Content Of Microelements Research Articles

Influence of Supercritical Water on the Composition and Distribution of Microelements in Resins, Asphaltenes, Kerogens, and Rocks of Tatarstan Domanik Deposits of Different Lithological Types

A comparative study of changes in the microelemental composition and distribution in resins, asphaltenes, and kerogens from Tatarstan Domanik rocks, occurring under the action of supercritical water (SCW) at 374°С and a pressure of 22–24 MPa, was made. The samples studied belong to different lithological types; they were taken from carbonate–siliceous deposits of the Romashkino and Tavel oilfields and from carbonate deposits of the Bavly oilfield. The specific features of distribution of different microelements (MEs) in rocks and rock organic matter (OM) components were revealed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The major MEs are Fe > Ti > Ni > Zn > V > Cr > Cu with the concentrations from 100 to 8600 ppm. The total ME content of rocks from these deposits is 1.14, 0.23, and 0.38%, respectively. The ME content of resins and asphaltenes does not exceed 0.3 and 2%, respectively. The highest ME content, 8%, is observed in kerogens. The carbonate–siliceous rocks from different deposits with Сorg 7.07 and 1.90% differ from the carbonate rock with low Сorg (0.33%) in that the ME concentration in them is maximal. On the other hand, the ME content of resins and asphaltenes from the carbonate rocks is higher compared to the carbonate–siliceous rock samples. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, As, Se, Pb, and Bi in kerogens of all the types decrease under the action of SCW. In the transformed resins and asphaltenes from carbonate–siliceous rocks, the V and Ni concentrations appreciably decrease, whereas in kerogens their concentrations do not change noticeably. The demetalation processes lead to the ME redistribution between the OM components and mineral surface of the rocks.

Chemical composition of winter pea plants in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. When new crop varieties or cultivars are introduced into production, their chemical composition should be studied, since the latter depends on the climatic conditions of the region and cultivation technologies. Therefore, the study of the peculiarities of the formation of macro- and microelements composition of a new variety of winter peas in the climatic conditions of the Southern Steppe is advisable. Purpose. To evaluate the chemical composition of winter pea and the distribution of macro- and microelements in the structural parts of plants depending on their development stages in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Samples of winter peas were selected by development stages in stationary and temporary experiments, as well as in production and testing crops of agricultural farms of the Odesa region. The following methods were used: laboratory method to determine content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microelements; statistical method to perform correlation, analysis of variance and statistical evaluation of research results. Results. The paper presents the data on the chemical composition of winter pea cultivated in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The peculiarities of accumulation and distribution of macro- and microelements by the leaf-stem mass, grain and roots of winter pea are established. It was found that the rate of toxic elements accumulation in the vegetative mass of pea plants increased and decreased when they moved from plant leaves and stems to grain. Conclusions. The average content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microelements in grain and by-products of winter pea in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine were determined. We found significant changes in the microelement composition of the leaves and stems, grain and roots of winter pea. A higher variability of microelement content (12.7–70.7 %) was noted in contrast to the macroelement content (7.7–48.3 %). The low resistance of root barriers to the entry of Cd and Pb toxicants into the aboveground organs of winter pea over the entire growing season and the high intensity of the leaf-stem mass resistance to the absorption of these metals by grain were determined. Key words: winter peas, microelements, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, content

ПОЛОВЫЕ РАЗЛИЧИЯ В СОДЕРЖАНИИ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ОРГАНАХ  И ТКАНЯХ НЕРКИ ИЗ ВОСТОЧНЫХ ЗАЛИВОВ ПОЛУОСТРОВА КАМЧАТКА

The content of essential (Cu, Zn, Fe) and non-essential (Cd, Pb, Ni) elements, which are trace and heavy metals, in the organs and tissues of one of the most popular and consumer-preferred species of Pacific salmon – sockeye salmon, one of the three most significant objects in the salmon fishery in the Far East of Russia, caught in the waters of two gulfs from the eastern Kamchatka – Avacha Gulf and Kamchatka Gulf. Emphasis is made on reproductive products – caviar and testes of fish. Element concentrations were determined by the atomic absorption method on a Shimadzu AA-7000 spectrophotometer on flame and flameless atomizers from sample mineralizates obtained by their decomposition with concentrated HNO3 grade extra pure in a MARS 6 microwave complex, using standard samples with known concentrations. Statistical data processing was performed in MS Excel. It was found that the concentration of copper in eggs was 10 times higher than in the testes, the levels of Zn in the gonads of fish differed by a factor of 2, and the differences in the amount of Fe were less pronounced. No patterns were observed in the distribution of Cd, Ni, and Pb in the gametes of fish. The content of microelements, except for Pb, as a rule prevailed in the liver.

Trends in the development of the bioresource potential of Thalictrum L. in Baikal Siberia

The article is devoted to the modernization of economic development of the Baikal region. The directions of formation of innovative bioresource potential with the use of local plant raw materials are revealed. The biotechnological potential of promising medicinal plants of the genus Thalictrum L. has been studied. The content of microelements and triterpene saponins with cytotoxic and contraceptive properties in plant raw materials from natural and cultivated populations was determined. The data on productivity of Thalictrum minus in culture are presented. Accumulation of biologically active substances according to age states is studied. Morphological characteristics of individuals by years of cultivation are shown. The peculiarities of the species growth in agroculture are described. The attention is paid to the formation of productive features. Phenological spectra allowing to determine the terms of phytomass harvesting are compiled. The possibility of using cell cultures of Thalictrum L. as a source of guaranteed standardized raw materials for pharmaceutical purposes is considered.

Zinc: an undervalued microelement in research and treatment.

Recent years have seen a growing interest in a healthy lifestyle, particularly nutrition. An important component of a balanced diet is the microelement content. Zinc is the second most abundant trace element, after iron. It has antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions, and plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including dermatoses. Individuals with a zinc deficiency may present with nonspecific erythematous, pustular, erosive, and bullous lesions as well as alopecia, nail dystrophy, and a variety of systemic symptoms. Any individual assessment of zinc levels should consider risk factors for deficiency, clinical symptoms, type of diet, and results of laboratory analyses. Recent research has shed light on the systemic and topical effects of zinc, indicating the value of its supplementation for many conditions.

Біогеохімічні засади розвитку садівництва України

There is considered the importance of biogeochemical research for improving the quality of fruit crops. A significant part of the Earth's population suffers from diseases associated with an imbalance of nutritional (essential) elements. Scientific directions for in-depth research into the quality of horticulture products, their comprehensive evaluation and forecasting of their impact on the health of the population are gaining relevance. Biogeochemical research is one of the newest trends in the development of horticulture in Ukraine, which can further declare the excellent quality of our fruits and berries on the European market It is noted that the theoretical basis of such studies are the works of V.I. Vernadskyi. The purpose of the presented research is to generalize the regional biogeochemical features of the fruit-growing zones of Ukraine and to determine the relevant directions for improving the quality of fruit and berry products due to the balance of essential traceelements. The biogeochemical subregion of balance Co, Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu, Sr prevaile in the territories of the Eastern Forest Steppe and Donbas, as well as in the northern part of the Southern Steppe and the central part of Crimea. In these territories, statistical estimates of the content of the studied essential microelements in the soils corresponded to biogeochemical norms (within threshold concentrations); medical statistics did not record an increased incidence of the corresponding endemic diseases among the children's population. Biogeochemical subregions of imbalance Co, Mo, Mn, Zn occupy about 80 % of the area of Ukraine and are spread over the territory of 9 fruit-growing zones - Polyssia, Western Forest-Steppe, Transnistria, Western and Central Steppe, North-Eastern Steppe, Southern Steppe, Prykarpattia, Transcarpathia, Crimea. Peculiarities of horticulture in the territories of biogeochemical subregions of imbalance Со, Мо, Мn, Zn are caused by the increased probability of manifestation of up to 16 phytopathologies of crops. Our regional medico-geochemical studies here have established an increased prevalence of diseases among the children's population endemic diseases - anemia, glomerulonephritis, diabetes, poisoning. Within the biogeochemical subregions of Co, Mo, Mn on the territory of 11 administrative regions of Ukraine, it is necessary to introduce special agrochemical technologies for feeding crops using appropriate agrochemical methods. It is advisable to take into account the relationship between the existing content of nutrient microelements in the soil and the physiological needs of agricultural crops when we planting new gardens. For example, planting apple orchards and vineyards is advisable on the territory of biogeochemical subregions with both an excess of zinc and a lack of molybdenum, because these crops have, respectively, very high needs of Zn and insignificant needs of Mo. Key words: micronutrients, product quality, biogeochemical provinces, non-infectious phytopathologies.

Особенности транссредового перехода тяжелых металлов и мышьяка по цепочке «почва - лекарственное растительное сырье - водные извлечения»

Low-quality herbal raw materials and the products obtained from them are important sources of various ecotoxicants, especially heavy metals, entering the human body. Aqueous extractions of medicinal plant raw materials - decoctions and infusions - are of a particular interest in this respect - as they are the most accessible and frequently used dosage forms in medical and pharmaceutical practice and traditional medicine, being at present insufficiently studied as sources of intake of various microelements in the human body. Objective: to investigate the peculiarities of heavy metals and arsenic trans-mediated transition along the chain "soil - medicinal plant raw materials - infusions and decoctions". Materials and methods. Raw materials were harvested during the flowering period in Voronezh Biosphere Reserve. The microelement composition of the samples was studied by mass spectroscopy on an ELAN-DRC device. Results. The content of toxic microelements estimated in medicinal plant raw materials of natural phytocenosis of Voronezh region does not exceed the pharmacopoeial requirements, and their total proportion in the total mineral complex - not more than 0.011%. All made infusions and decoctions from the studied raw materials infusions and decoctions also corresponded to pharmacopoeial requirements on the content of normalized elements. The efficiency of cadmium transfer in infusions and decoctions from medicinal plant raw materials ranged from 9.02% to 55.00%, arsenic - from 26.33% to 68.46%, lead - from 1.95% to 76.15%. In the chain "soil - medicinal plant material - water extracts" normalized elements in LRS to the greatest extent migrated to the decoction of burdock root: cadmium - 74.91%, arsenic - 13.98%, lead - 6.02%. The lowest degree of transition was noted for the infusion of the studied flowers: for cadmium - 4.78%, arsenic - 0.46%, lead - 0.73%. Conclusion. The findings are of great interest and may serve both for further research and for using in medical and pharmaceutical practice.

Elemental Composition of Reindeer Pasture Plants and Lichens in Nadym District (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area)

Abstract—There are plans to expand reindeer husbandry in the Nadym District of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area. For this purpose, we studied the elemental composition of the dominant species of the tundra and open boreal woodland vegetation cover. We analyzed leaves of dwarf birch (Betula nana L.), dwarf shrubs of bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.), marsh Labrador tea (Ledum palustre L.), and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench); sphagnum moss (Sphagnum sp. L.); and fruticose lichens (Cladina stellaris (Opiz.) Brodo). The X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to obtain data on the content of Ca, K, P, Si, Mg, Na, S, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ti, and Al. We defined the biogeochemical features of the reindeer forage plants. In vascular plants and sphagnum mosses, the content of almost all essential macroelements is low, while the content of most microelements (Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn) exceeds the world average values. The lichens are characterized by low concentration of Ca, K, Mg, and P, which is more than one order of magnitude lower than the world average values, and the deficiency of microelements. The results were compared with the results from similar studies in other geographical regions of the tundra zone, and it was found that tundra plants have a similar pattern of element accumulation. In particular, leaves of dwarf birch are distinguished by accumulation of Mg; the content of Al, Fe, and Si is increased in mosses; Mn is accumulated in dwarf shrubs and dwarf birch; lichens are characterized by the deficiency of most elements. Therefore, in order to prevent animal diseases, it is necessary to improve the elemental composition of reindeers feed by increasing the share of “green” forage in winter, when lichens dominate the diet.

Evaluation of nutritional value, bioactivity and mineral content of quinoa bran in China and its potential use in the food industry

Quinoa bran is a by-product during quinoa processing, which is not well used due to its high content of antinutritional factors. The nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidative and mineral content were analyzed in quinoa bran from five producing areas (Hebei, Shanxi, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Gansu Province) in China. The results showed that the mean values of protein, starch, fat, fiber, reducing sugar, ash, moisture and energy in quinoa bran were 9.35%, 47.37%, 8.26%, 10.74%, 3.68%, 6.25%, 9.29% and 360.2 kcal/100 g, respectively. Although the protein content in quinoa bran is lower than that in quinoa grain, it is comparable to that in other grains (rice, corn, millet and sorghum) and brans (wheat, oat and rice), so it has the commercial potential to be processed into animal feed or other edible food. The contents of antioxidant flavonoids (460.9 mg/100g) and polyphenols (477.8 mg/100 g) in quinoa bran were higher than those in quinoa grain, suggesting that quinoa bran had better antioxidant capacity. The contents of saponins, tannins and phytic acid in quinoa bran were 18.65, 0.30 and 0.73%, respectively. The content of saponins was nearly one times higher than that in quinoa grain, the contents of tannins and phytic acid, however, were lower than those in quinoa grain. Therefore, the removal of saponins is the key to eliminate the antinutritional properties of quinoa bran. The contents of macroelements (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus) and microelements (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, barium) in quinoa bran were generally higher than those in quinoa grain, which was consistent with the results of ash determination. In summary, quinoa bran was found to be a rich source of nutritional and bioactive components and minerals. If the antinutritional problem can be overcome, quinoa bran has great potential for application in the food industry.

Influence of cultivar and fertilization treatment on bioactive content of some apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars

The paper presents the chemical composition of the fruits of three apple cultivars (Jonagold Decosta, Red Idared and Gala Schnitzer Schniga) fertilized with three treatment: T$_{1}$ (control-without fertilization); T$_{2}$ (300 kg/ha NPK (6:18:36) + 150 kg/ha N (calcium ammonium nitrate-CAN)) and T3 (foliar nutrition-mixture organic-mineral fertilizer commercially named 'FitoFert Kristal' (0.6%) (10:40:10) + 'FitoFert Kristal' (0.6%) (20:20:20) + 'FoliFetril Ca' (0.5%) (N:Ca) in Bosnia and Herzegovina during two years (2020-2021). Significant differences of contents of soluble solids, total sugars, inverted sugars, sucrose, total phenolic content, content of flavonoids and antioxidant activity were found among cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments and years. Differences in total acids content among treatments and years were not statistically significant, but significant differences among cultivars and cultivar/treatment combinations were found. The contents of soluble solids, total sugars and sucrose were the highest in fruits of cultivar Jonagold Decosta, while the highest contents of inverted sugars, total acids, total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were found in fruits of Red Idared cultivar. The fertilization treatment T2 significantly influenced the content of soluble solids, total sugars, inverted sugars, total acids, total phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in the apple fruits. According to the results obtained, we can say that fertilization treatment T3 do not have much effect on bioactive ingredients, with the exception of the sucrose content. Among mineral elements, four were macroelements that were represented present in large amounts: potassium (K) (1266.15 mg kg$^{-1}$ to 1652.89 mg kg$^{-1}$), calcium (Ca) (122.76-474.90 mg kg$^{-1}$), phosphor (P) (86.14-124.84 mg kg$^{-1}$) and magnesium (Mg) (57.36-70.68 mg kg$^{-1}$). On the other hand, four microelements were determined: boron (B) (1.06-14.25 mg kg$^{-1}$); iron (Fe) (2.79-4.62 mg kg$^{-1}$); manganese (Mn) (0.27-0.46 mg kg$^{-1}$) and zinc (Zn) (0.15-0.48 mg kg$^{-1}$). Results showed that contents of macroelements and microelements have been strongly affected by cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments and years.

Impact of Freezing and Drying on Fatty Acid and Microelement Content of Small Indigenous Fishes of Assam, India

Impact of Freezing and Drying on Fatty Acid and Microelement Content of Small Indigenous Fishes of Assam, India

Microelements in seeds of advanced genotypes of Caupí beans (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em> L. Walp) established in a soil of Cordoba, Monteria.

The objective was to quantify the nutritional contents in seeds of different advanced genotypes of cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in the soil of Montería-Córdoba, Colombia. Seeds of 40 lines or genotypes and two commercial varieties Caupicor 50 and ICA Betancí were evaluated as controls. A completely randomized block design was used with three repetitions for a total of 126 experimental units. The seeds were initially subjected to drying in a forced circulation oven at 70 ° C for 72 hours to quantify the nutritional content. The final nitrogen content was evaluated by initially submitting the seeds to digestion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 4 hours. It was subsequently quantified using the Kjeldahl method. Finally, to determine the content of microelements, 1 g of seed was subjected to digestion with nitric, perchloric acid (3:1), and they were quantified in a piece of atomic adsorption equipment. With the information recorded in the laboratory, an analysis of variance, contrasts, and tests of Tukey averages was performed at a 5% probability. The results indicate that it existed genetic variability and genotypes LC-041-016 and LC021016 were identified with 29.2 and 29.1%, with the highest protein content, being superior to Caupicor 50 and ICA Betancí that presented contents of 25, 7 and 25.5%. The genotypes L-047 with 216.3, followed by genotypes LCPM35 and LC027016, with 159.5 and 127.3 mg.kg-1 presented the highest iron content, and the commercial witnesses Caupicor 50 and ICA Betancí, content less than the above, and the content zinc and manganese were similar in all genotypes evaluated.

EVALUATION THE MICROELEMENTS AND HEAVY METALS CONTENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOME AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST LANDS

The study analyzed and evaluated the content of some microelements and heavy metals in the conditions of two categories of agricultural and forest land. The study location was in the "Padurea Cenad" Protected Area and the bordering agricultural area, Timis County, Romania. Among microelements, the content of iron (Fe, ppm), manganese (Mn, ppm), copper (Cu, ppm) and zinc (Zn, ppm) was analyzed, and among heavy metals, the content of chromium (Cr, ppm), nickel (Ni, ppm) and lead (Pb, ppm) was analysed. The ANOVA test was used to quantify the statistical reliability of the data, and to evaluate the presence of variance in the data set (Alpha=0.001). The correlation level of the determined microelements and heavy metals was evaluated by correlation analysis (Pearson), and the statistical safety was evaluated based on p parameters (p <0.05; p <0.01; p <0.001). Correlations of different intensity levels were recorded between the analyzed elements (eg r=0.914 between Fe and Cu; r=0.916 between Fe and Ni; r=0.935 between Mn and Zn; r=0.933 between Mn and Cr; r= 0.920 between Zn and Cr; r=0.990 between Ni and Pb; r=0.851 between Fe and Pb; r=-0.732 between Mn and Ni; r=-0.731 between Mn and Pb). A high level of variability was recorded in the case of Pb content (CVPb=43.8455), and a low level of variability in the case of Mn content (CVMn=8.1807). Intermediate values was recorded in the other cases, CVCr=25.4583, CVNi=23.9941, CVCu=23.0055, and CVFe=21.0282 respectively. According to PCA, PC1 explained 70.240% of variance, and PC2 explained 22.469% of variance. Separate positioning in relation to the content of microelements and heavy metals (as biplot) was found at CP1-A and CP2-F. Associated with the content of Mn, Zn and Cr (as biplot) CP2-A was positioned, and associated with Fe, Cu, Ni and Pb (as biplot) CP1-F was associated.

Effects of foliar spraying of potassium fertilizer on the contents of microelement, phytic acid and HMW-GS in wheat flour

Potassium (K) has a considerable effect on wheat quality, and prudent application of K fertilizer can significantly improve wheat yield and quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar application of potassium fertilizer (KFA) applied to the leaves of wheat plants at the late-growth stage on the contents of microelements, phytic acid, the molar ratio of phytic acid to micronutrients and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in different types of flour for two wheat varieties. The results indicate that there were significant differences in microelements, phytic acid, the molar ratio of phytic acid to microelements, and the type and content of HMW-GS between the two varieties. KFA significantly increased Fe, Mn, Zn, and HMW-GS, and decreased the phytic acid content, but the change in the degree of the two varieties was different. KFA decreased the molar ratio of phytic acid to microelements, and the reduction in the molar ratio was different in all types of flour for these two varieties, and its ratio was the lowest in the whole flour. KFA improved the nutritional quality of flour by increasing the microelements' content and reducing the phytate's content and improving the processing quality of flour by increasing the content of HMW-GS.

Utilization of Ashes from Biomass Combustion

Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy in the energy industry. It is assumed that by 2050 the global energy deposit could be covered in 33–50% of biomass combustion. As with conventional fuels, the combustion of biomass produces combustion by-products, such as fly ash. Therefore, along with the growing interest in the use of biomass as a source of energy, the production of ash as a combustion by-product increases every year. It is estimated that approximately 476 million tons of ashes per year can be produced from biomass combustion. For example, the calorific value of dry wood mass tends to be between 18.5 MJ × kg−1 and 19.5 MJ × kg−1, while the ash content resulting from thermal treatment of wood is from 0.4 to 3.9% of dry fuel mass. However, biomass ash is a waste that is particularly difficult to characterize due to the large variability of the chemical composition depending on the biomass and combustion technology. In addition, this waste is, on the one hand, a valuable fertilizer component, as it contains significant amounts of nutrients, e.g., calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and microelements, but on the other hand, it may contain toxic compounds harmful to the environment, including heavy metals and substances formed as a result of combustion, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs). PAHs and VOCs are formed mainly in the processes of incomplete combustion of coal and wood in low-power boilers, with unstable operating conditions. However, it is important to remember that before the fly ash is used in various industries (e.g., zeolite synthesis, recovery of rare earth metals or plastic production) as an additive to building materials or fertilizers for cultivation, a number of analyses are to be conducted so that the by-products of combustion could be used to allow the by-product of combustion to be used. It is important to conduct tests for the content of heavy metals, chlorides, sulphates, microelements and macroelements, grain and phase composition and organic compounds. If such ash is characterized by low pollution levels, it should be used in agriculture and reclamation of degraded land and not directed to landfills where it loses its valuable properties. The purpose of this review is to present the properties of ashes generated as a result of biomass combustion in Poland and the world, to discuss factors influencing changes in its composition and to present the possibilities of their reuse in the environment and in various branches of industry.

Morphological, Pomological, and Nutritional Value of Wild and Cultivated Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Genotypes in Slavonia, Croatia

In this study, the morphological, pomological, and nutritional values of wild and cultivated rosehip fruits grown in the Slavonia region of eastern Croatia were studied. The results revealed significant differences in several morphological and pomological characteristics among the rosehip genotypes in terms of fruit weight, flesh weight, seed weight, and fruit flesh ratio, with no significant differences in fruit width, fruit length, fruit shape index, seed number per fruit, or seed length. The evaluated rosehip fruit genotypes differed significantly from each other in terms of hectoliter weight (kg), fruit bulk (cm3), and bulk density (kg/m3). For water–soluble extracts, ash, and pH, no statistical difference was found between naturally grown genotypes, but there was a significant difference between naturally grown and cultivated genotypes. Twenty-three major and trace elements were analyzed. The most abundant elements were K, Ca, Mg, and P in both cultivated and naturally grown fruits. The highest concentrations of microelements were Fe, Al, Mn, and Sr. The conventionally cultivated genotype L1 had the highest concentration of Fe and Na as essential elements for humans but also had the highest concentrations of Al, Sr, Ti, V, Cr, Pb, Co, Li, and As of all the genotypes studied. The naturally grown genotype L4 had the highest concentrations of S, Zn, Rb, and Cd and the lowest concentrations of Mg, K, and Ca among all studied genotypes. The data showed that the analyzed genotypes from eastern Croatia had good nutritional quality and variability, making them suitable as genetic resources and possibly leading to the detection of rosehip genotypes as potential sources of beneficial ingredients for human health.

Changes in the physicochemical parameters and microbial community of a new cultivar blue wheat cereal wholemeal during sourdough production.

Changes in the characteristics of a new cultivar (DS8472-5) of blue wheat during wholemeal fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici (LUHS29), Liquorilactobacillus uvarum (LUHS245), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LUHS122), including acidity, microbiological and chromaticity parameters, free amino acid (FAA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and biogenic amine (BA) contents, macro- and micro-element concentrations and fatty acid (FA) and volatile compounds (VC), were evaluated. In addition, a metagenomic analysis was performed. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains used for fermentation was a significant factor in wholemeal fermentation sample pH, redness (a*) and LAB counts (p ≤ 0.05). In most of the samples, fermentation increased the FAA content in wheat wholemeal, and the highest concentration of GABA was found in DS8472-5 LUHS122 samples. Phenylethylamine (PHE) was found in all wheat wholemeal samples; however, spermidine was only detected in fermented samples and cadaverine only in DS8472-5 LUHS122. Fermented samples showed higher omega-3 and omega-6 contents and a higher number and variety of VC. Analysis of the microbial profile showed that LAB as part of the natural microbiota present in cereal grains also actively participates in fermentation processes induced by industrial bacterial cultures. Finally, all the tested LAB were suitable for DS8472-5 wheat wholemeal fermentation, and the DS8472-5 LUHS122 samples showed the lowest pH and the highest LAB viable counts (3.94, 5.80°N, and 8.92 log10 CFU/g, respectively).

Assessing Bone Health Status and Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens at the End of a Production Cycle in Response to Inclusion of a Hybrid Rye to a Wheat-Corn Diet.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there are negative effects of the partial replacement of white corn with rye along with xylanase supplementation on overall bone quality, eggshell mineralization, and mechanical strength in laying hens. From the 26th week of life, ISA Brown laying hens were fed either a wheat-corn diet or a diet containing 25% rye, with or without xylanase. The experimental period lasted for 25 weeks, until birds reached their 50th week of age, after which bone and eggshell quality indices were assessed. Eggshell thickness and eggshell Ca content of eggs from rye-fed hens were improved by xylanase supplementation. No differences in the mechanical properties of the eggshells were observed between treatments, except for the diet-dependent changes in egg deformation. Rye inclusion had no effect on the mechanical properties of bone. Xylanase supplementation, irrespective of the diet, had a positive effect on bone strength and increased tibia Ca content, as well as the content of several microelements. Hence, hybrid rye combined with wheat can replace 25% of corn in layer diets without compromising shell quality or bone mineral content. Xylanase supplementation in these diets is recommended since its inclusion improves both bone strength and quality.

Bio substrate microelement concentrations in young men — residents of the Far North — under increased physical exercises

BACKGROUND: High-level athletic competitions necessitate more strenuous physical activity and this upsets the bodys chemistry balance. Numerous mechanisms are in place during sports to adapt to regular physical activity, but as a result, the body is progressively stressed out as it experiences a high loss in the bio-elements associated with intense exercise.
 AIM: to thoroughly analyze the chemical profiles of athletes residing in the city of Magadan, who have achieved great sporting success, and to identify the unique features of microelement concentrations in subjective samples (hair, whole blood).
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted to analyze elemental pictures of high-level athletes in the city of Magadan who were between the ages of 19 and 25 (n=29). Age-matched men who showed usual levels of physical activity comprise the control group (n=22). Different biological substrates (hair and whole blood, among others) were examined to determine the most informative substrate for the identification of the most common types of chronic elemental imbalance. This was considered particularly important for further prevention of typical region-related disorders in the body chemistry by increasing functional reserves. Eighteen macro- and microelements were examined via atomic emission and mass spectrometric methods with inductively coupled argon plasma.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The athletes examined in the present study exhibited higher levels of Ca, Co, Fe, Se, and Zn in their hair samples and showed higher median concentrations of blood Na and P, and an excess levels of blood Mn, when compared with the subjects who had moderate levels of physical activity and whose blood examination showed higher values of K, Mg, Co, Fe, Se, the deficiency of Co, Cu, Zn, and Fe, and excess of Mg and Se.
 CONCLUSION: However, data obtained in the present study did not enable us to explicitly draw inferences regarding sports-induced changes in the body microelement profile. In some cases, the elemental profile of athletes is similar to that of residents of Magadan and they show a typical northern type of deficiency in essential elements expressed in the hair. Notably, the frequency of hair deficits is frequently higher in young men who experience no increased exercise levels. Excessive toxic elements or heavy metals were not identified biological substrates examined in the present study. It was our understanding that long-term assessment of the athletes elemental imbalance which is formed under intense physical activity can be performed through spectral hair analysis. This is attributable to the fact that it is an accumulative bio substrate that shows no day-to-day fluctuations under changeable functional or psychoemotional states, as well as nutrition preferences.

Nutrition problems of modern schoolchildren, including children with disorders of the psychological development

The health is influenced by many factors including physical, psychological, emotional well-being, both social and economic viability of the child family. In addition, one of the key factors affecting the maintenance and promotion of health is a balanced diet. Adequate dieting is necessary for the normal physiological functioning of the child’s body, because due to the rapid growth and development, children are very prone to the deficiency of its various components. This issue is especially relevant for children studying in specialized schools. If the principles of a balanced diet are not observed, many symptoms of diseases, including psychoneurological ones, are aggravated and often cannot be corrected. According to the results of epidemiological studies conducted in different regions of Russia, significant violations in the nutrition of all school-age children were revealed. These include an irrational ratio of essential nutrients, excessive consumption of fat, added sugar and salt, insufficient content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements, dietary fiber, as well as disturbances in the regimen and management of nutrition. It is important to note that the described violations were found in schoolchildren of general education schools, while studies on the actual nutrition of children in correctional schools were not conducted. Conclusion. Despite a lot of research in the field of nutrition, there remains a need to study the structure of nutrition and nutritional status in children studying in correctional schools to scientifically substantiate and develop measures for the prevention and correction of alimentary-dependent diseases. The main directions of which should be monitoring the nutritional status of children in the following up their development, optimizing nutrition, taking into account the pathology of the child, the use of fortified foods and the appointment of vitamin-mineral complexes, with the aim of additional intake of necessary substances. When searching for literature, the databases Web of Science, CyberLeninka were used.