Concentration Of Organic Additives Research Articles

Open dumping site as a point source of microplastics and plastic additives: A case study in Thailand

Microplastics (MPs) and plastic additive chemicals are emerging pollutants of great concerns around the world. Open dumping sites can be important sources of those pollutants in emerging countries, but little is known about their occurrence, distribution, transport pathway, and remediation approach. This study aimed to obtain the comprehensive dataset on plastic pollution in an open dumping site in Thailand, including (1) the polymer types and organic/inorganic plastic additives in plastic garbage, (2) horizontal distribution of MPs and plastic additives in the surface soil, (3) the effects of soil-capping treatment, and (4) the vertical transport. First, thirty-two plastic garbage collected from the dumping site were analyzed, and a total of 40 organic chemicals (mean: 1400,000 ng/g dw) and 7 heavy metals (mean: 2,030,000 ng/g dw) were identified. The burdens stored in the dumping site were estimated to reach to 3.3–18 tons for organic additives and 4.9–26 tons for heavy metals. In the surface soil analysis, 13 types of polymers in MPs, 20 elements, and 37 organic plastic additives were detected. The pollution levels were significantly higher near the dumping site than at control sites, indicating that the open dumping site is a point source of MPs and plastic additives. Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation was found between the concentrations of MPs and organic additives in soil. This suggests that MPs act as carriers of plastic-derived chemicals. Soil-capping treatment (including removal of some trash) drastically mitigated the contaminant levels in the surface soil, indicating this treatment is one of the effective approaches to control the horizontal distribution of MPs and plastic additives. However, soil core analyzes implied that the vertical transport is still continued even after soil-capping treatment. Our findings provided the comprehensive dataset to support for understanding plastic pollution in the open dumping site.

Quantitative analysis of organic additives in acid copper plating solution

Due to the decomposition, condensation, and invalidation of organic additives in acid copper plating solution, it is hard to identify the effective concentration of additives, which causes difficulties in the prediction and grasping of the electroplating effect. To solve this problem, this paper established the linear relationship between absorbency and the concentration of organic additives based on the principle of ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the luminescence mechanism of the chromogenic agent and three organic additives after eliminating the interference of copper and hydrogen ions in the plating solution. The concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis-(sodium sulfopropyl)-disulfide(SPS), and gelatin in the solution were analyzed quantitatively according to Law of Lambert-Beer. According to the results, the linear relationship between PEG’s mass concentration and absorbency can be described as y = 0.01057 + 0.01372x, with a linear correlation of 0.9982, a relative error of about 0.56%-3.7%, and a minimum detection limit of 1 mg/L. The method adopted for detecting the SPS content records a relative error of around 0.817%-4.202% with the minimum detection limit of 2 μmol/L. The linear relationship between gelatin concentration and absorbancy is expressed as y = 0.02165x + 0.00932, in which the linear correlation r = 0.9906.

Fabrication and Characterization of Thin Metal Films Deposited by Electroless Plating with Organic Additives for Electrical Circuits Applications.

In our work, we studied thin nickel films deposited by electroless plating for use as a barrier and seed layer in the through-silicon vias (TSV) technology. El-Ni coatings were deposited on a copper substrate from the original electrolyte and with the use of various concentrations of organic additives in the composition of the electrolyte. The surface morphology, crystal state, and phase composition of the deposited coatings were studied by SEM, AFM, and XRD methods. The El-Ni coating deposited without the use of an organic additive has an irregular topography with rare phenocrysts of globular formations of hemispherical shape and a root mean square roughness value of 13.62 nm. The phosphorus concentration in the coating is 9.78 wt.%. According to the results of the X-ray diffraction studies of El-Ni, the coating deposited without the use of an organic additive has a nanocrystalline structure with an average nickel crystallite size of 2.76 nm. The influence of the organic additive is seen in the smoothening of the samples surface. The root mean square roughness values of the El-Ni sample coatings vary within 2.09-2.70 nm. According to microanalysis data the phosphorus concentration in the developed coatings is ~4.7-6.2 wt.%. The study of the crystalline state of the deposited coatings by X-ray diffraction made it possible to detect two arrays of nanocrystallites in their structure, with average sizes of 4.8-10.3 nm and 1.3-2.6 nm.

Polymer types and additive concentrations in single-use plastic products collected from Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, and Thailand

Marine debris comprising single-use plastic products (SUPs) is ubiquitous in Asian coastal waters, but there is little information on the types of polymers and the concentrations of plastic additives such waste products contain. In this study, 413 SUPs randomly collected from 4 Asian countries between 2020 and 2021 were analyzed to obtain specific polymer and organic additive profiles. Polyethylene (PE), coupled with external polymers, was prominent in the inside of the SUPs, whereas polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were prevalent in both the insides and outsides of the SUPs. The use of different polymers in the insides and outsides of PE SUPs implies specific and complicated recycling systems are required to maintain the purity of the products. Phthalate plasticizers including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were prevalent in the SUPs (n = 68). High concentrations of DEHP were detected in PE bags from Myanmar (820,000 ng/g) and Indonesia (420,000 ng/g), which were an order of magnitude greater than the concentrations in PE bags collected in Japan. SUPs containing high concentrations of organic additives may be the primary source of harmful chemicals in the environment, and should be responsible for their ubiquitous distribution in ecosystems.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ БЛЕСКООБРАЗУЮЩЕГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ СЕЛЕНСОДЕРЖАЩИХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ НА ПРОЦЕСС НИКЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The effect of selenium-containing compounds (5-oxa-2,8-diselenanonane, 6-oxa-3,9-diselenaundecane) on the process of brilliant nickel plating has been studied. Additives have been studied. Optimal concentrations of organic additives and electrolysis modes were selected, allowing to obtain a shiny nickel coating

Solvothermal Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxyapatite via Hydrolysis of Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate in the Presence of Different Organic Additives

In this study, the effects of sodium lauryl sulfate and various amino acids (DL-aspartic acid, dodecanedioic acid, and suberic acid) on the formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite via hydrolysis of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) were investigated; moreover, a combined effect of these additives and ethylene glycol as a synthesis medium was also estimated. The hydrolysis reaction was performed in solutions containing different concentrations of additives in aqueous and mixed aqueous–organic media under solvothermal conditions. It was demonstrated that the nature and the concentration of organic additives influence the phase purity and morphology of the final product. Higher concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate and dodecanedioic acid induced the formation of impurities in addition to hydroxyapatite, while aspartic and suberic acid did not affect the phase purity. The morphology of the samples varied from plate- to rod-like depending on the concentrations of specific organic additive.

Influence of polyethylene glycol inhibitors on properties of electroplated copper layer

Inhibitor is one of the important additive components in electrodeposited copper. As a common inhibitor, the concentration of PEG8000 has an important effect on electrodeposited copper. In this article, different concentrations of polyethylene glycol-based organic additives were added to the acidic electrolyte, and their effects on the electrochemical behavior of copper electrodeposition were investigated by galvanostatic test, cathodic polarization curve test, and cyclic voltammetry test. In addition, the surface morphology and crystallographic orientation of the obtained copper layers were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The results show that with the increase of PEG8000 concentration in the electroplating solution system, the inhibitory effect of PEG8000 on electroplating copper becomes stronger, and the copper surface density obtained by electroplating is better.

In-situ grown metal organic framework synergistic system for the enantioseparation of three drugs in open tubular capillary electrochromatography.

Metal organic frameworks have received great attention as the chiral stationary phase for racemic drug separation because of their fascinating structures and properties. However, the most homochiral metal organic frameworks were constructed by rare and precious chiral organic ligands. In this work, an achiral metal organic framework, together with a natural chiral selector carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin built a synergistic separation system in the open tubular capillary electrochromatography. The novel coated columns were developed by inducing metal organic framework nanoparticles to grow on the imidazolyl functional capillary inner wall. The baseline separations of hydroxychloroquine, ofloxacin, and atenolol were achieved in the synergistic separation system. The effects of the concentration of chiral selector, pH, voltage, and the concentration of organic additives were studied. Compared with chiral selector auxiliary bare capillary, the resolutions of three drugs were remarkably improved. The relative standard deviations for the retention time of intraday (n=6), interday (n=6), and column-to-column were less than 2.1, 2.6, and 5.2%, respectively. These results demonstrate that affordable synergistic separation systems are prospective for racemic drug enantioseparation in capillary electrochromatography.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ЭТИЛЕНХЛОРГИДРИНА НА ПРОЦЕСС ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОГО НИКЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The effect of products obtained from ethylene chlorohydrin – 2-hydroxyethylisothiuronium chloride, mono- and dichalcogen derivatives of diethylene glycol on the process of electrochemical nickel plating has been studied. Concentrations of organic additives and electrolysis modes were selected, allowing to obtain a shiny nickel coating

ВЛИЯНИЕ 5-ОКСА-2,8-ДИТИАНОНАНА, В КАЧЕСТВЕ БЛЕСКООБРАЗУЮЩЕЙ ДОБАВКИ, НА ПРОЦЕСС ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОГО НИКЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The properties of 5-oxa-2,8-dithianonane, as a brightening additive, on the process of electrochemical nickel plating have been studied. Research was carried out in order to obtain a shiny nickel coating at different concentrations of organic additives and electrolysis modes. To evaluate the resulting coatings, the qualitative and quantitative indicators of gloss, the number of pores per unit surface were determined, and a spectral analysis of the coatings was performed

THE EFFECTS OF BANANA, POTATO, AND COCONUT WATER IN THE REGENERATION OF Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM 6

Fig (Ficus carica L.) belongs to the family of Moraceae and its fruits are known to be nutritious to the human diet. Organic additives function as an alternative to replace conventional carbon sources besides containing other nutritional components required for plant growth. This study aims to evaluate the effects of organic additives incorporated in culture media for the regeneration of Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM6. In vitro shoots were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L of BAP without sucrose and with different concentrations of organic additives (potato, banana and coconut water). MS medium supplemented with 20 g of sucrose and 1 mg/L of BAP (positive control) showed the highest number of shoots (2.45 ± 0.16), shoot height (4.02 ± 0.18 cm) and number of leaves (8.33 ± 0.44). However, the incorporation of coconut water was observed to also support the induction of shoots, shoot height and leaves. Treatment of 200 mL/L of coconut water was found to significantly improve the number of leaves (5.08 ± 0.81 leaves per explant) in comparison to other organic additives. The study concludes that coconut water can be a feasible alternative as carbon source in the regeneration of Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM6.

ВЛИЯНИЕ 5-ОКСА-2,8-ДИТИАНОНАНА НА ПРОЦЕСС ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОГО НИКЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The article deals with the study of the properties of 5-oxa-2,8-dithianonane as a brightening additive. The research was carried out by obtaining a shiny nickel coating at different concentrations of organic additives and different modes of electrolysis

Detection of Organic Additives in Copper Plating Bath Using Voltammetric Methods That Involve a Screen-printed Nano-Au Electrode

Three electrochemical methods used to detect organic additives, A, B and C, in acidic plating baths. Cyclic voltammetric stripping (CVS) is used in industry to detect the concentration of organic additives indirectly by measuring the effect of commercial organic additives on the rate of copper deposition. This study directly determines the concentration of organic additives on a screen-printed nano-Au electrode at high potential using three different electrochemical methods: linear scanning voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The results show that the response currents for the three electrochemical methods exhibit a linear relationship with the concentration of organic additives. The nano-Au electrode is the most sensitive device for the detection of organic additive B using LSV.

Investigation of the aggregation, clouding and thermodynamics of the mixture of sodium alginate with sodium dodecyl sulfate and triton X-100 in aqueous and aqua-organic mixed solvents media

Herein, the aggregation, phase separation and binding behavior of sodium alginate (SA) and surfactants (anionic (SDS) and nonionic (TX-100)) mixture in aqueous and aqua-organic mixed solvents have been investigated applying the conductivity, cloud point, and UV–visible spectroscopic methods. In the current study, the various physico-chemical parameters (critical micelle concentration (CMC), extent of bound counter ions, cloud point (CP), binding constant (Kb), thermodynamic properties, and transfer parameters) were determined. The addition of SA facilitates SDS micellization. The CMC of the SA + SDS mixtures were obtained to be dependent on SA concentration, composition of mixed solvents, and temperature. The CMC of the SA + SDS mixture were found to be greater in magnitude in aqua-organic (dimethyl formamide (DMF), acetonitrile (AN), ethylene glycol (EG), and 1,4-dioxane (DX)) mixed solvents than the values observed in H2O medium. The values of counterion binding were found to be enhanced with the boost of concentration of SA and other organic additives. The Kb values of SA + TX-100 mixtures were computed from the Benesi-Hildebrand (BH) plot and the Kb values were found to be temperature-dependent. The CP values of the SA + TX-100 mixture experienced a lessening with growing contents of SA and got enhanced in diols (EG/ propanediol (PrD)) media. The negative values of free energy changes dictate that the micellization of SA + SDS mixture and binding processes for the SA + TX-100 mixture are spontaneous in nature while the positive free energy changes indicate the non-spontaneity of clouding phenomena of SA + TX-100 mixture. The obtained values of enthalpy and entropy changes recommend the presence of hydrophobic, electrostatic, and ion–dipole interactions amongst SA and SDS while hydrogen bonding, ion–dipole, and van der Walls forces are the proposed forces between SA and TX-100. Excellent enthalpy–entropy compensation was observed in each case.

The Concentration of Bone-Related Organic Additives Drives the Pathway of Apatite Formation

The Concentration of Bone-Related Organic Additives Drives the Pathway of Apatite Formation

The influence of organic and inorganic additives on the polymer mediated phase separation of Triton X-100

Herein, the investigation of the phase partition mode of the mixture of Triton X-100 (TX-100) + sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) was performed in presence of different organic and inorganic additives media. Results reveal that the phase separation behavior of TX-100 is facilitated by the presence of SCMC. The cloud point (CP) of the TX-100 + SCMC mixture was observed to be enhanced in presence of alcohols (ethanol (EtOH) and 1-propanol (1-PrOH)) as well as diols (ethanediol (ED) and propanediol (PD)), with more prominent results seen in the case of PD. The presence of salts causes earlier phase separation. The values of Gibbs free energy (ΔGco) were positive but decreased as the concentration of the additives (both organic and inorganic) increased. This revealed that the phase separation of the TX-100 + SCMC mixture was thermodynamically non-spontaneous, and the extent of its non-spontaneity decreased as the concentrations of both organic and inorganic additives increased. The phase segregation is enthalpy-controlled in an aqueous medium, while it is entropy-controlled in aqua-organic media, although it demonstrates the opposite result at greater concentrations of organic additives. The magnitudes of enthalpy (ΔHco) and entropy (ΔSco) of clouding were found to be negative and positive at lower and upper concentration of electrolytes, respectively. The magnitudes of ΔHco and ΔSco reveal that the hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, dipole-dipole and ion-dipole interactions are the key forces of interaction between TX-100 and SCMC. Different transfer energies and enthalpy-entropy compensation are also discussed.

A conductivity and cloud point investigation of interaction of cationic and non-ionic surfactants with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: effect of polyols and urea

Surfactants and polymers are widely used chemicals in different applied fields like pharmaceutical, textile, food, and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the study of surfactant–polymer interaction can improve their activity in related applied fields. Herein, we studied the interaction of polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) with two surfactants. The interaction of SCMC with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, was assessed through conductivity measurement technique, while the interaction between non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (TX-100) and SCMC was assessed by cloud point (CP) analysis. The effect of different organic additives (glucose, maltose, and urea) on the micellar behavior of the CTAB + SCMC mixture and phase partitioning behavior of TX-100 + SCMC mixture was investigated. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the CTAB + SCMC system having 0.3 mmolkg−1 SCMC was augmented linearly as a function of temperature and concentration of organic additives. The cmc values of CTAB + SCMC system increased from 1.28 to 1.44 mmolkg−1 and 1.18 to 1.33 mmolkg−1 with the increase in concentration from 0.1 to 8.0 mmolkg−1 of glucose and maltose, respectively. The extent of counterion binding (β) was obtained to be temperature-dependent. The CP values of TX-100 + SCMC were experienced to be reduced up to a certain concentration of glucose/maltose and then augment with enhancing the concentration of glucose and maltose, while the CP values increased monotonically with the concentration of urea. The Gibbs free energy values indicate the spontaneous micellization of the CTAB + SCMC system and non-spontaneous phase partitioning of the TX-100 + SCMC system. The enthalpy and entropy change as well as their compensation were studied and explained with proper explanation.

Some regularities in the process of anthocyanin extraction from vegetable sources

This work investigates regularities in the process of extracting anthocyanins from various plant sources in the medium of extractants. For extraction, fresh plant samples were used, including the roots of purple carrots, roots of purple potatoes of the Amethyst variety, fresh fruits of Michurin's aronia, fruits of the garden nightshade, cornelian cherries, blueberries and red cabbage, as well as dried peony petals. The extraction was carried out by infusing the plant material under study in a selected extractant (left overnight). The concentration of anthocyanins was determined spectrophotometrically. It was shown that a 0.1 M aqueous solution of HCl is an effective and environmentally friendly extractant allowing for the extraction of anthocyanins from various sources. Provided that the medium acidity is greater than 1, significant losses of anthocyanins are possible: 5-45% at pH = 2; 33-88% at pH = 3; 41-92% when extracted with distilled water. Acylation does not contribute to an increase in the degree of anthocyanin extraction. The addition of organic solvents (ethanol, acetonitrile and glycerin) can significantly accelerate the anthocyanin extraction in some cases, which is particularly true for cornelian cherries. When using crushed material, the influence of the extractant on the degree of extraction is minimal. Information is presented on the solvatochromic effect, which affects the spectral characteristics of some anthocyanin solutions. It was shown that the shift of the absorption band maximum is the greatest for non-acylated anthocyanins, while decreasing for acylated compounds. The latter is most likely to be associated with the intramolecular copigmentation of acylated anthocyanins in aqueous solutions. When determining the concentration of anthocyanins in solvents with different concentrations of organic additives, the solvatochromic effect should be taken into account. The addition of an organic solvent leads not only to a shift in the absorption band maxima, but also to significant hyperchromic effects. If this effect is ignored, errors in determination of anthocyanins can exceed 70%. This paper proposes a simple and effective approach to considering these effects using a cross-dilution scheme. Therefore, the choice of extractants for efficient anthocyanin extraction from various plant raw materials was experimentally substantiated, and a method for evaluating solvatochromic effects was proposed.

Toxicity of hydraulic fracturing wastewater from black shale natural-gas wells influenced by well maturity and chemical additives.

Hydraulic fracturing of deep shale formations generates large volumes of wastewater that must be managed through treatment, reuse, or disposal. Produced wastewater liberates formation-derived radionuclides and contains previously uncharacterized organohalides thought to be generated within the shale well, both posing unknown toxicity to human and ecological health. Here, we assess the toxicity of 42 input media and produced fluid samples collected from four wells in the Utica formation and Marcellus Shale using two distinct endpoint screening assays. Broad spectrum acute toxicity was assessed using a bioluminescence inhibition assay employing the halotolerant bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, while predictive mammalian cytotoxicity was evaluated using a N-acetylcysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity assay. The acute toxicity and thiol reactivity of early-stage flowback was higher than later produced fluids, with levels diminishing through time as the natural gas wells matured. Acute toxicity of early stage flowback and drilling muds were on par with the positive control, 3,5-dichlorophenol (6.8 mg L-1). Differences in both acute toxicity and thiol reactivity between paired natural gas well samples were associated with specific chemical additives. Samples from wells containing a larger diversity and concentration of organic additives resulted in higher acute toxicity, while samples from a well applying a higher composition of ammonium persulfate, a strong oxidizer, showed greater thiol reactivity, predictive of higher mammalian toxicity. Both acute toxicity and thiol reactivity are consistently detected in produced waters, in some cases present up to nine months after hydraulic fracturing. These results support that specific chemical additives, the reactions generated by the additives, or the constituents liberated from the formation by the additives contribute to the toxicity of hydraulic fracturing produced waters and reinforces the need for careful consideration of early produced fluid management.

Optimization of High-Speed Electrolytic Plating of Copper Pillar to Achieve a Flat Top Morphology and Height Uniformity

Abstract Cu plating bath for high-speed electrodeposition of Cu pillar was designed in consideration of a flat top morphology of pillar and a pillar height uniformity. An ideal polarization curve was assumed for the flat top morphology. To obtain the ideal polarization curve, an effect of organic additive concentration and solution agitation on the polarization curve were investigated. The basic bath components were optimized considering a Wagner number to improve the pillar height uniformity. To confirm the pillar top morphology and the pillar height uniformity, a 300-mm diameter wafer was plated with Cu at 20 A/dm2. As a result, improved pillar top morphology and pillar height uniformity were obtained. The optimized plating bath was applied to the plating of a large-size panel of 415 × 510 mm.