Serum Total Protein Concentrations Research Articles

The effect of resveratrol on live weight, serum biochemistry and tissue antioxidant enzymes in rats

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of resveratrol used in adding it to drinking water. The study was carried out with 24 Wistar albino male 20 days rats for 40 days. The study design was determined as one control and two trial groups (each group with 2 parallels and each parallel with 4 rats). The first group was given a basal ration and drinking water. The second group was given the basal ration and drinking water with 10 mg/kg resveratrol; and the third group was given the basal ration and drinking water 20 mg/kg resveratrol. In serum biochemistry parameters, significant decreases were observed in serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme activity, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein and globulin concentrations and increase in albumin/globulin ratio in groups given resveratrol (p<0.05). Regardless of the dose, an increase in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) from the antioxidant parameters was observed in the liver; In the kidney, an increase was observed in the Res10 group. In addition, a decrease in muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase in muscle and kidney catalase (CAT) activity were observed. A decrease was observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, which is a parameter of lipid peroxidation in the kidney. As a result, it was determined in the present study that resveratrol has antioxidant effects regardless of the way of use, and it was concluded that this additive can be used for various purposes.

The effects of Paulownia leaf extract dietary administration on growth, redox status, immune responses, and modulate intestinal microbial content in Nile tilapia

The primary goal of this trial was to examine how Paulownia leaf extract (PLE) dietary supplementation affected performance, feed utilization and efficiency, redox status, immunological responses, intestinal microbial content, and disease resistance of Oreochromis niloticus. Nile tilapia fry (0.52 ± 0.19 g) were fed four formulated diets enriched with graded amounts of PLE at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g kg−1 diet, respectively, for 60 days. At the end of the feeding trial, fish were intraperitoneal injected with Aeromonas hydrophila then the survival percentage was recorded daily and calculated mortality rate in all treated groups for 14 days. The performance findings showed that enriched tilapia diets with modest levels of PLE (0.25 or 0.5 g kg−1) substantially enhanced performance, consumed feed, feed efficiency, and feed utilization parameters compared to the control and other treatment groups, whereas the total serum protein and globulin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the fish provided a small quantity of PLE (2.5 g kg-1 diet) than in the control group. Compared to other treatment groups, all estimated liver enzymes and kidney function indicators improved significantly (P < 0.001) at PLE0.5, followed by PLE2.5, whereas the digestive enzymes’ activity increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing PLE level up to 0.5 g/kg diet compared to the un-supplemented group. In the same context, enriched tilapia diets with 0.5 g PLE/kg significantly (P < 0.001) boosted redox status and innate immune parameters as compared to other groups. Furthermore, increased PL inclusion levels in tilapia diets significantly (P < 0.05) increased crude protein and ash contents while decreasing fat levels in fish flesh. Moreover, fortified tilapia diets with high PLE levels significantly enhanced the survival percentage and diminished the development of all gram-negative intestinal microbial content. Finally, the results strongly recommend enriched tilapia diets with 0.25 or 0.5 g /Kg for promoting performance and health status.

How benchmarking motivates colostrum management practices on dairy farms: A realistic evaluation

This study used realistic evaluation to determine how, and in which circumstances, providing dairy farmers with benchmarked data on their calves can motivate improved colostrum management practices. Dairy farmers from British Columbia, Canada were recruited through 2 veterinary clinics that offered benchmarking of calf data as part of their services. For approximately 8 wk, blood samples were collected from newborn calves to evaluate serum total protein concentrations as an indicator of the effectiveness of the farmer's colostrum management. These data were analyzed separately for heifer calves ("replacement calves"), and non-replacement calves including males and beef crossbred females ("surplus calves"). The results of these analyses were benchmarked against other participating herds and presented to dairy farmers (n = 27) by their herd veterinarian (n = 7). Follow up interviews were conducted separately with the farmers and veterinarians after each meeting to determine their perspectives on the utility of this benchmarking strategy. Therefore, a total of 42 interviews were coded and realistic evaluation was used to determine common contexts and mechanisms that contributed to the success or failure of the benchmark meeting, with success characterized by farmers' expressed intention to improve their colostrum management practices. Four important contexts were identified that influenced the outcome of the benchmark meetings: (1) farm resources (e.g., facility limitations), (2) the farmer's perception of their calf performance, (3) management strategies, and (4) the farmer's personal values. Depending on these contexts, some farmers intended to improve their calf care practices based on resources the benchmark meeting provided, which included illustrative data and veterinary advice. These resources motivated change through influencing farmer decision making, which depended on the value they saw in the data as a decision-making tool. The economic or moral interest farmers expressed in their surplus calves also influenced whether farmers intended to implement management changes. Recommendations for future implementation of benchmarking include targeting producers who are motivated to improve and who value the future performance of their calves, have engaged calf care personnel, and those who prefer data-driven decision making. This study supports the impactful role veterinarians can play in motivating improved calf care practices through providing benchmarking services.

Effect of dietary supplementation of betaine and organic minerals on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, nutrients digestibility, and growth-related genes in broilers under heat stress

Global warming and climate changes have a detrimental impact on poultry production, causing substantial economic losses. This study investigated the effects of incorporating dietary betaine (BT) and organic minerals (OMs) on broilers’ performance as well as their potential to mitigate the negative impacts of heat stress (HS). Six hundred 1-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 12 experimental treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds each (5 male + 5 female). The birds were provided with diets containing BT (0 and 2,000 ppm) and OMs (0, 250, and 500 ppm), either individually or in combination, under both thermoneutral and HS-inducing temperatures. The HS conditions involved exposing the birds to cyclic periods of elevated temperature (35°C ± 2°C) for 6 h daily, from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, starting from d 10 and continuing until d 35. The exposure to HS deteriorated birds’ growth performance; however, dietary BT and OMs inclusion improved the growth performance parameters bringing them close to normal levels. Carcass traits were not affected by dietary supplementation of BT, OMs, HS, or their interaction. Interestingly, while HS led to increased (P < 0.05) levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), these adverse effects were mitigated (P < 0.05) by the addition of BT and OMs. Moreover, dietary BT supplementation led to elevated serum total protein and globulin concentrations. Cyclic HS did not alter Mn, Zn, and Cu contents in the pectoral muscle. However, the incorporation of OMs at both levels increased concentrations of these minerals. Notably, the combination of 500 ppm OMs and 2,000 ppm BT improved Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe digestibility, which has been compromised under HS conditions. Cyclic HS upregulated gene expression of interleukin-1β, heat shock protein 70, and Toll-like receptor-4 while downregulated the expression of claudin-1, uncoupling protein, growth hormone receptor, superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione peroxidase 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1. The aforementioned gene expressions were reversed by the combination of higher dietary levels of BT and OMs. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of 500 ppm OMs along with 2,000 ppm BT yielded significant improvements in growth performance and mineral digestibility among broiler chickens, regardless of thermal conditions. Moreover, this combination effectively restored the expression of growth-related genes even under heat-stress conditions.

A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression Swiss Albino mouse model unveils a potential role for cow urine distillate as a feed additive

BackgroundTraditional and natural immunomodulators are increasingly used as supplements in animal feeds and as interventions in the prevention and treatment of disease in animals. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory characteristics of distilled cow urine in vivo using two mouse models, a normal mouse model and an immunosuppressive mouse model. MethodologyWe divided 144 Swiss Albino mice weighing between 15 g and 30 g, aged between two and three months, into two groups of 72 mice each. In the first group, we subdivided the animals into six subgroups of 12 each. In this group paramerters such as, body weight, organ weights of liver and kidney, haemagglutination titre, Jerne plaque-forming assay, and bone marrow cellularity were measured. We divided the second group into six subgroups for the assessment of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). ResultsAs compared to normal control mice, immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice (given cow urine distillate) had significant increases in body weight, spleen weight, liver weight, total leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, serum protein, and globulin contents. In the treatment groups, the titre of antibodies, the number of antibody- producing cells, the cellularity of bone marrow, and foot pad thickness also increased. In the treatment group, both humoral and cellular immunity were altered compared to the control group, suggesting cow urine distillate to be a potential animal feed ingredient for immunoregulation. ConclusionThis study was able to demonstrate the experimental validity of natural compounds as immunomodulators that can be used in feed supplements for animals. Various compounds could be tested for immunomodulatory effects using this technique in experimental animals.

Associations between serum gamma-globulin concentration, enzyme activities, growth and survival in preweaning Alpine goat kids

Colostral immunity is crucial for young ruminants, but the individual factors that may affect passive transfer status and its effects on preweaning growth performance have not been widely investigated in goats. The methods to quantify immunoglobulins G can be expensive. Colostrum enzymes, though, pass the intestinal barrier and might be suitable as markers of passive transfer status, as demonstrated in other ruminant species. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sex, litter size, dam parity, and birth body weight on passive transfer status and the relationship between gamma-globulin concentration (GG) and pre-weaning growth performance in Alpine goat kids. The association between serum GG, serum total protein concentration and serum activity of colostrum enzymes including γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was examined for their use as predictors of passive transfer status in neonatal goat kids. Sixty-six Alpine goat kids (39 males, 27 females), born to 28 does at one dairy goat farm during two delivery seasons, were enrolled. Kids nursed their dams in group housing until weaned at 50 days of age. Blood samples were collected 24 h after birth. Body weights (BW) were taken at birth and weaning. Serum enzyme activities and total protein concentration were measured using a clinical biochemical analyser. Serum GG was determined by gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (v. 8.2.1). No significant differences in serum GG between males and females, singlets and twins, multiparous’ and primiparous’ kids were found. No association was detected between birth BW and GG. Serum GG was strongly and significantly associated with TP (R2 =0.85; p 0.0001) and moderately associated with GGT (R2 =0.47; p 0.0001). No correlation was found with ALP, AST, and LDH. Although partial failure of passive transfer (FPT) was diagnosed in 23% of kids, no effects on morbidity (3%), mortality (0%) and pre-weaning growth performance were observed. Our results confirm that serum total proteins can be used to indirectly estimate immunoglobulin concentration. Contrarily, passive transfer status can be predicted with little success by measuring the activity of serum GGT. It is not advisable to use ALP, AST and LDH as indicators of passive transfer status. Finally, FTP is not necessarily associated with the health and preweaning growth performance of Alpine goat kids reared in non-intensive breeding systems that follow good farming practices.

Biochemical effect of monkey tail on albino rabbits

Monkey tail is an addictive alcoholic drink made from fermented combo of marijuana leaves or seeds and dry/local gin. This study examined the effect of alcoholic concoction of marijuana leaves on blood chemistries of albino rabbits. Sixteen rabbits weighing 1.5 – 2.0 kg were randomly allocated into four groups and orally administered 2.5 ml/kg body weight daily of the marijuana concoction for 0, 10, 20 and 30 days respectively. There was no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference in the serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations of the treated animals. The serum AST and ALT activities increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) with increase in the duration of treatment. There were generally no significant (p&gt;0.05) differences in the kidney function parameters of the animals over the treatment duration. Histological analysis of the liver and kidney tissues of the animal administered monkey tail for 30 days showed evidence of fatty liver and acute interstitial nephritis respectively. The results showed that monkey tail on prolonged consumption could have negative hepatic and renal effects in animals with mild alterations in the lipid profile.

24-Hour postnatal total serum protein concentration affects the health and growth performance of female Holstein dairy calves.

Total serum protein (TSP) within the first few days of life in the neonatal calf has predictive value for subsequent growth and production in calves before and after weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TSP concentration 24-h after birth (24-h) on the performance and health of Holstein dairy calves. A total of 152 female calves were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected at 24-h, and TSP concentration was measured with a refractometer. Calves based on TSP concentration at 24-h were allocated into three groups: 1 - TSP ≤6.5g/dL, 2 - TSP between 6.6 and 6.9g/dL and 3 - TSP ≥7g/dL. The weighing was done at birth and at days 30 and 60. Starter feed intake was recorded from day 3 to weaning, and body structures were measured at birth and weaning day. Calves with TSP >6.5g/dL had greater body weight at days 30 and 60 than calves with TSP ≤6.5g/dL. Average daily gain during 1-30 and 1-60 days of life increased as TSP increased. Furthermore, starter feed intake during the first 60 days of life was greater in calves with TSP ≥7g/dL than calves with TSP <7g/dL. The TSP concentration influenced structural growth, and >6.5g/dL calves had greater heart girth, hip width and body length than ≤6.5g/dL calves. Moreover, odds ratio for pneumonia decreased as TSP increased, whereas diarrhoea was unaffected. The TSP at 24-h is an important contributing factor for the variation in growth performance and health of preweaning calves, and strategies to improve calf immunity and increase TSP lead to better animal health during preweaning period. These results indicated that TSP ≥6.5g/dL possibly was associated with greater performance, and this concentration could be considered a baseline for future analyses.

Fish oil supplementation as an omega-3 fatty acid source during gestation: effects on the performance of weaned male goat kids.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil supplementation, as an omega-3 fatty acids source, to ration of does in the different periods of pregnancy on the fattening performance of kids after weaning. Eighty German Fawn × Hair crossbred does were randomly divided into two groups; half were given fish oil in the first half of pregnancy (FO group), while the other half were given saturated fat (PF (control) group). Then, the goats in the FO and PF groups were randomly divided into two subgroups, and half of the goats were fed fish oil during the second half of pregnancy (FO-FO and FO-PF groups), while the other half was fed saturated fat (PF-FO and PF-PF groups). Thus, study groups of kids were formed according to the nutrition program of the does described above. Forty-seven male kids (84.6 ± 2.44 days old; 14.5 ± 3.09 kg live weight, mean ± standard deviation) were fed for 56 days after weaning, and their weight, feed consumption, serum biochemical parameters, carcass performance, and meat quality characteristics were evaluated. Maternal nutrition significantly affected live weight gain and serum AST, glucose, total protein, and globulin concentrations (P ≤ 0.050). The live weight gain of kids in the PF-PF and PF-FO groups was higher than that in the FO-FO and FO-PF groups. Maternal nutrition tended to affect the hot and cold carcass weights of male kids (P = 0.078 and P = 0.084, respectively). In conclusion, fish oil supplementation during gestation could negatively affect the fattening performance of kids after weaning, especially the daily live weight gain, although it tended to positively affect hot and cold carcass weights.

Prevalence of neoplasia and concurrent diseases in dogs and cats with hypercobalaminemia: A retrospective case-control study.

Hypercobalaminemia is infrequently reported in companion animals and is considered of low clinical significance. Recent studies have described its association with inflammatory, immune-mediated, endocrine, and neoplastic conditions in dogs and cats. We aimed to investigate the association between hypercobalaminemia and neoplasia in companion animals and to identify other concurrent diseases or clinicopathologic changes. This is a retrospective, case-control study. Medical records of patients with measured serum cobalamin concentration (2015-2020) and no history of prior supplementation were reviewed. Hypocobalaminemic animals were excluded. Variables were compared between groups (hypercobalaminemic vs. normocobalaminemic) using non-parametric statistics. Data are presented as median (range). Thirty-five dogs and eight cats were hypercobalaminemic. At baseline, neoplasia was confirmed in 4/35 hypercobalaminemic dogs versus 11/70 control dogs (P = 0.77) and 0/8 hypercobalaminemic cats versus 3/16 control cats (P = 0.53). Cases without neoplasia at baseline were followed for 409 (13-1854) days (dogs, n = 78) and 395 (28-1670) days (cats, n = 21). During follow-up, neoplasia was diagnosed in 4/27 hypercobalaminemic dogs versus 3/51 control dogs (P = 0.23) and 1/8 hypercobalaminemic cats versus 0/13 control cats (P = 0.38). Pancreatitis was more frequent in hypercobalaminemic dogs (P = 0.006). Hypercobalaminemic dogs had higher serum total protein (P = 0.014), globulin (P = 0.001), and CRP (P = 0.032) concentrations and lower serum sodium (P = 0.012) and chloride (P = 0.033) concentrations than controls. Hypercobalaminemic cats had higher serum total protein concentrations than controls (P = 0.008). Our results suggest that hypercobalaminemia is not associated with the presence or development of neoplasia in dogs and cats but may be associated with systemic inflammatory conditions, including pancreatitis, in dogs.

The effect of raw, hydrobarothermally treated and fermented rapeseed cake on plasma biochemical parameters, total tract digestibility and gut function in laying hens

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of inclusion of raw, hydrobarothermally treated and fermented rapeseed cake (RRC, HRC and FRC, respectively) in diets fed to laying hens. Hydrobarothermal treatment decreased the hydroxyglucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin content of rapeseed cake (RC), whereas fermentation significantly reduced the content of all glucosinolates (GLS) and phytate phosphorus (PP) concentration. Both HRC and FRC increased the serum concentrations of total protein (TP) and globulin (GLB), compared with group C. Group HRC hens had desirably lowest blood triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. Group FRC hens were characterized by the lowest alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the highest concentrations of phosphorus (P) and triiodothyronine (T3). Regardless of its form, RC improved ether extract (EE) digestibility, and decreased dry matter (DM) digestibility and calcium (Ca) retention. In comparison with group C, RRC, HRC and FRC decreased cecal digesta weight and enhanced the activity of bacterial α-galactosidase and ß-galactosidase; HRC also increased ammonia concentration in the ceca and reduced β-xylosidase activity. The activity of α-glucosidase and α-arabinopiranosidase was highest, and the activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase was lowest in the ceca of group FRC hens. The cecal concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA s) were highest in birds fed a diet containing RRC and lowest in group HRC. In conclusion, RC fermentation considerably reduces the concentrations of GLS and PP. A diet containing 20% FRC is more recommended than diets containing RRC and HRC because it exerted a beneficial effect on metabolic parameters and intestinal function in laying hens.

Comparison of the effects of probiotic-based formulations on growth, feed utilization, blood constituents, cecal fermentation, and duodenal morphology of rabbits reared under hot environmental conditions

Abstract The present study aimed to assess the effects of three probiotic-supplemented diets on growth, cecal fermentation, blood biochemical, and intestinal morphological features in growing rabbits reared under summer conditions. Rabbits were allotted into four groups: G1 rabbits were fed the basal diet (control), G2 rabbits received Enterococcus faecium (EF) and Clostridium butyricum (CB) complexes (1 × 108 and 2.5 × 106 cfu/kg diet, respectively), G3 rabbits were given CB (2.5 × 106 cfu/kg diet) and yeast complexes (1 g/kg diet), and G4 rabbits received EF (2 × 108 cfu/kg diet) and yeast (1 g/kg diet). G2 rabbits exhibited the highest performances in terms of enhanced body weight and weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio (P&lt;0.05). Serum total protein, globulin, immunoglobulin M, and highdensity lipoprotein concentrations were higher in probiotic-fed rabbits than those in controls. Additionally, lipid profile parameters were significantly reduced in the probiotic-fed rabbits, with the lowest concentrations measured in G4 rabbits (P&lt;0.05). Rabbits given EF and CB had the highest total volatile fatty acid (VFA ) and propionic acid levels and the lowest ammonia concentrations. Increased villi length and muscular layer thickness and reduced crypt depth were observed in rabbits receiving EF and CB compared with the values obtained in controls (P&lt;0.05). In summary, supplementing fattening rabbit diets with EF and CB, as a novel formulation, might be a promising and easy method to enhance growth performance under hot climate conditions by improving the feed utilization, immune response, serum lipid profile, cecal VFA production, and duodenal morphology.

Experimental study of the effectiveness of ademethionine and inosine glycyl-cysteinyl-glutamate disodium in the treatment of dichloroethane-induced toxic hepatitis

Introduction. Currently, in the search for drugs for the toxic liver damage treatment, considerable attention is paid to glutathione preparations and its metabolic precursors. There are separate reports in the literature on the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of glutathione disulfide in viral liver lesions, which gives grounds for their additional study when exposed to hepatotropic substances.&#x0D; Material and methods. Performing a comparative assessment of the hepatoprotective effect of inosine glycyl-cysteinyl-glutamate disodium and ademetionine on the model of dichloroethane-induced toxic hepatitis in rats was carried out with the formation of the following experimental groups of animals: no treatment; with the introduction of physiological saline; with the introduction of inosine glycyl-cysteinyl-glutamate disodium; with the introduction of ademetionine, as well as a group of intact animals. The study drugs were administered intraperitoneally for 10 days. In the course of the study, biochemical indicators of cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes of liver damage were determined, the activity of its detoxification system and plastic function were assessed.&#x0D; Results. In groups that did not receive treatment, but received physiological saline, the lethality of experimental animals by the 20th day of observation was 40%, in the group treated with ademetionine – &#x0D; 10%. In the group treated with inosine glycyl-cysteinyl-glutamate disodium, no death of animals was observed. The use of inosine glycyl-cysteinyl-glutamate disodium led to a more significant decrease in the indicators of cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, as well as normalization of the functional activity of the liver (restoration of the content of glutathione in the liver tissue) and its plastic function (restoration &#x0D; of the level of total blood serum protein and glycogen content in the liver parenchyma) to a greater extent than with ademetionine.&#x0D; limitation. The experimental study was carried out on outbred male rats weighing 180–220 g, kept under standard vivarium conditions in one cage, no more than 6 individuals, divided into groups by randomization with the exclusion of weakened and sick animals from the study.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study provided an experimental justification for further study of the hepatoprotective effect of inosine glycylcysteinylglutamate disodium in toxic liver damage.

Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates Deoxynivalenol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Porcine Liver via NR4A2-Mediated Histone Acetylation.

Mycotoxin-induced liver injury is often accompanied by oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. This research aimed to explore the potential mechanism of sodium butyrate (NaBu) in modulating hepatic anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation pathways in deoxynivalenol (DON)-exposed piglets. The results show that DON induced liver injury, increased mononuclear cell infiltration, and decreased serum total protein and albumin concentrations. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TNF-α pathways were highly activated upon DON exposure. This is associated with disturbed antioxidant enzymes and increased inflammatory cytokines secretion. Importantly, NaBu effectively reversed the alterations caused by DON. Mechanistically, the ChIP-seq result revealed that NaBu strongly depressed DON-increased enrichment of histone mark H3K27ac at the genes involved in ROS and TNF-α-mediated pathways. Notably, we demonstrated that nuclear receptor NR4A2 was activated by DON and remarkably recovered with the treatment of NaBu. In addition, the enhanced NR4A2 transcriptional binding enrichments at the promoter regions of OS and inflammatory genes were hindered by NaBu in DON-exposed livers. Consistently, elevated H3K9ac and H3K27ac occupancies were also observed at the NR4A2 binding regions. Taken together, our results indicated that a natural antimycotic additive, NaBu, could mitigate hepatic OS and inflammatory responses, possibly via NR4A2-mediated histone acetylation.

Effect of enzymolytic soybean meal supplementation on performance, nitrogen excretion, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology in broilers fed low-protein diets.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with enzymolytic soybean meal (ESBM) on broilers fed low crude protein (CP) diets. A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to six treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate for a period of 42 days. Chicks were fed a basal standard high-CP diet as a positive control (PC), a low-CP diet (reducing 10 g/kg CP from the PC) as a negative control (NC), or an NC + 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0% ESBM diet. Compared to chicks fed the PC, chicks fed the NC had a decreased body weight gain (BWG, p<0.05) from 1 to 42 days, but supplementation with 2.0% ESBM restored BWG (p<0.05) and even linearly improved the feed conversion rate (FCR, p<0.05). Digestibility of CP and ether extract was increased (p<0.05) in chicks fed a 1.0% ESBM diet compared to the PC. With increasing levels of ESBM, nitrogen (N) excretion decreased (p<0.05). The addition of ESBM to the diet did not affect (p>0.05) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and total cholesterol but led to a descending trend in triglycerides and an ascending trend in calcium and urea N at 42 days (p<0.10). There were no differences (p>0.05) in villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD (V/C) of the duodenum and jejunum between the PC and NC at both 21 days and 42 days, while increasing dietary ESBM levels linearly (p<0.05) decreased CD and increased V/C of the duodenum and jejunum at both 21 days and 42 days. The findings indicated that ESBM could be used in broiler low-CP diets to improve production performance, decrease N excretion, and enhance intestinal health.

Assessing failure of transfer of passive immunity by gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity and serum refractometry in holstein-friesian calves affected by neonatal diarrhea

Hardly published data are available to diagnose the failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in calves affected by neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). This study evaluated the diagnostic performance and differences among optical serum total protein (STP) concentration and gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) activity for assessing FTPI in diarrheic Holstein Friesian calves. 72 diarrheic and 19 healthy Holstein Friesian calves aged 1 to 10 days were enrolled. Each calf underwent a complete clinical examination and dehydration assessment. The effect of dehydration status and age on the correlation between the two methods under study (STP and GGT) and the gold standard (Immunoglobulin G [IgG] measured with RID) was investigated with Spearman’s correlation index R for ranks. Serum total protein concentration and GGT activity were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to identify the optimal cut-off point to distinguish between diarrheic calves with or without FTPI, also considering the effects of dehydration and age. The results show that GGT activity was affected by the age of calves, while STP was influenced by dehydration. The cut-offs to distinguish calves with IgG < 10 g/L were < 52 g/L of STP in normohydrated calves, < 58 g/L of STP in dehydrated calves, and < 124 IU/L of GGT in calves with aged between 3 and 10 days. In nondehydrated diarrheic calves, the STP refractometer showed better diagnostic accuracy.In dehydrated calves aged between 3 and 10 days, however, its accuracy drops, and it is advisable to use GGT activity.

#4969 AN ADEQUATE HYDRATION MANAGEMENT IMPROVES THE EFFICIENCY OF INTRADIALYTIC PHOSPHATE REMOVAL

Abstract Background and Aims The excess of phosphate (P) is one of the major risk factors for death in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Improving P removal efficiency should ameliorate their prognosis. We previously reported, increased urea nitrogen (UN) removal efficiency results in increased the removal efficiency of P from extracellular fluid (ECF), but did not improve that from intracellular fluid (ICF) (NDT, Vol 35, Sup3, P1401, 2020). We also reported that P removal from ICF accounted for in average about 44% of total intradialytic P removal. For improving total P removal efficiency, removal efficiency of P from ICF should be increased. As P is one of the major osmotic agents in ICF, water outflow from ICF will accompany P outflow. We explored correlation between intracellular P removal and intracellular water (ICW) reduction. And we also sought for the strategy which efficiently derive water from ICF in HD patients in order to increase intracellular P removal. Method Eighty-six patients undergoing 4-hour HD were enrolled this study. ICW, extracellular water (ECW) volume and body fat mass (BFM) in each patient were measured with biochemical impedance analysis method before and after HD session. Total body water (TBW) was calculated by ICW + ECW. The amount of intradialytic P removal from ICF and from ECF in each patient was calculated as previously reported (NDT, Vol 35, Sup3, P1401, 2020). The correlation between the amount of intradialytic P removal from ICF and the amount of ICW reduction was investigated. All patients were divided into three groups according to the amount of ICW reduction as high reduction (HR) group, middle reduction (MR) group and low reduction (LR) group. The amount of P removal from ICF was compared between these groups. ICW volume change (ΔICW%) was calculated as (preICW – postICW)/preICW in each patient. Where preICW = ICW volume at the starting of HD, postICW = ICW volume at the end of HD. Circulating plasma volume change (ΔCPV%) was calculated as (postTP – preTP)/postTP in each patient. Where postTP = serum total protein concentration (TP) at the end of HD, preTP = TP at the end of HD. Lean body mass (LBM) was calculated as BW – BFM. Body weight (BW) change (ΔBW%), LBM change (ΔLBM%) and TBW volume change (ΔTBW%) were calculated in the same way as ΔICW%. To seek factors that effectively reduce ICW, the correlation with ΔICW% in ECW/TBW ratio, ΔCPV%, ΔCPV%/ΔBW% ratio, ΔCPV%/ΔLBM% ratio and ΔCPV%/ΔTBW% ratio was examined. Results The amount of intradialytic P removal from ICF positively correlated to the amount of ICW volume reduction (R = 0.279, y = 66.3x+285, p = 0.0076). It indicates an average of 66.3mg of P was removed from ICF per 1L of ICW reduction. In HR group, the amount of P removal from ICF was significantly larger than that in LR group (315.6±117.8mg vs 383.7±121.7mg, p = 0.019). ΔICW% negatively correlated to ECW/TBW ratio (R = 0.481, p = 0.000057). High ECW/TBW ratio indicates excess of ECW, which suggests having edema. ΔICW% positively correlated to ΔCPV% (R = 0.511, p = 0.0000051). Low ΔCPV% suggests insufficient of ultrafiltration. ΔICW% negatively correlated to ΔCPV%/ΔTBW% ratio (R = 0.421, p = 0.00011). High ΔCPV%/ΔTBW% ratio indicates insufficient plasma refilling for ultrafiltration rate, which suggests overrate of ultrafiltration. But ΔICW% did not correlate to ΔCPV%/ΔBW% ratio (R = 0.184, p = 0.10) nor ΔCPV%/ΔLBM% ratio (R = 0.176, p = 0.12). Conclusion The amount of intradialytic P removal from ICF correlated to the amount of ICW reduction. For efficient reduction of ICW, low ECW/TBW ratio, high ΔCPV% and low ΔCPV%/ΔTBW% ratio were required. It was suggested that efficient P removal was achieved when non-edematous patients get ultrafiltration of appropriate rate and dose.

Effects of a combination of lauric acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde on growth performance, gut morphology, and gut microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers

A total of 480 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 20 chicks per replicate. A basal diet was administered to the control group (CON), whereas CML350, CML500, and CML1000 groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 350, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg of lauric acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde complex, respectively. However, adding 500 mg/kg of lauric acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde complex improved weight gain (P < 0.01), enhanced intestinal morphology, increased serum total protein and albumin content, and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01), and significantly increased the Chao1 and Ace indices (P < 0.01), indicating an increase in the richness of the gut microbiota. At the phylum level, CML500 group reduced the abundance of Fusobacteriota at 21 d and Proteobacteria at 42 d (P < 0.01). At the genus level, CML500 group increased the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Alistipes at 42 d (P < 0.01) and decreased the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella (P < 0.01). At the species level, CML500 group reduced the abundance of Escherichia coli at 42 d (P < 0.01) and increased the abundance of Alistipes_sp_CHKCI003 at 42 d (P < 0.01). According to these results, adding 500 mg/kg of lauric acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde complex in feed can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers.

Dietary lysophospholipids improves growth performance and hepatic lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterussalmoides).

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary lysophospholipids combined with 1% dietary fish oil reduction on the growth performance and hepatic lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Five isonitrogenous feeds were prepared with lysophospholipids at 0% (fish oil group, FO), 0.05% (L-0.05), 0.1% (L-0.1), 0.15% (L-0.15) and 0.2% (L-0.2), respectively. The dietary lipid was 11% in the FO diet and 10% in the other diets. Largemouth bass were fed for 68d (initial body weight=6.04±0.01g) with 4 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. The results showed that the fish fed diet containing 0.1% lysophospholipids had higher digestive enzyme activity and obtained better growth performance compared to the fish fed FO diet (P<0.05). The feed conversion rate in the L-0.1 group was significantly lower than that in the other groups. Serum total protein and triglyceride contents in L-0.1 group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05) and the contents of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in L-0.1 group were significantly lower than those in FO group (P<0.05). The activity and genes expression of hepatic glucolipid metabolizing enzymes in L-0.15 group were significantly increased compared to those in FO group (P<0.05). Reducing 1% fish oil along with 0.1% lysophospholipids added to the feed could improve the digestion and absorption of nutrients, enhance the activity of liver glycolipid metabolizing enzymes, and thus effectively promote the growth of largemouth bass.

The effect of Alnus incana (L.) Moench extracts in ameliorating iron overload-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats

Iron overload causes multiorgan dysfunction and serious damage. Alnus incana from the family Betulaceae, widely distributed in North America, is used for treating diseases. In this study, we investigated the iron chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities of the total and butanol extract from Alnus incana in iron-overloaded rats and identified the bioactive components in both extracts using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We induced iron overload in the rats via six intramuscular injections of 12.5 mg iron dextran/100 g body weight for 30 days. The rats were then administered 60 mg ferrous sulfate /kg body weight once daily using a gastric tube. The total and butanol extracts were given orally, and the reference drug (deferoxamine) was administered subcutaneously for another month. After two months, we evaluated the biochemical, histopathological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical parameters. Iron overload significantly increased the serum iron level, liver biomarker activities, hepatic iron content, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and caspase-3 levels. It also substantially (P < 0.05) reduced serum albumin, total protein, and total bilirubin content, and hepatic reduced glutathione levels. It caused severe histopathological alterations compared to the control rats, which were markedly (P < 0.05) ameliorated after treatment. The total extract exhibited significantly higher anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities but lower antioxidant and iron-chelating activities than the butanol extract. Several polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, were detected by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) analysis. Our findings suggest that both extracts might alleviate iron overload-induced hepatoxicity and other pathological conditions characterized by hepatic iron overload, including thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia.