Molasses Concentration Research Articles

Plasmid-based and genome-based expression of recombinant T1 lipase in sucrose-utilizing E. coli strain W

Given its thermoalkaliphilic properties, T1 lipase holds significant potential for diverse industrial applications. However, traditional expression methods in Escherichia coli, specifically the plasmid-based system, present challenges of exerting metabolic burden on host cells and elevated costs due to antibiotic usage. This study addresses these issues by pioneering the expression of recombinant T1 lipase in a sucrose-utilizing E. coli strain W, using molasses as an economical carbon source. The gene cassette (KIKO plasmid), containing the T1 lipase gene regulated by tac and trc promoters, was integrated into the E. coli genome via the λ Red recombinase system. T1 lipase was optimally expressed in shake flasks at 16°C and a 3% molasses concentration in M9 medium with 0.8 mM IPTG as inducer, yielding 0.44 U/mL activity in the genome-based system compared to 0.94 U/mL in the plasmid-based system. This study not only underscores the potential of employing sucrose-utilizing E. coli strain for industrial recombinant protein production but also highlights the need for further optimization of genome-based expression systems. It offers an alternative to reduce costs and enhance sustainability in the stable production of industrially relevant enzymes like T1 lipase, without the need for antibiotic supplementation, and has broader implications for leveraging inexpensive carbon sources like molasses in biotechnological applications.

Effects of molasses-based microbial dust suppressant on soil dust and microbial community

This study aims at the practical needs of soil dust control and molasses resource utilization. By adding molasses to the soil and combining it with the components of microbial dust suppressants, it explores its impact on the surface soil dust suppression performance and microbial communities. The results show that after spraying treatment, the soil surface hardness is positively correlated with the molasses concentration, the surface hardness is the highest (41.14 HA) when the molasses concentration is 10%; the anti-wind erosion effect shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the molasses concentration, the anti-rain erosion effect needs to be improved; microbial community analysis show that molasses significantly affected the relative abundance of soil microbial community, and appropriate addition (1%) could optimize the microbial community structure and enhance the functions of carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathways, and the abundance of pathogenic species increased when the molasses concentration was higher (above 5%). Therefore, considering the dust suppression effect and environmental safety, a dust suppressant with a molasses concentration of 1% is more suitable for dust suppression. However, the synergistic pathway and mechanism of dust suppression through the interaction between molasses and MICP technology need to be further explored.

The effect of molasses addition on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of tempeh-based soy sauce

Tempeh is an indigenous traditional fermented food from Indonesia that is rich in protein and phenolics. Unfortunately, tempeh is highly perishable, with a shelf life of 36-48 hours at room temperature. Making soy sauce from tempeh can increase tempeh’s functional value and shelf life. However, tempeh-based soy sauce has different sensory characteristics than koji-based soy sauce. Therefore, molasses can be used to increase consumer preferences. Molasses is a sweetener that has a unique aroma of caramels and dark color. This research aims to determine the effect of molasses addition on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of tempeh soy sauce based on consumer preferences. Four different concentrations of molasses (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%) in tempeh soy sauce were used in this research, with commercial soy sauce as a benchmark. After soy sauce was fermented for 2 months, L*, a* and b* values, total dissolved solids (TDS), hedonic and just about right (JAR) tests were analyzed. Results showed that adding molasses significantly increased L*, a*, b* and TDS values. Commercial soy sauce and tempeh-based soy sauce with 4% molasses and 6% molasses additions were not significantly different and were the most preferred. Based on the penalty test, commercial soy sauce and the addition of 4% molasses do not have the characteristics of entering the critical corner.

Bioremediation of reactive black 5 textile dye wastewater using bacterial exopolysaccharides

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficacy of bacterial exopolysaccharides (Eps) in reactive black 5 (RB5) textile dye wastewater bioremediation. Design/methodology/approach The Eps were produced by bacteria isolated from cotton gin trash soils collected from different cotton-growing regions in Kenya for comparison purposes. A broth medium reconstituted using molasses was assessed for its capacity to produce the Eps. RB5 textile dye wastewater was optimized for dye removal under different temperatures, times and molasses concentrations. Dye removal was studied by Lovibond-Day Light Comparator, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and FTIR. Findings It was found that cotton gin trash soils contained Eps-producing bacteria. Three of the Eps studied were found to have the capacity to remove at least 80% of the dye from the wastewater. Research limitations/implications This research did not assess the efficacy of the RB5 dye removal from the wastewater by mixtures of the Eps. Practical implications Bioremediation of textile dye wastewater with Eps produced by bacteria cultured from cotton gin trash soil is significant because it will offer an effective and cleaner alternative to the chemical coagulants. Social implications Alternative treatment of textile wastewater with the Eps would result in safer water being released into the water bodies as opposed to the chemically treated wastewater that contains remnant chemicals. Originality/value Research on the use of Eps produced by bacteria isolated from cotton gin trash soils for removal of RB5 dye from textile wastewater has not been done before.

Molasses-based in situ bio-sequestration of Cr(VI) in groundwater under flow condition

The in situ biosequestration of Cr(VI) in groundwater with molasses as the carbon source was studied based on column experiments and model simulation in this study. Compared with biological reduction, molasses-based chemical reduction did not cause significant Cr(VI) removal at molasses concentration as high as 1.14 g L−1. The molasses at a concentration as low as 0.57 g L−1 could support biofilm-based Cr(VI) sequestration under flow conditions and showed better sequestration performances than D-glucose and emulsified vegetable oil (8 g L−1). The existence of molasses (1.14 g L−1) decreased the pH of the effluent from 7.5 to 6.3 and the oxidation-reduction potential from 275 mV to 220 mV in the groundwater, which was responsible for reduction and thus the sequestration of Cr(VI). Advection-dispersion-reaction model well described the process of the Cr(VI) transport with biosequestration in the column (R2 ≥ 0.96). Owing to the Cr(VI) toxicity to the biofilms, the removal ratio decreased by 24% with a rise of Cr(VI) concentration from 8.6 to 43 mg L−1. The prolongation of hydraulic retention time could promote the performance of Cr(VI) biosequestration. The chemical form of Cr deposited as the product of bio-reduction was confirmed as Cr(OH)3·H2O and other complexes of Cr(III). Our work demonstrated the efficacy of molasses for in situ sequestration of Cr(VI) under the dynamic flow condition and provide some useful information for Cr-contaminated groundwater remediation.

In Vitro Effect of Molasses Concentration, pH, and Time on Chromium Removal by Trichoderma spp. from the Effluents of a Peruvian Tannery

The effluents generated by the tannery industry have a high content of chromium and other toxic elements, representing a potential threat to ecosystems. An eco-friendly alternative to treat these effluents is the use of microorganisms, such as fungi, with the capacity to biosorb heavy metals. The present work aims to determine the effect of the molasses concentration, pH variation, and time on the removal of total chromium using the filamentous fungus Trichoderma spp. An experimental design was adopted using pH (4 and 6), concentrations of molasses (0.5 and 1%), and time (8 and 12 days) as independent variables. The Trichoderma inoculum was constant in all the treatments. The different treatments were evaluated after 0, 8, and 12 days by taking 50 mL of sample from each bioreactor. The chromium concentration was subsequently determined in each sample. The results show that treatment 3 (1% molasses and pH 4) showed higher chromium removal after both 8 and 12 days. The concentrations of total chromium decreased from 665 mg/mL to values of 568 mg/mL by day 8 and 486 mg/mL by day 12. These values are, however, still above the maximum threshold imposed by Peruvian law regarding the discharge of non-domestic effluents into the sewage system. The results show that Trichoderma spp. can increasingly remove chromium from the effluent with longer incubation periods. However, future studies are necessary to determine the mechanisms of chromium biosorption by the fungus and the influence of other physicochemical parameters.

Effect of different concentrations of molasses and forage with Bacillus lechniformis on the growth of Macrobrachium nipponense in vitro

The rearing of juvenile shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense is of importance in the development of aquaculture, especially by using molasses and Bacillus lechniformis to promote growth. The present study aimed to evaluate the rearing of juvenile shrimp, M. nipponense in laboratory breeding ponds without replacing the water in the presence of B. lechniformis using two strategies: i) Use of molasses (10=A, 50=B, and 100=C mg) with 1 × 10 ⁸ CFUml-1 B. lechniformis to the ponds, with shrimp in initial weight rates (650.00 ± 68.09, 639.67 ± 74.81, 639.67 ± 67.02) mg and final weight rates (695.67 ± 57.33, 825.00 ± 90.14, 761.33 ± 111.02) mg, ii) Use of feed (100=A, 250-B, and 500=C) mg, with shrimp initial weight rates (107.67 ± 21.94, 106.67 ± 20.82, 103.33 ± 18.93) mg and final weight rates (208.33 ± 16.07, 381.67 ± 36.17, 283.33 ± 15.28) mg. Results of statistical analysis for molasses showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in each daily growth (DG), Specific growth rate (SGR), and no significant differences (p > 0.05) in survival rates. As food conversion ratio (FCR), significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between A and B, contrary to C, which showed no significant differences. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in DG among A, B, and C in using feed. While SGR showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between A and B but did not have significant differences with C and no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the survival rates. FCR showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between C and both A and B, which showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between them. The study will help to reduce the cost and waste of water.

Bioprocess for enhanced production of a fibrinolytic protease with high thrombolytic potential from Aspergillus flavus SH71

The diseases related to the cardiovascular system significantly contribute towards global mortality. Dysregulation/malfunctioning of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways especially under pathophysiological conditions disturbs the homeostasis and causes cardiovascular complications. Thrombosis is one such disorder wherein normal blood flow is obstructed due to an abnormal fibrin clot. Serious issues with the available therapeutics (thrombolytics) viz. fatal side effects, low specificity and efficacy and high cost, motivate the research for discovery of potentially novel, safe, efficacious and cost-effective thrombolytics. In the present study, an effectual fibrin specific fibrinolytic protease (thrombolytic) was produced from a newly isolated fungus Aspergillus flavus SH71 by using low-cost agricultural residues as substrates. Molasses as a sole carbon source and linseed cake as an exclusive nitrogen source supported the protease production of 188.99 U/mL and 215.67 U/mL respectively which were higher than that obtained in control (133.91 U/mL). Also, some other agro-based substrates (orange peel, rice bran, malt, mixed fruit brunch and soymeal) supported higher enzyme titre than control. Furthermore, a bioprocess was developed for fibrinolytic protease production by optimization of process variables i.e. concentration of molasses and linseed cake, medium pH and incubation time based on design of experiments and a substantial yield enhancement was achieved (1.97 folds).

Optimization of bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by the response surface methodology using Meyerozyma caribbica isolate MJTm3

PurposeYeast strains tolerant to a wide range of stress conditions are needed for the production of bioethanol from substrates rich in sugar. In our earlier research findings, Meyerozyma caribbica isolate MJTm3 (OM329077) demonstrated remarkable stress tolerance and fermentative activity. The present study aimed to optimize six fermentation parameters to generate conducive fermentation conditions for ethanol production by M. caribbica isolate MJTm3.MethodThe response surface method (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize process conditions for higher bioethanol yield. The optimization process was carried out based on six independent parameters, namely temperature (25–35 °C), pH (5.5–6.5), inoculum size (10–20% (v/v)), molasses concentration (25–35 (w/v)), mixing rate (110–150 rpm), and incubation period (48–72-h). Analysis of ethanol concentration was done by HPLC equipped with a UV detector.ResultThe optimal conditions of the parameters resulting in a maximum predicted ethanol yield were as follows: pH 5.5, an inoculum size of 20%, a molasses concentration of 25 °Bx, a temperature of 30 °C, an incubation period of 72-h, and a mixing rate of 160 revolutions per minute (rpm). Using the above optimum conditions, the model predicted a bioethanol yield of 79%, 92% of the theoretical yield, a bioethanol concentration of 49 g L−1, and a productivity of 0.68 g L−1 h−1. A batch fermentation experiment was carried out to validate the predicted values and resulted in a bioethanol yield of 86%, 95% of theoretical yield, a bioethanol concentration of 56 g L−1, and productivity of 0.78 g L−1 h−1. On the other hand, the surface plot analysis revealed that the synergistic effect of the molasses concentration and the mixing rate were vital to achieving the highest bioethanol yield. These values suggested that the RSM with CCD was an effective method in producing the highest possible output of bioethanol from molasses in actual operation.ConclusionThe study confirmed the potential of using M. caribbica isolate MJTm3 for bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses under the abovementioned optimal fermentation conditions.

Response to Growth And Production Of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) With The Addition Of Bran And Some Molasses Concentrations In Baglogs

Traditionally, oyster mushroom cultivation uses a simple method, namely by utilizing wood sawdust that have undergone weathering as a planting medium (baglog). To support the growth and production of oyster mushrooms, need add nutrients such as rice bran and molasses to baglogs. This study aims to determine the growth and production of oyster mushroom plants by adding bran and molasses to baglogs. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are: 1) the addition of bran 20% per baglog gives the best results on the volume of mycelium, the diameter of the fruit hood, and the wet weight of the fruit, 2) the concentration of molasses does not affect all parameters and 3) the interaction of adding bran 30% per baglog with a molasses concentration of 360 cc per dough on the speed of appearance of pinheads and the wet weight of the fruit.

Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Molasses using Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design Approach

Bioethanol is one of alternative energy sources produced by fermenting carbohydrate rich materials with microorganism, especially the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can be produced from feedstock with high carbohydrate content such as sugary, starchy and lignocellulosic materials. Molasses is a sugar production byproduct that has high glucose and other simple sugar content and therefore it is easy to ferment compared to starch or lignocellulosic materials that require pretreatment before fermentation. In the present study, we determine the optimum condition that can produce the highest ethanol using response surface method-central composite design (RSM-CCD) approach. Yeast strain used in the present study was Fali yeast, which is a commercially available industrial bioethanol strain. The concentration of molasses used in the present study was 40% (w/v) and factors optimized in the present study were pH, agitation rate and fermentation time. Twenty experiments were run based on the RSM-CCD using batch method. The results of the present study showed that the optimum condition was achieved when the pH, agitation rate and time of fermentation were 2, 368 rpm and 104 hours respectively. The concentration of ethanol reached 10.12% (w/v) at the optimum condition based on the model obtained. Validation of the model showed that 10.02% of ethanol can be achieved when the optimum condition was applied in laboratory experiment, indicating a good agreement between the mathematical model and experimental result.

Molasses-Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Optimization, Characterization, and Antibiofilm Activity

Biofilms are matrix-enclosed communities of bacteria that are highly resistant to antibiotics. Adding nanomaterials with antibacterial activity to the implant surfaces may be a great solution against biofilm formation. Due to its potent and widespread antibacterial effect, silver nanoparticles were considered the most potent agent with different biological activities. In the present investigation, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were newly synthesized as antibiofilm agents using sugarcane process byproduct (molasses) and named Mo-capped AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538 and C. albicans DAY185. Statistically designed optimization through response surface methodology was evaluated for maximum activity and better physical characteristics, namely the nanoparticles’ size and polydispersity index (PDI), and it was revealed that molasses concentration was the main effective factor. Minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of Mo-capped AgNPs against S. aureus ATCC 6538 and C. albicans DAY185 was 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscope study of Mo-capped AgNP-treated biofilm revealed that AgNPs penetrated the preformed biofilm and eradicated the microbial cells. The optimally synthesized Mo-capped AgNPs were spherically shaped, and the average size diameter ranged between 29 and 88 nm with high proportions of Ag+ element (78.0%) recorded. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the importance of molasses ingredients in capping and stabilizing the produced silver nanoparticles.

Fermentative Production of Erythritol from Cane Molasses Using Candida magnoliae: Media Optimization, Purification, and Characterization

Erythritol is a natural, zero-calorie sweetener that can be used as a sugar substitute and humectant for different products such as confectionaries, tablets, etc. Methods such as extraction and chemical synthesis for erythritol synthesis are not feasible or sustainable due to lower yield and higher operating costs. In the present study, erythritol is produced through the submerged fermentation of cane molasses, a by-product of the cane sugar industry, in the presence of the osmophilic yeast Candida magnoliae. Erythrose reductase enzyme assay was used for quantifying erythritol yield. Plackett–Burman’s design screened the three most influential factors viz. molasses, yeast extract, and KH2PO4 out of 12 contributing factors. Further, the concentration of molasses (200–300 g/L), yeast extract (9–12 g/L), and KH2PO4 (2–5 g/L) were optimized using response surface methodology coupled with numerical optimization. The optimized erythritol yield (99.54 g·L−1) was obtained when the media consisted of 273.96 g·L−1 molasses, 10.25 g·L−1 yeast extract, and 3.28 g·L−1 KH2PO4 in the medium. After purification, the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of erythritol crystals from this optimized fermentation condition showed 94% purity. Glycerol was produced as the side product (5.4%) followed by a trace amount of sucrose and mannitol. The molecular masses of the erythritol were determined through mass spectrometry by comparing [M + Na] + ions. Analysis in electrospray (ES) positive mode gave (m/z) of 145.12 [M + 23]. This study has reported a higher erythritol yield from molasses and used osmotolerant yeast Candida magnoliae to assimilate the sucrose from molasses.

Effect of the Variations of Molasses Concentration And Corn Flour on Growing Media for White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Productivity

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) can grow well on materials that contain carbohydrates. One of the fungal growth ingredients that contain carbohydrates is corn flour. In addition to corn flour, molasses can also be used to stimulate the growth of white oyster mushrooms. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of variations in the concentration of molasses and corn flour on the growing media on the productivity of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The research was conducted in May-July 2022 at the Center for Breeding and Development of Oyster and Ear Mushroom Cultivation on Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency. The research method used was a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, 16 treatment combinations and 2 replications so that there were 32 baglogs. The first factor contained 4 levels of treatment, namely M0: 0 ml/baglog, M1: 7.5 ml/baglog, M2: 15 ml/baglog and M3: 22.5 ml/baglog. The second factor has 4 levels of treatment, namely J0: 0 gr/baglog, J1: 10 gr/baglog, J2: 20 gr/baglog and J3: 30 gr/baglog. Parameters observed were mycelium growth rate (cm), stalk height (cm), hood diameter (cm), hood thickness (mm), number of branches/clumps, wet weight (g). The results of the highest data mycelium growth rate in treatment J0 of 20.75 cm. The result of the highest data stalk height in the M1 treatment was 6.19 cm. The results of the highest data hood diameter in treatment J0 of 10.18 cm. The result of the highest data hood thickness in treatment J2 was 5.09 mm. The result of the highest number of branches/data clusters in the M3 treatment was 9.13 branches. The result of the highest wet weight (g) data in the M3 treatment was 140.75 gr.

Growth Response and Results of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) due to Additional Concentration Molasse and Rice Flour in Media Baglog

White oyster mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) is a type of wood fungus. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) due to the addition of molasses and rice flour. This research was conducted at the Center for Breeding and Development of Oyster Mushroom and Ear Mushroom Cultivation Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (RAL) consisting of 2 treatment factors, 16 treatments, 2 replications and 32 baglogs. The first factor is the concentration of molasses with M0: (control), M1: 7.5 ml/20 ml, M2: 15.0 ml/20 ml, M3: 22.5 ml/20 ml and the second factor is the administration of Rice Flour with a concentration of T0: (control), T1: 20 gr/20 ml, T2: 40 gr/20 ml, T3: 60 gr/20ml. Parameters observed were mycelium growth rate (cm), stalk height (cm), hood diameter (cm), hood thickness (mm), number of branches/clumps, and wet weight (g). The rice flour treatment 12 days after inoculation showed significantly different results with the highest data T0: 10.13cm and the lowest data T3: 8.00cm. The highest data was T0:14.85cm and the lowest data was T3: 12.36cm after 18 days after inoculation. The highest parameter of plant height was M0: 20.13cm and the highest data of rice flour treatment was T2: 19.13 cm. The hood diameter parameter showed the highest data was M2: 43.90cm and the highest rice flour treatment data was T2: 2.64cm. The highest data hood thickness parameters are M2: 29.09mm and T2: 29.98 mm. parameters of the highest number of data branches M0: 88.75 branches and T1: 86.25 branches. The highest data wet weight parameter was M0: 88.75 grams and the highest data was given to rice flour at T1: 86.25 grams

Role of extremophilic Bacillus cereus KH1 and its lipopeptide in treatment of organic pollutant in wastewater.

An effective biosurfactant producer and extremophiles bacteria, Bacillus cereus KH1, was isolated from textile effluent and the biosurfactant was produced using molasses as the sole carbon source. Growth parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity and concentration of molasses were optimised for decolourising the textile effluent with 24-h incubation. The biosurfactant property of B. cereus KH1 was evaluated based on haemolytic activity, oil displacement technique, drop-collapsing test and emulsification index. The results of the produced biosurfactant showed a positive reaction in haemolytic activity, oil displacement technique, drop-collapsing test and exhibiting a 67% emulsification index. The cell-free broth was stable in 40°C pH 7, 7% salinity and 7% molasses. Thin-Layer Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis revealed that the biosurfactant was a lipopeptide with a yield 2.98gL-1. These findings proved the synergistic action of B. cereus KH1 with lipopeptide biosurfactant may accelerated the decolourisation efficiency to 87%.

Utilization of sugarcane molasses as the main carbon source for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from Enterobacter cloacae

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers that otherwise exhibit many properties similar to that of conventional, non-biodegradable plastics. Hence, they are considered as potential substitutes for non-biodegradable plastics. But industrial production and commercialization of PHA have been hindered greatly due to the high cost requirements, especially those involved in the provision of suitable carbon sources. In this study, sugarcane molasses was used as a cheap carbon source for PHA production using a wild strain of Enterobacter cloacae isolated from sugarcane extract. This isolate was selected for PHA production based on Sudan Black B staining, and it was subsequently identified by performing BLASTn using its 16S rRNA sequence (GenBank accession number: ON314993). The PHA yield was studied under varying conditions of initial pH, molasses concentration and inoculum concentration. The highest yield of 4.13 - 4.98 g/L or 48 - 56% PHA was obtained after 48-60 h incubation at initial pH 7, molasses concentration 4% and inoculum concentration 2%. After downstream processing, the extracted PHA was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. It is concluded that E. cloacae has the potential to utilize sugarcane molasses as a cheap carbon source to yield impressive amounts of PHA, and that it should be considered a candidate for further studies and for the cheaper industrial production of PHA.

Effect of Molasses Concentration on the Pigment Production of Monascus purpureus M9 on Monascus Fermented Durian Seed

Efforts have been made to cultivate Monascus purpureus on durian seed to produce Monascus Fermented Durian Seed (MFDS). MFDS pigment production could be enhanched by substrate addition by adding carbon source such as molasses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of molasses concentration on the production of M.purpureus M9 pigment in MFDS. The research used randomized block design with one factor, namely the concentration of molasses (M) with six treatment levels, M0 = 0%; M1 = 2%; M2 = 4%; M3= 6%; M4 = 8% and M5 = 10% with four repetitions. Findings showed that molasses addition had a significant effect on the color of MFDS powder, water soluble pigment level, 99.9% ethanol soluble pigment level and the pigment profile for both solvents. The best treatment based on pigment content was the M4 treatment with an ‘L value’ of 43.83, a* value of 14.92, b* value of 7.08, C value of 16.54, oH value of 24.45 and aquades soluble pigment content of 16.86AU/g (yellow); 9.23AU/g (orange); and 8.19AU/g (red) and ethanol soluble pigment content of 9.8AU/g (yellow); 2.5AU/g (orange); and 3.0 AU/g (red). Molasses is able to enhance pigment production of Monascus purpureus M9 of MFDS.

Evaluation of molasses concentration and anoxic-aerobic react period in biodecolorization and mineralization of tartrazine (acid yellow 23)

Dyes are widely used in the textile industry and 10–15% of these dyes are lost to effluent during the dyeing process. Dye reduction usually requires anaerobic or anoxic conditions, whereas bacterial biodegradation of aromatic amines is an exclusively aerobic process. Despite of its feasibility, increase efficiency of anaerobic color removal requires fast reductive processes with electron donor (organic co-substrate) which is usually the drawbacks of conventional biological process. The present study focuses on the evaluation of molasses concentration and anoxicaerobic react period in biodecolorization and mineralization of tartrazine under integrated anoxic-aerobic react sequencing batch reactor (IAASBR). The IAASBR system was operated under anoxic-aerobic condition with 24 hours per cycle. Different molasses loading (0.5 g/L; 1.0 g/L) and anoxic/aerobic react periods (17/4 hours; 12.5/8.5 hours) were adopted, and their effects on microorganism growth, tartrazine decolorization and COD removal were determined. Removal efficiency of tartrazine dye and COD increased to around 50–70% and up to 95%, respectively, after the molasses concentration doubled from 0.5 g/L to 1.0 g/L. The MLVSS also increased from 3660 mg/L to 7700 mg/L. The presence of molasses promote the growth of biomass in the IAASBR system and improve the treatment efficiency of IAASBR in biodecolorization and mineralization of tartrazine. In addition, shorter anoxic react (12.5/8.5 hours anoxic/aerobic) exhibited higher COD reduction (up to 94.00 mg COD/L.hr) compared to 71.93 mg COD/L.hr for 17/4 hours anoxic/aerobic period. However, for biodecolorization of tartrazine dye, influence of the anoxic-aerobic react duration was insignificant but more consistent tartrazine removal was observed under 12.5/8.5 hours anoxic/aerobic period.

OPTIMIZATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCTION FROM SUGAR BEET MOLASSES BY GLUCONACETOBACTER XYLINUS NRRL B-759 IN STATIC CULTURE

We investigated the optimization of bacterial cellulose (BC) production from sugar beet molasses by Gluconacetobacter xylinus NRRL B-759 in static culture. The optimization studies were performed using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables were the molasses concentration, inoculation ratio and culture volume. The dependent variable was BC production yield. From the optimization tests, based on the model developed by RSM-ANOVA, it was found that binary interactions between molasses concentration–culture volume and inoculation ratio–culture volume had the most significant influence on the responses. The optimum conditions were as follows: 78.932 g/L molasses concentration, 12.973% inoculation ratio, and 130.405 mL of culture volume. The obtained BC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. The characterization results obtained in the study revealed that the produced BC exhibited typical FTIR spectrum, elemental composition, and nanofiber structure.