with a persistence length of 108 ± 8 nm for soap polymer chains has been established. If we take into account chain flexibility in the Doi-Edwards theory of rotational diffusion coefficient of rodlike polymers in the semidilute regime, D r has a 1/( c 2 L e 9) dependence where L e is an effective chain length. Based on these physicochemical measurements, the colloidal behavior of cobalt monosoap in apolar media could be ascribed to the formation of polymer chains through the OH bridging between the cobalt atoms. An open-type mechanism of the soap association process is being proposed to account for the supramolecular formation.

THE REPLACEMENT VALUE OF CANOLA MEAL FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN POULTRY DIETS

The effects of replacing between 0 and 100% of dietary soybean meal with canola meal was investigated using broiler chicks and laying hens. At the highest inclusion levels, canola meal accounted for 38 and 25% of the diet of broilers and layers, respectively. For broiler chicks, there was no effect of the dietary treatments on feed intake, weight gain or feed efficiency (P &gt; 0.05). Canola meal replaced 100% of dietary soybean meal without any significant effect on protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus or magnesium retention and energy utilization. There was also no significant effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal on fecal soap concentration, bone ash and bone calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content. There was no significant effect of replacing all dietary soybean meal with canola meal on performance, nutrient retention and bone mineralization in laying hens (P &gt; 0.05). These results suggest that canola meal can replace soybean meal without any adverse effects on general performance, nutrient retention or mineral metabolism of chicks and laying hens. Key words: Canola meal, broiler, layer, performance, nutrient retention