Powder Content Research Articles

The Rheology of Polyether Ether Ketone Concentrated Suspensions for Powder Molding and 3D Printing.

The main goal of the work was to use rheological methods for assessing the properties of a composition based on polyether ether ketone (PEEK) to determine the concentration limits of the polymer in the composition and select the optimal content of this composition for powder molding. The rheological properties of highly filled suspensions based on PEEK and paraffin, as well as in paraffin-polyethylene mixtures at various component ratios, were studied. These materials are designed for powder injection molding and 3D printing. Suspensions with a PEEK powder content above 50% are not capable of flow and, with increasing pressure, slide along the surface of the channel. For compositions with a higher content (60 and 70 vol.%) PEEK, independence of the storage modulus from frequency is observed, which is typical for solids and confirms the assignment of such suspensions to elastic-plastic media. The introduction of high-density polyethylene into the composition helps improve the technological properties of suspensions, expanding the range of fluidity, although it leads to an increase in viscosity. In suspensions with a mixed composition of the liquid phase, with increasing temperature, a decrease in the storage modulus is observed at 120 °C and, on the contrary, an increase at 180 °C. The latter may be a consequence of the evaporation of paraffin and the softening of PEEK due to the approach to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Suspensions with 40% PEEK content have an optimal set of rheological properties for powder injection molding. A 3D printing filament was also obtained from a composition with 40% PEEK, which had good technological properties for FDM 3D printing. Products of satisfactory quality from suspensions with 50% PEEK can be produced by powder injection molding, but not by 3D printing. The selected compositions were used to obtain real PEEK products for practical applications.

Phase Transformation of AlV55 Alloy at High Temperature

Vanadium–aluminum alloy is an important intermediate alloy for preparing aviation grade titanium alloys, and its product quality directly affects the finished product quality of titanium alloys. In this study, focusing on the problems of high powder content (19.8%) and low product yield in AlV55 alloy products, we conduct research on alloy quality control technology and implement a vanadium–aluminum alloy cooling crystallization control process. The research results indicate that there are three phases in AlV55 alloy, namely Al8V5, AlV, and Al2V3 phases. As the temperature decreases, the AlV phase gradually decomposes into Al8V5 phase and Al2V3 phase, and the proportion of Al8V5 phase is positively correlated with the fineness. Rapid cooling can reduce the formation of Al8V5 phase. The experimental results show that high-temperature water quenching can increase the proportion of vanadium–aluminum solid solution phase in the alloy from 19.03% to 31.76%, and reduce the fine powder rate to 13.2%, providing important product quality control means and technical support for the production of vanadium–aluminum alloys.

Influence of preparation parameters on rheological properties and relation analysis of waste rubber modified bitumen mastic

Waste rubber modified bitumen has gained significant attention as a sustainable and innovative material in the field of pavement engineering. This study aims to evaluate the performance of rubber modified bitumen mastic by considering its rheological properties, specifically focusing on preparation parameters, i.e., rubber content, mesh number, and filler to bitumen ratio. From the experimental results, the rheological properties of rubber modified bitumen mastic were significantly influenced by preparation parameters. Increasing the rubber powder content in bitumen mastic results in higher viscosity. Increasing the rubber content improves high-temperature rutting resistance to a certain extent, however, excessive rubber powder content would result in weakened high-temperature performance improvement. The rutting factor decreases gradually with an increase in the rubber mesh number. A ratio of filler to bitumen of 0.95 exhibits the best resistance to rutting at high temperatures. Higher rubber content and larger mesh number correspond to stronger low-temperature crack resistance in bitumen mastic. As the ratio of filler to bitumen increases, the low-temperature deformation capacity gradually decreases, resulting in weaker low-temperature crack resistance. Based on the grey relation analysis, the ratio of filler to bitumen has the greatest impact on the high and low-temperature rheological properties of bitumen mastic, followed by the rubber content. The rubber mesh number has a relatively lower impact. It is crucial to control the ratio of filler to bitumen to avoid excessive values. When possible, a higher rubber powder content should be used while meeting process requirements. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of rubber modified bitumen mastic, which can contribute to the development of sustainable and high-performance bitumen mixtures, promoting the use of recycled rubber in pavement engineering.

Mechanical Properties and Durability of Steel Slag-mineral Powder-coal Gangue Mixture by Uniform Design for Pavement Base

To realize the utilization of industrial solid waste resources and solve the shortage problem of pavement materials, this paper uses steel slag, mineral powder, and coal gangue to prepare a mixture. A uniform test with 2 factors and 6 levels was designed. Through regression analysis, response surfaces were established to study the mechanical properties of the coal gangue mixture. The hydrated products at different ages were microscopically analyzed by XRD and SEM. The durability including freeze-thaw cycles, dry and wet cycles, and immersion expansion rate were researched. The results show that the 7d unconfined compressive strength of the mixture reaches 2.14 – 6.46 MPa, with a 180d resilience modulus of 954 – 1098 MPa, and a 180d splitting tensile strength of 0.66 – 0.83 MPa. With the increase of steel slag content, the 7d unconfined compressive strength of the mixture first decreases and then increases. The content of mineral powder is positively correlated with the 7d unconfined compressive strength. The 180d compressive resilience modulus decreases first and then increases with the increase of steel slag and mineral powder content. The 180d splitting tensile strength is positively correlated with the content of steel slag and mineral powder. The mixture is less affected by freeze-thaw cycles, with mass loss rates of only 1.77 % – 2.13 %. The mass loss rate of the admixture is 0.87 % – 0.99 % after 10 dry and wet cycles, and the strength is slightly improved. The maximum expansion rate of the mixtures immersed in water for 10d is only 0.28 %. The hydrated reaction between steel slag, mineral powder and coal gangue promotes the formation of more hydration products such as AFt, C-S-H, CaAl2(SiO4), and Ca(OH)2. The C-S-H and CaAl2(SiO4) are intertwined into a dense network to wrap Ca(OH)2, which improves the compactness of the mixture and effectively resists the freeze-thaw expansion stress. The steel slag-mineral powder-coal gangue mixture meets the requirements of relevant norms and can be well used in pavement bases.

Investigation on characteristic of vanadium trioxide insulation mixed with metal powder for rare-earth barium copper oxide coils

This study examined the turn-to-turn contact resistance (R ct) between rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) tapes and layers of vanadium trioxide (V2O3) and V2O3 mixed with metal powder mixture. V2O3 in single crystal structure was electrically characterised to exhibit resistivity with negative temperature dependence, allowing the turn-to-turn insulation to self-regulate the current bypass between REBCO tapes. To facilitate effective quench protection of V2O3-insulated REBCO magnets above the metal-insulator transition temperature (T rt), R ct must be further reduced to a level similar to those of non- and metal as insulated (NI and MI) REBCO magnets. Thus, we explored the mixing of conductive metal powders such as molybdenum (Mo) with V2O3 paste and investigated the transition properties of R ct. The resistance versus temperature characteristics, microscopic morphologies of the V2O3 layers, and thermal conductivity (k v) were appropriately assessed to determine the effects of mixing the metal powder with V2O3. The R ct of virgin V2O3 exhibited variations of 107–105 μΩ cm2 under 77–293 K. As the mixing concentration of the metal powder was increased, the reduction magnitude on R ct increased for > T rt (approximately 150 K). Furthermore, the transition slope became gentler for a wider temperature range of < T rt. For metal powder concentrations exceeding 50 wt%, R ct decreased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude (∼103 μΩ cm2) for > 150 K compared with that for virgin V2O3 paste. Moreover, compared to that of pure V2O3, k v demonstrated a remarkable increase of approximately 352% at 91 K for Mo powder mixed at a concentration of 60 wt%. The improved electrical and thermal properties of the V2O3 insulation layer owing to the mixing of metal powders can help REBCO magnets operate in an insulated state under normal conditions and effectively convert to a non-insulated state under quenching.

Effects of adding blueberry residue powder and extrusion processing on microstructure and in vitro digestibility of indica rice flour

Using crushed indica rice flour as the main raw material, after adding blueberry residue powder, the indica rice puffed powder containing blueberry residue (IREPBR) was obtained through extrusion and crushing. The effects of adding blueberry residue and extrusion processing on the microstructure and in vitro digestibility of indica rice flour were studied. The basic component analysis results showed that the fat and total starch content of indica rice powder significantly decreased after adding blueberry residue powder and extrusion puffing, while the total dietary fiber content significantly increased. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that there were many pits and bubbles in the extruded indica rice flour after adding blueberry residue powder. Compared with indica rice flour (IRF), its Water Absorption Index (WAI) and Water Solubility Index (WSI) significantly increased, and its thermal properties also changed. XRD and FT-IR analysis showed that after extrusion, the crystalline morphology of indica rice starch changed from A-type to V-type, and the relative crystallinity also changed. In addition, the content of resistant starch (RS) in indica rice flour added with blueberry residue powder and processed by extrusion increased significantly, while the starch hydrolysis rate and estimated blood glucose index (eGI) decreased.

Sn/Graphite/Cu reinforced aluminum: An experimental study on fabrication of hybrid surface composite as journal bearing material by friction stir processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technique that provides tailored manufacturing possibilities for surface composites in solid-state conditions. This study focuses on manufacturing solid lubricant-reinforced aluminum matrix surface composite (AMSC) through FSP, which can be used as a journal-bearing material. Composite fabrications are performed utilizing Sn, Cu, and graphite particles (hybrid powder) with four passes of FSP. The cross-sectional macro and microstructures of obtained surface composites are investigated via optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stir zone (SZ) chemistry is analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The microhardness measurements show the effects of hybrid powder as reinforcement and FSP parameters on the mechanical features of the composite cross-sections. Wettability and tribological tests are also conducted to determine the surface properties of the fabricated composites. According to the findings, the wear rate is decreased by 8 % with the reduction of average CoF to 0.75, while a hardness increment is achieved over ∼35 % in manufactured surface composites compared to the base material. It is observed that the content and amount of the hybrid powder and FSP parameters employed can ensure the fabrication of desired characteristics compatible with the aim in surface composites.

Enhancing antioxidant properties of lime juice powder through polyelectrolyte microparticles of chitosan-alginate: Formulation, characterization and stability study.

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice was reported to contain ascorbic acid (AA) and flavonoids, which has bioactivity as antioxidants. To develop an antioxidant product, improving its stability is necessary due to the perishable characteristics of compounds in lime. Therefore, the formulation of polyelectrolyte microparticles using chitosan and alginate was conducted to overcome the weaknesses. This study aims to evaluate the effect of various chitosan, alginate, and lime juice powder (LJP) concentrations on the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of LJP encapsulated in chitosan-alginate microparticles (CALM). Microparticles with various concentrations of chitosan and alginate were prepared by ionic gelation method using CaCl2 as a crosslinker. The microparticles were evaluated for its physical properties and its antioxidant activity using 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reagent. A one-way ANOVA test and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc were used to determine the effect of LJP amount on the antioxidant activity. The highest AA content in CALM was 0.14 mg/100 mg, with a % encapsulation efficiency of 18.38% ± 0.02%. Antioxidant activity tests revealed that LJP possessed the strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 32.59 μg/mL, whereas IC50 values of the microparticles ranged from 24.79 ± 0.03 μg/mL to 39.96 ± 0.07 μg/mL. During storage, the IC50 of LJP decreased from 32.59 ± 0.13 μg/mL to 65.53 ± 0.03 μg/mL, whereas the IC50 of microparticles remained stable. This study concluded that the chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte microparticle formulation can improve and protect LJP's antioxidant activity.

Statistical model and fracture behavior of manufactured sand concrete with varying replacement rates and stone powder contents

Manufactured sand (MS) is considered a reliable alternative to natural sand (NS) in concrete due to its wide availability and cost-effectiveness. In this study, the influences of water-cement ratio (0.41, 0.44, 0.47), replacement rate of MS (20 %, 60 %, 100 %) and stone powder content (0 %, 5 %, 10 %) on the mechanical and fracture characteristics of manufactured sand concrete (MSC) were investigated. Statistical model of mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness) of MSC was constructed based on response surface methodology (RSM). Acoustic emission (AE) technology was used to monitor the MSC fracture process in real time. The correlation between the cumulative AE parameters and the strength of MSC was analyzed. The results showed that the compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness of MSC were negatively correlated with water-cement ratio while positively correlated with the replacement rate of MS. The optimum stone powder content can be determined for MSC to reach its maximum compressive strength. The coupling effects of water-cement ratio and replacement rate of MS was the most significant. This was followed by the coupling effect of water-cement ratio and stone powder content. The coupling effect of stone powder content and replacement rate of MS was the weakest. Moreover, AE analysis on the fracture process of MSC indicated that the AE parameters were more active when the water-cement ratio increased. As the replacement rate of MS increased, the AE parameters were smoother and the specimens were less damaged. The stone powder content played greater role in affecting the AE parameters in compression, while the effect of stone powder content on the four-point bending test was not significant. The cumulative AE parameters were linearly related to the strength of MSC. The cumulative AE parameters can reflect the strength of MSC.

몰로키아 분말을 첨가한 반려견 브라우니의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성

This study attempted to confirm the functionality of pet dogs by adding 3% and 6% Mulukhiyah powder, which has excellent antioxidant properties. The quality characteristics of pet dog brownies added with Mulukhiyah powder were analyzed for pH, color, and general component, and antioxidant activity was confirmed for total polyphenols, flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging ability. The pH was the highest in the addition of Mulukhiyah at 6%, the chromaticity L values were high in the control, and the “a” and “b” values increased as the Mulukhiyah powder content expanded. The results of the general component analysis showed that the fat and trans-fat content of the Mulukhiyah-added group was lower than that of the control group, and the protein content was slightly increased compared to the control group. It was verified to have the highest contents of polyphenol, flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity in terms of antioxidant activity, pet dog brownies to which 6% Mulukhiyah powder was added. These results suggest that since the addition of Mulukhiyah powder has been confirmed to be effective in antioxidant activity and general component content, it can be used as a raw material for functional snacks for pet dogs in the future.

“Hexacelsian slurry development for 2D woven alumina fiber impregnation in CMC fabrication”

The rheological properties of BAS (BaAl2Si2O8) slurries are investigated in order to optimize the impregnation of an alumina preform to manufacture oxide/oxide composite materials. The fiber preform morphology has been deeply investigated, especially the fiber to fiber gap within tows and compared to the grain size of the matrix powder. The slurry viscosity is measured as a function of powder and organic additives concentration to find the best combination. The optimal combination is evaluated by different measurements including: zeta potential, sedimentation and wettability to verify the slurry behavior for the fibers infiltration. An aqueous slurry containing 20–25 vol% of BAS with 1 wt% of dispersing agent (Darvan 821-A™) improved the rheological properties for fibers infiltration. Finally, characterizations of the composite show a good infiltration in the fiber tows spaces and indicate a mean porosity of 37 vol%, including 9 vol% of macroporosity.

Mathematical modeling of unsteady process of cold storage within a container filled with nanomaterial incorporating Galerkin method

This research focuses on simulating the freezing involving a mixture of H2O and alumina nano-powders. It sheds light on the complex relationship between the characteristics of nano-powders and freezing dynamics, offering valuable insights applicable to various fields, including cryopreservation and thermal energy storage. By utilizing the Galerkin approach and incorporating an adaptive grid, the research introduces an elliptic container with a cold surface and strategically placed rectangular fins. The investigation examines how the characteristics of nano-powders, particularly their size (dp) and concentration (ϕ), influence different scenarios. Notably, changes in powder size have a significant effect on freezing time, initially decreasing by approximately 20.22 % before increasing by 19.1 %. Moreover, the sensitivity of powder size decreases with lower powder concentrations. For example, at ϕ = 0.02, an augment in dp primarily reduces the time by about 11.72 %, followed by an increase of 10.98 %. The most substantial improvement occurs when ϕ is optimized, resulting in a remarkable 41.27 % reduction in freezing time.

Binder System Composition on the Rheological and Magnetic Properties of Nd-Fe-B Feedstocks for Metal Injection Molding

The applications of Nd-Fe-B-based magnets are experiencing significant diversification to achieve efficiency and miniaturization in different technologies. Metal injection molding (MIM) provides new opportunities to manufacture Nd-Fe-B magnets with high geometrical complexity efficiently. In this study, the impacts of the binder system composition and powder loading on the rheological behavior, contamination, and magnetic properties of the Nd-Fe-B MIM parts were investigated. A high-pressure capillary rheometer was used to measure the apparent viscosity and pressure drops for feedstocks with different binder formulations and powder contents. Also, oxygen and carbon contamination, density, and magnetic properties were measured for different feedstock formulations and powder loadings. From the rheological, density, and magnetic properties points of view, the binder system consisting of 45 vol.% LLDPE as backbone was selected as the optimum formulation. The findings indicated that the sample with this binder system and 55 vol.% powder content had a high density (6.83 g/cm3), remanence (0.591 T), and coercivity (744.6 kA/m) compared to other binder compositions. By using 58 vol.% powder loading, the values of density (7.54 g/cm3), remanence (0.618 T), and carbon residue (982 ppm) improved, and a suitable rheological behavior was still observed. Thus, a suitable feedstock formulation was developed.

Effect of Drying Conditions on Functional Properties of Pumpkin Powder

Preserving and processing fresh fruit in different forms are among the strategies to reduce food waste and improve food security. As a high-yield fruit, Pumpkin is known to be packed with functional ingredients that could increase its economic value upon being processed. In this context, the functional properties of pumpkin powder dried at different conditions were investigated in this study. De-seeded fresh pumpkin fruits were oven-dried at 50, 60 and 70°C for 48, 24 and 12 hours, respectively. The drying conditions significantly affected moisture content, water absorption and swelling capacities, and colour properties of pumpkin powder (p&lt;0.05). An inverse relationship was observed between drying temperature and moisture content of pumpkin powder, where the values range from 6.57% to 7.44% on a wet basis. Meanwhile, increasing the drying temperature produced powder with increased water absorption, oil absorption and swelling capacities, and bulk density. Thus, it indicates the potential application as a wheat flour substitute in bakery products. However, the highest foaming capacity (0.86%) was recorded for the sample dried at 50°C for 48 hrs. Colour properties of the pumpkin powder revealed that oven drying decreased the lightness (L*) by almost 7% and increased the yellowness (b*) and redness (a*) values by 6% and 2%, respectively when compared to fresh pumpkins. However, prolonged drying at 50°C showed a slight decrement in yellowness and had the lowest L* value, indicating a browning effect and drying at 70°C for 12 hrs produced pumpkin powder with the desirable swelling, water and oil absorption capacities, which is suitable for application as a functional ingredient in various food matrices.

Non-food use of solid residues from the dairy industry as a binder in dryformed fiberboard technolog

Non-food use of solid residues from the dairy industry as a binder in dry-formed fiberboard technology. The research investigated the possibility of using solid residues from the dairy industry as a binder in dry-formed fiberboard technology. The scope of work included the production of boards with a mass content of milk powder of 0%, 10%, 12%, 15%, and 20% (concerning the totally dry mass of wood fibers) and studying their selected physical and mechanical properties. The results show that the properties of the produced boards are related to the mass amount of the binder, and that is, using the right amount of binder makes it possible to obtain values that meet the requirements of the relevant European standards.

Processing recycled silicone powder in liquid silicone rubber injection molding and its influence on mechanical properties

AbstractLiquid silicone rubber (LSR) is characterized by a wide range of advantageous properties and is therefore used in many branches and industries. However, the material is difficult to recycle due to the non‐reversible cross‐linking reaction. A promising approach to recycle the already cross‐linked (post‐industrial) waste is the mechanical recycling of LSR via grinding and addition of the powder as filler in virgin material. This research focused on the processing of such LSR‐powder‐compounds via injection molding and the influence of the powder content on mechanical properties. Compounds of virgin LSR and ambient ground powder were prepared and injection molded. Both the processability and the mechanical properties were analyzed. Compounds of up to 40 wt% powder content could be processed with standard injection molding machine equipment without any noticeable issues. The results show a similar compression set for the virgin as for the recycled compounds. Hardness decreases slightly but constantly. Tensile strength and elongation at break are at similar levels for all powder added compounds and drop only by 16.6% and 12.6% compared with the virgin LSR. The results are promising and should be the basis for further and more detailed investigations to industrialize the mechanical recycling of LSR.Highlights Processing on standard injection molding machine with standard parameters. Up to 40 wt% recycled silicone powder content. Using recycled silicone particles has no effect on compression set. Tensile strength and elongation at break decrease only by 16.6% and 12.6%.

Preliminary study on the preparation of antler powder/chitosan/β-glycerophosphate sodium/polyvinyl alcohol porous hydrogel scaffolds and their osteogenic effects.

Introduction: The production of bone-like structural scaffolds through bone tissue engineering technology is a promising method for bone regeneration to repair bone defects. Deer antler, an easily harvested and abundantly sourced initial bone tissue structure, resembles the composition and structure of human cancellous bone and can serve as a new material for allogeneic bone transplantation. Methods: This study involved the preparation and characterization of antler powder/chitosan/β-glycerophosphate sodium/polyvinyl alcohol (AP/CS/β-GP/PVA) porous hydrogel scaffolds to verify their material properties and osteogenic mechanisms. The microstructure, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement, and a universal material testing machine. The interactions between the various components were investigated using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Biocompatibility, osteogenic properties, and expression of osteogenesis-related proteins of the scaffolds were evaluated through Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, alkaline phosphatase staining, Alizarin Red staining, live/dead cell staining, and Western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that as the content of deer antler powder increased, both the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the scaffold materials improved, while the porosity slightly decreased with an increase in deer antler powder content. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that scaffolds with a higher proportion of deer antler powder were beneficial for the proliferation and differentiation of mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cells, with the scaffolds containing 10% and 8% deer antler powder showing the best effects. The upregulation of RUNX2, OCN, OSX, and OPN protein expression may promote differentiation. Discussion: Therefore, the AP/CS/β-GP/PVA hydrogel scaffolds have the potential to become a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.

Effect of carbon fibers and graphite particles on mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of cement composite

The utilization of self-sensing concrete for structural monitoring is currently a significant research focus. This study involves fabricating self-sensing cement-based composites(SCC) with different carbon fiber contents; the graphite powder content remains fixed at 20 % by mass. The investigation focuses on assessing the influence of carbon fiber on the mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive properties of cement-based composites incorporating graphite. Furthermore, the study examined the modification mechanisms of carbon fiber in SCC through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The compressive strength initially increases and then decreases with the addition of carbon fibers, reaching a peak of 43.01 MPa at a carbon fiber concentration of 0.6 vol%. SEM analysis revealed that the primary failure mode of carbon fibers is pull-out behavior, which enhances the damage pathway of SCC, thereby improving their mechanical properties. According to NMR results, the porosity of the SCC decreases to varying degrees with the inclusion of carbon fibers, showing an 11.36 % reduction at a carbon fiber concentration of 0.6 vol%. Under cyclic compressive loading within the elastic range, the change in resistivity can reach up to −76.8 %, with a strain sensitivity factor of 1300. Based on the results, it was determined that the addition of 0.6 vol% carbon fibers can significantly improve the mechanical, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive properties of SCC with a graphite-modified cement matrix.

Analysis and experimental investigation of powder concentration and stirring velocity on powder mixed electrical discharge machining performance with 3D printed electrodes

In this work, CuO mixed lemon peel dielectric is used along with the 3D printed aluminium electrodes to enhance the electrical discharge machining (EDM) performance. This work mainly focuses on improving the surface quality by optimizing the powder concentration and stirring velocity. A full factorial of 27 experiments is carried out with input parameters such as pulse off time with 3 levels (28, 58 and 98 μs), powder concentration with 3 levels (1, 2 and 3 g/L) and stirring velocity with 3 levels (900, 1800 and 2700 rpm), while keeping the current, pulse on and voltage as constant. For all trials, the output responses viz. surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR) are noted. It is evidenced that EDM performance is influenced by the stability of powder mixed dielectric. To understand the most influential input parameter and its level, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and grey relational analysis (GRA) are carried out. The output analysis exhibited that powder concentration of 2 g/L, stirring velocity of 1800 rpm and pulse off time of 28 μs as the best combination for the best quality of finish (4.72 μm) with high MRR (0.0035 g/min) than the 1 g/L PC with 900 rpm SV for the best quality finish (5.87 μm) along high MRR (0.0029 g/min) and 3 g/L PC with 2700 rpm SV for the best quality finish (5.38 μm) with high MRR (0.0030 g/min) having pulse off time of 28 μs. The experimental findings are validated with a 3D surface plot and SEM images taken on the machined surface. Also, a simulation model is built to understand the flow velocity profiles. This helps ensure the minimum stirring velocity to be maintained to enhance the stability of powder mixed dielectric.

Use of waste fermented black carrot powder dried by different methods as a substitute in noodle production

This study delved into various aspects of noodle production, emphasizing the impact of waste fermented black carrot powder (WFBCP) concentration and drying techniques. Higher concentrations of WFBCP increased cooking times, particularly in freeze-dried (FD) samples, resulting in varying water absorption and notable cooking losses. Color variations, influenced by both WFBCP concentration and drying methods, led to generally darker hues in the FD samples. Significant differences in the water content were observed across treatments. Ash content increased significantly with higher WFBCP concentrations, particularly at 40%, indicating the impact of WFBCP on ash formation. Noodle samples exhibited a significant rise in oil content with increasing WFBCP concentration, reaching a peak at 20%. Total Phenolic Content notably increased at higher WFBCP concentrations, peaking at 40%, suggesting potential nutritional benefits. Similarly, antioxidant activity increased significantly with higher WFBCP concentrations, indicating enhanced protection against food oxidation. Total monomeric anthocyanin content surged with increased WFBCP concentration, establishing WFBCP as a noteworthy source of anthocyanins. HPLC analysis revealed elevated levels of phenolic compounds when WFBCP was added to noodles, with FD-WFBCP showing the highest content. Freeze-drying effectively preserved the phenolic compounds, while the protein content remained stable. Sensory analysis, conducted using a 0–10 scale, emphasized the impact of processing methods and WFBCP concentrations on attributes such as color, stickiness, chewing, flavor, and overall rating. This study underscores the importance of precise control over WFBCP concentrations and processing for enhancing noodle attributes. Principal component analysis, explaining 90.8% of the total variation, highlights distinct differences between control and treated samples.