Methylcellulose Concentration Research Articles

Development and optimization of floating alginate microspheres of repaglinide using Box-Behnken experimental design

Background: Due to short-lasting action, fast clearance and enzymatic instability of anti-diabetic drugs result in low bioavailability as they are mainly absorbed from the stomach and the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of antidiabetic drugs can be significantly increased by enhancing the gastric residence time using gastroretentive drug delivery systems such as floating microspheres.
 Objectives: The present investigation deals with the development and optimization of floating microspheres for gastroretentive delivery containing repaglinide using Box-Behnken design and also investigates the effect of different process variables on the formation of the microsphere. Thereby, increasing the bioavailability and reducing the mentioned side effects of repaglinide.
 Materials and methods: Floating microspheres of repaglinide formulated by ionic gelation method and optimized using Box-Behnken design. The independent variables were the concentration of Hydroxy methylcellulose (HPMC) (A), Sodium alginate (B), and calcium chloride (C) while entrapment efficiency (R1), swelling index (R2), and in vitro drug release (R3) were considered as dependent variables. The optimized formulation of floating microspheres was characterized by various physicochemical properties, surface morphology, drug excipient interaction, in vitro release, and buoyancy studies.
 Results: Based on obtained 3D response surface plot factors A, B, and C were found to give a synergistic effect on R1, while factor A has a negative effect on R2. Interaction of AC was negative on R1 and R2 but positive on R3. The interaction of AC and BC was negative in all the responses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that microspheres were spherical with nearly smooth surface morphology. Good entrapment and buoyancy were observed for 12 h. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled for more than 12 hours and followed the Higuchi model. The validations of response surface methodology (RSM) for three dependent variables were 100.09%, 99.68%, and 97.02%.
 Conclusion: Repaglinide floating microspheres were prepared and optimized by use of Box – Behnken process optimization software. The quantitative responses of particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release for different combinations of independent variables, sodium alginate as release retarding polymer, HPMC K100M as floating polymer, and calcium chloride as a cross-linking agent were obtained experimentally, and the results were found to fit the design model. The quantitative effect of these factors at different levels on the responses could be predicted using polynomial equations, and high linearity was observed between predicted and actual values of response variables. The results of the present study showed that the responses i.e, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release are significantly affected by the concentration of polymer and a cross-linking agent. The formulation OF1 was found to be the optimum formulation predicted by the point prediction of the design expert software. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled for more than 12 h and followed the Higuchi model. The validations of RSM for three dependent variables were 100.09%, 99.68%, and 97.02%. Therefore, it can be concluded that a floating microsphere for repaglinide was developed and optimized using a three-factor, three-level Box – Behnken design.

Effects of polysaccharide thickening agent on the preparation of walnut oil oleogels based on methylcellulose: Characterization and delivery of curcumin

Walnut oil-based oleogels were prepared by the emulsion-templated method using methylcellulose at different concentrations and viscosities as the oleogelators and polysaccharides (sodium alginate, xanthan gum and κ-carrageenan) as the thickening agents. The microscopic properties, rheological properties and oil binding capacity (OBC) of the oleogels were evaluated. The intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of polysaccharide stabilized the network structure of the oleogel. The increasing methylcellulose concentration contributed to forming a more stable interfacial layer and providing oleogel with a compact structure. κ-Carrageenan resulted in a better OBC (97.37 %) and rheological properties of the methylcellulose-based oleogel. When served as a delivery system of curcumin, the highest encapsulation rate of curcumin (38.06 %) was achieved by the κ-carrageenan oleogel. The structure of oleogels slowed down the release rate of free fatty acids and curcumin during the early stage of in vitro digestion and the κ-carrageenan oleogel exhibited the highest inhibiting effect. This finding suggests that the polysaccharide-based walnut oil oleogels had a firmer structure and could be a promising approach to deliver curcumin.

Adjusting the stiffness of a cell-free hydrogel system based on tissue-specific extracellular matrix to optimize adipose tissue regeneration.

Large-area soft tissue defects are challenging to reconstruct. Clinical treatment methods are hampered by problems associated with injury to the donor site and the requirement for multiple surgical procedures. Although the advent of decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) offers a new solution to these problems, optimal tissue regeneration efficiency cannot be achieved because the stiffness of DAT cannot be altered in vivo by adjusting its concentration. This study aimed to improve the efficiency of adipose regeneration by physically altering the stiffness of DAT to better repair large-volume soft tissue defects. In this study, we formed three different cell-free hydrogel systems by physically cross-linking DAT with different concentrations of methyl cellulose (MC; 0.05, 0.075 and 0.10g/ml). The stiffness of the cell-free hydrogel system could be regulated by altering the concentration of MC, and all three cell-free hydrogel systems were injectable and moldable. Subsequently, the cell-free hydrogel systems were grafted on the backs of nude mice. Histological, immunofluorescence and gene expression analyses of adipogenesis of the grafts were performed on days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 30. The migration of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and vascularization were higher in the 0.10g/ml group than in the 0.05 and 0.075g/ml groups on days 7, 14 and 30. Notably, on days 7, 14 and 30, the adipogenesis of ASCs and adipose regeneration were significantly higher in the 0.075g/ml group than in the 0.05g/ml group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) and 0.10g/ml group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). Adjusting the stiffness of DAT via physical cross-linking with MC can effectively promote adipose regeneration, which is of great significance to the development of methods for the effective repair and reconstruction of large-volume soft tissue defects.

Preparation and in-vitro Evaluation of Secnidazole as Periodontal In-situ Gel for Treatment of Periodontal Disease

This study aims to develop a thermosensitive mucoadhesive periodontal in situ gel of secnidazole for local release of drug for treatment of periodontitis, in order to increase the drug residence time and to increase patient compliance while lowering the side effects of the drug. Cold method was used to prepare 30 formulas of secnidazole periodontal in situ gel, using different concentrations of thermosensitive polymers (poloxamer407 alone or in combination with poloxamer 188) and methyl cellulose (MC ) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M )in different concentrations used as mucoadhesive polymer and the resultant formulations were subjected to several tests such as gelation temperature GT, appearance and pH value. The formulas with the most appropriate GT were subjected to in-vitro drug release. Three formulas were chosen with appropriate release, F6 (15% P407, 1% MC), F29 (18%P407,3% P188, 0.8% HPMC) and F30 (18%P407,3% P188, 1% HPMC). These formulas were subjected to mucoadhesive force, viscosity, drug content, spreadability, gelation time and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) compatibility studies. The results indicates that formula F29 and F30 have best gelation temperatures (33°C, 32°C) gel strength (1.5h,2h) mucoadhesive force of (17.1, 23.4 dyne/cm2 ) and in-vitro drug release (98.2%, 100%) respectively during 3.5h and gelation, time about 10 seconds for both formulas and FTIR spectrum study show absence of important interaction between secnidazole and the polymers used.

A Polysaccharide Isolated from the Herb Bletilla striata Combined with Methylcellulose to Form a Hydrogel via Self-Assembly as a Wound Dressing.

The Bletilla striata Polysaccharide (BSP), a natural polysaccharide derived from the east Asian terrestrial orchid Bletilla striata, is an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant polysaccharide. Traditionally, it has been used to treat hemostasis and for wound healing. In this study, BSP was blended with methylcellulose (MC) and methylparaben (MP) to create a hydrogel through a self-assembly route as a wound dressing. The developed hydrogels were designed as M2Bx, M5Bx, and M8Bx. M stands for MC, and the number represents a percentage. Whereas the second letter of B stands for BSP, and x refers to the percentage variation of BSP: x = 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. All the developed MB hydrogels contained β-glucopyranosyl and α-mannopyranosyl, and rheology test had a tan δ value ≥ 0.5. The pore sizes of the hydrogels decreased by increasing the MC and BSP content, and they had better properties with respect to water loss and their swelling ratio. Evaluations in vitro and in vivo showed that all of the developed MB hydrogels have good cell viability and wound-healing properties. The M8B2 hydrogel group was found to be superior to the others from within the developed MB hydrogels. Therefore, we believe that the M8B2 hydrogel formulation has a high potential for development as a wound dressing.

APPLICATION OF SILICONE COATING TO OPTIMIZE THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING CELLULAR SPHEROIDS BY THE HANGING DROP METHOD

Purpose of the study . To study the effect of SIEL 159–330 coating on the cell clusters formation rate in a hanging drop method in combination with the use of methylcellulose (MC) and collagen as cell aggregation improving agents. Materials and methods . BT20 breast cancer cells were cultured in drops of 20 μL (104 cells per drop) on the lid of a polystyrene Petri dish coated with SIEL 159–330 silicone elastomer (GNIIKHTEOS, Moscow, Russia) or without coating. The study tested three concentrations of MC (0.1 %, 0.25 % and 0.4 %) and collagen (150 µg/ml, 300 µg/ml and 600 µg/ml). The rate of formation of cell conglomerates was assessed by evaluating their area after 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours of cultivation. Results . The use of SIEL 159–330 coating made it possible to obtain spheroids of the same size as the addition of 0.4 % MC over a time interval of 72 hours. The silicone coating additionally reduced the size of cell spheroids in the medium with 0.1 % MC at all time points; however, this effect disappeared with increasing concentration of MC. In addition, the use of SIEL 159–330 reduced the relationship between the size of cellular spheroids and the concentration of MC, which allows us to consider the use of this coating as an alternative to MC or a way to reduce its concentration. In the experiment with the addition of collagen to the culture medium, the sizes of cell conglomerates formed on the silicone coating were significantly smaller than on uncoated plastic in all variants of the experiment and time points. The effect was more pronounced for a collagen concentration of 600 μg/ml. The use of SIEL 159–330 coating, in addition, reduced the variability in the size and shape of the resulting cell conglomerates. Conclusion . Accelerated aggregation of cells and fibers of the extracellular matrix in hanging drops, as well as a reduction in the variability in the size and shape of the resulting cell clusters on SIEL 159–330, allows us to reduce the time of experiments and material costs, as in experiments with the addition of substances that accelerate the formation of spheroids (MC and collagen), as well as in their absence.

Formulation and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Gel containing Ethanolic extract of Purple Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Loaded Poly Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid Submicroparticles against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus has been resistant to various antibiotics including erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and piperacillin-tazobactam so that an alternative treatment is needed. The purple sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir) contain flavonoid compounds that have antibacterial activity by inhibiting nucleic acid, protein synthesis, cell membrane, and energy metabolism in bacteria. In this study, ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato leaves is loaded to poly lactic-co-glycolic acid submicroparticles to increase the stability of flavonoids and the antibacterial effect. Submicroparticle gel was prepared with various concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ie F1, F2, and F3 respectively 3%, 5%, and 7%. The antibacterial activity of submicroparticles gel compared with a gel containing extracts without submicroparticle and erythromycin gel as a positive control. Phytochemical test results that the ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato leaves contains flavonoids. Based on the research results, the best formula was F1(3%) with pH, homogeneity, viscosity, dispersibility, adhesion, and washability, respectively 7.4±0.0361; homogeneous; 8358.9±228.1391 cps; 4.2667±0.3005cm; 45.333±2.5166 seconds; 11.6667±1.5275mL. F1 was also shown to have strong antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone value of 13.67±4.04mm.

Novel methylcellulose based thermosenstive in situ nano liposomes of docetaxel for improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with reduced toxicity

The utility of Docetaxel (DTX) in different cancers is highly compromised due to reported side effects from its commercial injectable formulation. In this work, novel methylcellulose (MC) based thermosenstive in situ nano liposomes of anti-cancer drug docetaxel (DTX) was developed for its locoregional delivery in treatment of cancer. An array of biodegradable polymers; Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Poloxamer-407 and MC for development of in situ nano liposomes (NL) were utilized alone and in combinations of one another for different sets of formulations. Optimized formulation ISNL-MC-2 exhibited in situ gelation at 36.2 ± 0.5 ºC, ideal syringeability, and sustained drug release (at 37 ± 0.5 ºC) up to 6 days with immediate in vitro gelation (5.5 ± 0.3 min). Further, a significantly higher biological half-life (23 ± 0.2 h) was detected in vivo in comparison to the commercial DTX injectable formulation (1.7 ± 0.1 h). Bio distribution study revealed almost 3 fold higher drug localization from the optimized formulation. When evaluated pharmaco dynamically in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) induced mice, better tumor inhibition (87.7 ± 2.5%) was seen with the optimized formulation compared to the commercial DTX formulation (76.5 ± 2.1%). The detailed characterization and optimization brought in situ behavior of the optimized formulation close to physiological temperature using suitable concentration of MC and sodium chloride.

Methylcellulose-Chitosan Smart Gels for Hairstyling

Methylcellulose and chitosan served as promising ingredients for a thermoresponsive hair styling gel after successful application in the medical industry. Both ingredients uphold the clean beauty standard without infringing on performance. By combining these two ingredients, a hair gel can be created that promises an extended hold of style once a heated external stimulus, such as a curling wand, is applied to the hair. Chitosan serves as the cationic biopolymer to adhere the gel to the hair, whereas the methylcellulose acts as the smart biopolymer to lock the desired hairstyle in place. Various ranges of chitosan and methylcellulose concentrations were explored for formulation optimization with rheology and curl drop testing. The rheology testing included a flow sweep test to understand the shear-thinning behavior of the sample as well as the effect of concentration on viscosity. Another rheology test completed was a temperature ramp test from room temperature (25 °C) to 60 °C to study the effect of heat on the various concentrations within the samples. A curl drop test was performed as well, over a 48-h period in which the different samples were applied to wet hair tresses, dried, curled, and hung vertically to see how the style held up over a long period of time with the influence of gravity.

Transglutaminase and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose enhance mechanical properties of whey protein concentrate film

SummaryWhey protein and cellulose derivatives are abundant and renewable raw materials that provide an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuel sources used for food packaging. A novel biodegradable composite film comprising whey protein concentrates (WPC) aqueous solutions (10%, w/v) with different concentrations of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% of WPC) was prepared in the present study. The effect of transglutaminase (TG) on the functional properties of the film was investigated. SDS‐PAGE profiles indicated that TG modulated the formation of intermolecular cross‐linking of WPC. FT‐IR results showed that HPMC modified the mechanical properties of WPC. Incorporation of HPMC decreased the transparency and improved the tensile strength and extensibility of the film. TG addition led to a significant enhancement of the mechanical properties of the film. These findings indicated that TG promoted the formation of WPC‐HPMC composite film with improved mechanical properties.

Influence of aluminum sulfate on mobility and adhesion of hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose in cement-based materials for tunnel linings

Cellulose ether allows for high adhesion of fresh cement-based materials for hard rock tunnel linings. Alternatively, accelerator is used when a fast stiffening rate is required to support the surrounding rock. However, the influence of the addition of accelerator on the performance of cellulose ether has not been explored previously. In this study, four types of hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose with different viscosity levels and pure aluminum sulfate were used. The viscosifying property of the hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose in an aqueous solution with varying concentrations and temperatures was first examined. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic diameter and the concentration of hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose in the extracted interstitial fluid of the fresh mixtures was measured by performing the dynamic light scattering (DLS) test and the total organic carbon (TOC) test. In addition, the adhesion of the materials was tested both in the fresh and hardened state. Results indicate that the addition of aluminum sulfate contracts the pores in the fresh material and hinders the mobility of the hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, especially for the ones with a high viscosity level. It is also shown that both hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and aluminum sulfate enhance the adhesion of the fresh material, which can be attributed to improved shear resistance.

Toward a Better Understanding of the Gelation Mechanism of Methylcellulose via Systematic DSC Studies.

A methylcellulose (MC) is one of the materials representatives performing unique thermal-responsive properties. While reaching a critical temperature upon heating MC undergoes a physical sol-gel transition and consequently becomes a gel. The MC has been studied for many years and researchers agree that the MC gelation is related to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Nevertheless, a precise description of the MC gelation mechanism remains under discussion. In this study, we explained the MC gelation mechanism through examination of a wide range of MC concentrations via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results evidenced that MC gelation is a multistep thermoreversible process, manifested by three and two endotherms depending on MC concentration. The occurrence of the three endotherms for low MC concentrations during heating has not been reported in the literature before. We justify this phenomenon by manifestation of three various transitions. The first one manifests water–water interactions, i.e., spanning water network breakdown into small water clusters. It is clearly evidenced by additional normalization to the water content. The second effect corresponds to polymer–water interactions, i.e., breakdown of water cages surrounded methoxy groups of MC. The last one is related to the polymer–polymer interactions, i.e., fibril hydrophobic domain formation. Not only did these results clarify the MC crosslinking mechanism, but also in the future will help to assess MC relevance for various potential application fields.

Green Bioprinting with Layer-by-Layer Photo-Crosslinking: A Designed Experimental Investigation on Shape Fidelity and Cell Viability of Printed Constructs

Process variables of bioprinting (including extrusion pressure, nozzle size, and bioink composition) can affect the shape fidelity and cell viability of printed constructs. Reported studies show that increasing extrusion pressure or decreasing nozzle size would decrease cell viability in printed constructs. However, a smaller nozzle size is often necessary for printing constructs of higher shape fidelity, and a higher extrusion pressure is usually needed to extrude bioink through nozzles with a smaller diameter. Because values of printing process variables that increase shape fidelity can be detrimental to cell viability, the optimum combination of variables regarding both shape fidelity and cell viability must be determined for specific bioink compositions. This paper reports a designed experimental investigation (full factorial design with three variables and two levels) on bioprinting by applying layer-by-layer photo-crosslinking and using the alginate-methylcellulose-GelMA bioink containing algae cells. The study investigates both the main effects and interaction effects of extrusion pressure, nozzle size, and bioink composition on the shape fidelity and cell viability of printed constructs. Results show that, as extrusion pressure changed from its low level to its high level, shape fidelity and cell viability decreased. As nozzle size changed from its low level to its high level, shape fidelity decreased while cell viability increased. As bioink composition changed from its low level (with more methylcellulose content in the bioink) to its high level (with less methylcellulose content in the bioink), shape fidelity and cell viability increased.

Inhibition of acrylamide formation in potato strip by ultrasonic‐treated methylcellulose batter

SUMMARYThe ultrasonic (US)‐treated batter mixtures of commercial methylcellulose (MC) as the fried potato strips' coating layer were demonstrated. The layer formed a rapid gel that absorbs the substrate's water content and related functional groups that contribute to acrylamide formation reduction. Different concentrations of MC (0.5‐2.0 w/v %) mixtures were subjected to US at 20 W to evaluate coating layers' effect prior to the deep‐frying process. At 1% w/v concentration batter mixture, the USMC layer reduced the highest acrylamide value. For comparison purposes, the differences in the acrylamide content of the USMC, the non‐USMC and the uncoated samples were 64.7 ± 5.04, 156.4 ± 7.44 and 344.1 ± 5.39 ng g‐1, respectively. The results were supported with lower oil uptake and water retention of the USMC compared with the non‐USMC with the values of 2.2 g/100g and 28.6 g/100g with 5.1 g/100g and 47 g/100g, respectively.

Modulation of viscosity, microstructure and lipolysis of W/O emulsions by cellulose ethers during in vitro digestion in the dynamic and semi-dynamic gastrointestinal models

In this study, W/O emulsions incorporated with various proportions of two hydrocolloids, namely, methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), were prepared. The shear viscosity, microstructure, and lipolysis of the W/O emulsions before and during in vitro digestion in the dynamic (DIVHS) and semi-dynamic gastrointestinal models were evaluated and compared. The shear viscosity of both emulsions increased with the addition of MC and HPMC content up to a certain limit (0.5–2%), whereas it significantly decreased at a higher addition level (4%) due to the increased flocculation and coalescence in higher cellulose ethers. The HPMC emulsions (2 wt % in aqueous phases) showed higher viscosity and larger droplet size than the equivalent MC emulsions before and during simulated digestion, accompanied by the lower extent of lipolysis. These results are in line with the formation of a more compact and stronger gel structure in HPMC emulsions, which could retard lipase adsorption at the W–O interface. For both emulsions at the same concentration (40 wt%), a higher extent of free fatty acid (FFA) release was found during digestion in the dynamic system (HPMC ꞊ 62%, MC ꞊ 72%) compared to that in the semi-dynamic model (HPMC ꞊ 58%, MC ꞊ 70%). This behavior was supported by the smaller droplet size of emulsions digesta collected from the dynamic system having a larger surface area. Overall, the present study suggested that the dynamic DIVHS system was more effective in enzymatic hydrolysis of the W/O emulsions investigated than the semi-dynamic model under the current experimental conditions. This work had provided valuable insights into the modulation of the structural and digestive properties of W/O emulsions by the addition of MC and HPMC, which could be meaningful for the development of healthier emulsion-based food products (e.g., margarine and spreads) with reduced lipid digestibility.

Effect of the Concentration of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose and Tapioka Flour on Organoleptic Fruit Leather Mesocarp of Lontar Fruit (Borassus flabellifer)

This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, Tapioca Flour on the Characteristics of the Fruit Leather Mesocarp of Lontar Friut (Borassus flabellifer). The design in this study was a one-factor randomized block design (RAK), wich consisted of 10 treatments, namely (CM1), (CM2), (CM3), (CM4), (CM5), (TP1), (TP2), (TP3 ), (TP4), (TP5). Analysis using ANOVA and 5% BNJ follow-up test. The results showed that the concentration of Caboxy Methyl Cellulose, Tapioca Flour Fruit Leather Mesocarp Lontar Fruit (Borassus flabellifer), had a very significant effect on the characteristics of water content, color characteristics (lightness, greeness, yellowness), organoleptic characteristics of color, aroma, taste, texture, characteristics. physical value of texture (hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness and gummyness). The best treatment is CM5 which shows the value of water content 9.13%, lightness value 51.52, greenness 8.72, yellowness 16.54, physical texture value (hardness 662.73 g, cohesiveness 0.98, adhesiveness 5.54 mJ , springiness 1.0 mm, chewiness 14.37 mJ and gumminess 432.83 g), and color organoleptic value 6.23, aroma 6.67 texture 5.57, taste 3.77.

Effect of foam‐mat drying on kinetics and physical properties of Japanese threadfin bream ( Nemipterus japonicus ) powder

Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) minced meat foams added with methyl cellulose (MC) at a concentration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w with foam thickness of 0.5 mm were subjected to foam-mat drying (FMD) at two drying temperatures (70 and 80 °C). The objective of this study was to investigate the drying kinetics of the minced fish meat foams at different drying temperatures and MC concentrations. The effect of FMD conditions on the physical properties of powdered samples were also investigated. The drying data were fitted to a selected thin-layer drying models based on moisture ratio (MR). The Page model was found to be the best model (R2 = 0.9930, χ2 = 0.0005 and RMSE = 0.0202) to describe the drying curves of threadfin bream foams. The L*, a*, b* and whiteness values of FMD fish powder were significantly affected by all the factors including the interaction (p < 0.05). An increase in particle size from 116.22 to 131.80 μm was observed as the drying temperature and MC concentration increased. The powder showed good - fair flowability and are within the acceptable range. Both drying temperatures yielded fish powder with satisfactory physical characteristics.

Therapeutic effectiveness and development of eugenol topical gel to reduce irritant effect on skin

The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate different formulae of topical gel containing eugenol for treatment of skin disorder as acne. The gel was formulation was optimized by using different polymers with different concentration of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carbopol, and xanthan gum. In these all polymer, carbopol polymers were suitable for formulation in different concentration such as 1%, 2% and 3%. Five different formulae were prepared and characterized physically in terms of colour, pH, homogeneity, drug content, in-vitro drug release. Drug was identified by the IR and Mass. These are also identified by UV.

Development and Characterization of Repaglinide Loaded Floating Microparticles

Sustained release drug delivery has been successfully achieved using microparticles made from natural or synthetic polymers. The aim of this study is to develop and test floating microparticles of Repaglinide in order to improve drug bioavailability by extending gastric residence time. Repaglinide, an oral hypoglycemic, is a lipophilic drug that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and eliminated with a half-life of just 1 h, so suitable to be formulated as floating drug delivery system for sustained release.Repaglinide floating microparticles were developed using an ionotropic gelation method that included calcium chloride as a cross-linking agent, sodium alginate, and different concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethyl cellulose (EC), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). A three factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used to study the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. In the formulation of microparticles, the amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (X1), ethyl cellulose (X2), and sodium bicarbonate (X3) were three independent variables, while percentage buoyancy (Y1) and percentage drug release at 10 h (Y2) were dependent variables. Micromeritic properties, percent yield, percent drug entrapment performance, surface morphology, percent buoyancy, in-vitro drug release, and drug excipient compatibility were all assessed in the formulations.FTIR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and the excipients.SEM for surface morphology studies revealed that their surface is spherical and smooth. The mean particle size of formulations was found to be between 415- 689 µm, the drug entrapment efficiency was found to be between 44.65% - 76.55% and percent buoyancy was noted to be between 63%- 78.33%. The results revealed that entrapment efficiency increased as polymer concentration was increased. The cumulative percent drug release after 10 h was noted to be between 76.87- 88.12%. Percent drug release decreased as polymers concentration was increased. The buoyancy was increased with increasing concentration of sodium bicarbonate. The developed microparticles could successfully retard the release of the drug.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GEL MASK PEEL OF BLACK GLUTINOUS RICE EXTRACT (ORYZA SATIVA VAR GLUTINOSA) AND GREEN TEA (CAMELIA SINENSIS)

Introduction: Black glutinous rice (Oriza sativa var glutinosa) and green tea (Camelia sinensis) are plants that are useful for moisturizing the skin. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best formulation of peel-off gel mask preparations from black glutinous rice and green tea extract. Method: The gel mask formulation was made on the basis of variations in the concentration of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) of F1 (2,5%), F2 (3%) and F3 (3,5%) with evaluation including organoleptic tests, pH, viscosity, homogenity, dispersity test, and drying time at temperatures of 4oC, 25oC, 40oC for 28 days. Results: The evaluation results of the three formulations met the requirements for a good peel-off gel mask. pH results are between 4.6-5.5 which is still in the standard range of 4.5-6.0. The results of the viscosity test are 6.500-12.166.7 cps which are in the range of 6.000-24.000 cps, the dispersion area meets the requirements of 5-7 cm, the result of the drying time is 15-22 minutes which are in the range of 15-30 minutes. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was that F1, F2, and F3 met all the requirements for peel off gel masks by storing at temperatures of 4oC, 25oC, 40oC for 28 days.