Concentrations Of Mannitol Research Articles

25 Measuring Intestinal Permeability When Urine is not an Option

Abstract The need to understand intestinal health is of increasing importance as the livestock industry seeks to maintain performance efficiency while eliminating prophylactic antibiotic usage. Intestinal permeability is a biomarker of intestinal health as it measures the movement of an indigestible marker across the intestinal barrier with excretion in the urine as the primary biological specimen collected for measurement. The adoption of these methods into poultry has been slow due to the lack of urine excretion. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare differences in intestinal permeability assays in serum of poultry to determine if these assays could be a reliable method to detect changes in intestinal permeability in poultry under a known stressor. To compare the two commonly used methods [fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-D) method and lactulose/mannitol (LMS) dual sugar method], 2 independent trials were conducted with 40 pens split across 2 fed status (fed or fasted for 12 hours) and 4 sugar treatments (no sugar, FITC-D, LMS, FITC-D+LMS). All pens were sampled at 3 timepoints (14, 28, and 42 days of age) with 5 birds sampled per timepoint. Serum FITC-D was determined through fluorescent spectrophotometry, while mannitol and lactulose concentrations were determined using ion chromatography. Data were analyzed using PROC Glimmix. Fed status, sugar treatment, age, and all 2-and 3-way interactions were included as fixed effects. Trial was included in the model as a random effect with pen included as a repeated effect. Serum lactulose and FITC-D increased in fasted compared with fed birds (P < 0.006). Surprisingly, mannitol, which was expected to be similar across fed and fasted, was increased in fed compared with fasted birds (P < 0.001). The increased concentrations of mannitol in fed birds and measurable concentrations of mannitol in birds not given mannitol suggest another molecule eluted at the same rate as mannitol. Therefore, we propose under these conditions that mannitol, and its ratio with lactulose, are not appropriate methods for measuring intestinal permeability in poultry. Lactulose and FITC-D were increased in serum when the birds were provided those sugars and serum concentration of both sugars decreased at 28 days compared with 14 and 42 days (P < 0.003). FITC-D had a significant 2-way interaction for the sugar by fed status (P < 0.05) whereas other 2-and 3-way interactions were similar across treatments (P > 0.202). Serum lactulose concentrations were affected by all 2-and 3-way interactions with elevated serum lactulose concentrations in broilers provided lactulose and fasted (P < 0.001). Birds that did not receive lactulose had very low to undetectable concentrations of lactulose. This reduced background noise for the detection of serum lactulose and the ability statistically to detect small changes in intestinal permeability make lactulose a potential serum biomarker for intestinal permeability in poultry.

Wheat WRKY transcription factor TaWRKY24 confers drought and salt tolerance in transgenic plants

Drought and salt stress are major environmental conditions that severely limit plant growth and productivity. WRKY transcription factors play a vital role in the responses against biotic or abiotic stress. In this study, TaWRKY24, a gene of the IIe WRKY family identified in wheat, was cloned and characterized. TaWRKY24 was mainly expressed in wheat leaf and stem and induced by treatment with PEG6000, salt, H2O2, ABA, MeJA, and ethrel. TaWRKY24 transient expression in onion epidermal cells suggested its nuclear localization and its transcriptional activation capability characteristics. Overexpression of TaWRKY24 in tobacco improved the seed germination rate and root growth of seedlings in transgenic lines when subjected to higher mannitol and NaCl concentrations. Further research showed that transgenic lines had higher proline and soluble sugars and lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, compared to normal and negative control plants, TaWRKY24 silenced wheat seedlings had reduced growth under salt and drought stress. This study shows that wheat TaWRKY24 is crucial to plant stress, providing an excellent candidate gene for wheat resistance breeding.

Water Stress Induced by Mannitol in Sesame Cultivars

Plants are subject to a range of stressors, which can lead to structural damage and altered physiological performance. One of the environmental conditions that reduce plant growth and production is water stress. The current study aims to investigate the effects of mannitol-induced water stress on seed germination and seedling growth in sesame cultivars.Seeds of two sesame cultivars (GT-10 and JTS-8) were subjected to different water stresses induced by mannitol. Mannitol inhibited seedling germination and growth through limiting water content in a concentration-dependent manner. With an increase in mannitol content, both varieties’ seed germination and seedling growth dropped. However, under the stress of 0.5 M mannitol concentration, the seedling growth has been demonstrated to be greater in JTS-8.The results revealed that JTS-8 shows more tolerance in different mannitol concentrations than that of GT-10 due to higher osmotic adjustment ability.

Supercritical extract from the Japanese sea brown algae <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i> as a source of bioactive compounds

Bioactive compounds contained in algae have practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry, production of human food and animal feed, and other fields. Since brown algae contain a wide range of bioactive substances, producing high-quality and chemically safe extracts on their basis is an urgent task. This study was aimed at characterization of supercritical extract from the corresponding algae, as well as the identification and evaluation of the content of bioactive compounds. The content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and mannitol was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy; a fatty acid analysis was carried out by GLPC; the qualitative composition of carotenoids and phenolic compounds was analyzed by HPLC. Supercritical CO2 extraction of the brown alga U. rinnatifida with EtOH as a polar modifier is characterized by high ejection efficiency of fatty acids, phenolic compounds and carotenoids. The latter profile of the collected supercritical extract consists of 14 representatives. In particular, fucoxanthin (58.1% of the sum), zeaxanthin (12.6% of the sum), and fucoxanthinol (14.5% of the sum) are the most abundant compounds. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acids are the main of the 20 fatty acids found in the corresponding extract. However, the class of polyunsaturated fatty acids is predominant, which content of the ώ-6 and ώ-3 groups does not differ significantly. The total content of phenolic compounds is 13.45+0.43 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent. For instance, the most represented phenolic substances are epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, syringic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and salicylic acid.

Using Mannitol as Drought Stress Agent on Globe Artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori

The globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori], one of the special members of the Asteraceae family, has been consumed by people for their culinary and health advantages since ancient times. Global agricultural output and production efficiency are both hampered by adverse environmental conditions, notably drought. In order to promote breeding studies, it is crucial to use plants that are adaptable to drought stress, which negatively impacts plant productivity. It is crucial to understand the changes taking place in plants under drought stress. In the present study, artichoke seeds were initially kept in mannitol, which is a commonly used drought stress agent, in three different concentrations (50, 100, and 250 mg L-1) for 8 hours and later on obtained seedlings were subjected to same mannitol concentrations with 15 days intervals. Later on some seed germination and vegetative growth parameters, such as number of leaves, root length, stem height, plant height, chlorophyll, proline, leaf-related water contents, and total phenol-antioxidant contents in three globe artichoke cultivars (Sakız OP, Bayrampaşa OP, and Olympus F1) were investigated under drought stress. Results revealed that the impact of drought stress on artichoke seeds and seedlings varied depending on cultivars and pre-treatment and treatment concentrations.

Regulation of Transporters for Organic Cations by High Glucose.

Endogenous positively charged organic substances, including neurotransmitters and cationic uremic toxins, as well as exogenous organic cations such as the anti-diabetic medication metformin, serve as substrates for organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs). These proteins facilitate their transport across cell membranes. Vectorial transport through the OCT/MATE axis mediates the hepatic and renal excretion of organic cations, regulating their systemic and local concentrations. Organic cation transporters are part of the remote sensing and signaling system, whose activity can be regulated to cope with changes in the composition of extra- and intracellular fluids. Glucose, as a source of energy, can also function as a crucial signaling molecule, regulating gene expression in various organs and tissues. Its concentration in the blood may fluctuate in specific physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this work, the regulation of the activity of organic cation transporters was measured by incubating human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing human OCT1 (hOCT1), hOCT2, or hMATE1 with high glucose concentrations (16.7 mM). Incubation with this high glucose concentration for 48 h significantly stimulated the activity of hOCT1, hOCT2, and hMATE1 by increasing their maximal velocity (Vmax), but without significantly changing their affinity for the substrates. These effects were independent of changes in osmolarity, as the addition of equimolar concentrations of mannitol did not alter transporter activity. The stimulation of transporter activity was associated with a significant increase in transporter mRNA expression. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase with Torin-1 suppressed the transporter stimulation induced by incubation with 16.7 mM glucose. Focusing on hOCT2, it was shown that incubation with 16.7 mM glucose increased hOCT2 protein expression in the plasma membrane. Interestingly, an apparent trend towards higher hOCT2 mRNA expression was observed in kidneys from diabetic patients, a pathology characterized by high serum glucose levels. Due to the small number of samples from diabetic patients (three), this observation must be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, incubation for 48 h with a high glucose concentration of 16.7 mM stimulated the activity and expression of organic cation transporters compared to those measured in the presence of 5.6 mM glucose. This stimulation by a diabetic environment could increase cellular uptake of the anti-diabetic drug metformin and increase renal tubular secretion of organic cations in an early stage of diabetes.

Elements and sugars in kelp and fucoid species in Greenland, correlation and seasonality

Greenland seaweeds constitute an arctic marine resource as well as being important monitoring organisms in connection with arctic mining activities. In both cases, the natural element content, and its potential seasonal variation, is important knowledge for designing a monitoring programme and for planning of harvest for highest biomass quality and value. Therefore, concentration levels of 54 elements and two sugars (laminarin and mannitol) were obtained in seven different seaweed species of relevance for monitoring and commercial harvest sampled in the same location in Greenland across all seasons during two years. The kelp species sampled were Agarum clathratum, Alaria esculenta, Hedohyllum nigripes, Saccharina latissima, and the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus distichus and F. vesiculosus. The thallus samples were analysed for element concentration levels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the monosaccharides were separated by HPAEC ion exchange and detected using Pulsed Amperometric Detection (gold electrode). The results showed, in the studied location, and on average, that the dominant major and minor elements are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus with mean concentration levels > 4800 μg g−1. The trace elements are dominated by iron, aluminium and arsenic with mean concentration levels > 61 μg g−1. Concentration levels of elements were in general seaweed species specific. Seasonality was not tested statistically significant for most of the elements when data were pooled in summer and winter months, although higher concentration levels during winter could be observed. Thus, the content of laminarin and mannitol is highest during late summer, thus July–October/November may be the time window for optimal harvest yield with respect to those compounds, although narrower time windows may be considered, depending on the species harvested. Regarding unwanted compounds such as As and I, harvesting time of the year seems not to cause a profound difference on the quality of the biomass.

JA-mediated MYC2/LOX/AOS feedback loop regulates osmotic stress response in tea plant

Osmotic stress caused by low-temperature, drought and salinity was a prevalent abiotic stress in plant that severely inhibited plant development and agricultural yield, particularly in tea plant. Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important phytohormone involving in plant stress. However, underlying molecular mechanisms of JA modulated osmotic stress response remains unclear. In this study, high concentration of mannitol induced JA accumulation and increase of peroxidase activity in tea plant. Integrated transcriptome mined a JA signaling master, MYC2 transcription factor is shown as a hub regulator that induced by mannitol, expression of which positively correlated with JA biosynthetic genes (LOX and AOS) and peroxidase genes (PER). CsMYC2 was determined as a nuclei-localized transcription activator, furthermore, Protein-DNA interaction analysis indicated that CsMYC2 was positive regulator that activated the transcription of CsLOX7, CsAOS2, CsPER1 and CsPER3 via bound with their promoters, respectively. Suppression of CsMYC2 expression resulted in a reduced JA content and peroxidase activity and osmotic stress tolerance of tea plant. Overexpression of CsMYC2 in Arabidopsis improved JA content, peroxidase activity and plants tolerance against mannitol stress. Together, we proposed a positive feedback loop mediated by CsMYC2, CsLOX7 and CsAOS2 which constituted to increase the tolerance of osmotic stress through fine-tuning the accumulation of JA levels and increase of POD activity in tea plant.

Assessing the environmental impacts of furfural production in a poplar wood biorefinery: A study on the role of mannitol concentration and catalyst type

Furfural is a versatile chemical building block derived from hemicellulose-rich lignocellulosic biomass. Considering the availability of various process routes and conditions, it is crucial to determine the most environmentally sustainable production routes and conditions for furfural production. This study evaluates the life cycle environmental impacts of furfural production in a poplar wood-based biorefinery, considering varying mannitol concentrations (0–15% w/w) and catalyst types (FeCl3, FeCl2, CuCl2, AlCl3, and MgCl2). An attributional cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) framework is adopted, with a functional unit of 1 kg of furfural production. The environmental impacts of furfural production are evaluated using the IMPACT World+ method at both midpoint and endpoint levels. Based on the findings, the furfural production process utilizing an AlCl3 catalyst and a 5% w/w concentration of mannitol exhibits superior environmental performance compared to all the other conditions evaluated. Compared to the mannitol-free process, this condition can reduce up to 30.80% of all the environmental impacts of furfural production. By substituting FeCl2, FeCl3, CuCl2, and MgCl2 with AlCl3, significant savings of 64.77%, 45.06%, 78.77%, and 79.30%, respectively, in all the environmental burdens of furfural production can be achieved. The results highlight that choosing an appropriate catalyst can greatly decrease the environmental impact of furfural production. Furthermore, the use of fossil-based electricity is a significant contributor to the environmental impacts of the process. Thus, an eco-friendly approach to producing furfural involves altering the means of electricity generation.

Phenotypic plasticity in Cucurbita maxima and C. moschata seedlings as a measure of drought stress tolerance under pot screening

A pot screening approach was used to identify mannitol stress tolerance indicating traits that were reliable and easy to determine, in two Cucurbita species. A population of C. maxima seedlings with trimmed roots were exposed to 0–800 mM mannitol for 20 days and the mannitol concentration required to inhibit root regrowth by 50±0.51% was established through a linear regression analysis (LD50 = 453 mM, -1.11 MPa). The established LD50 was then used to screen a population of C. moschata seedlings in addition to a second population of C. maxima. When exposed to 453 mM mannitol for 10 days, both species were able to regrow roots, maintain biomass production, chlorophyll content, high water status, membrane stability and accumulate proline as an osmoprotectant. Even with a good water status, stress exposure for 20 days compromised the biomass production, chlorophyll content, membrane stability and encouraged a surge in proline content. Based on their phenotypic plasticity indices, traits such as root regrowth, fresh weight, dry weight, relative chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage and proline content were identified as potential indicators of stress tolerance at day 10 of mannitol stress. Meanwhile, root regrowth and proline content were the only traits identified as good indicators of stress tolerance at day 20 of mannitol stress. The biochemical, morphological and physiological traits of tested populations had varying degrees of plasticity under stress and this should be considered when screening and identifying drought resilient seedlings prior to labourious field tests.

Using A Protoplast Transformation System to Enable Functional Studies in Mangifera indica L.

Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are an important kind of perennial fruit tree, but their biochemical testing method and transformation technology were insufficient and had not been rigorously explored. The protoplast technology is an excellent method for creating a rapid and effective tool for transient expression and transformation assays, particularly in plants that lack an Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation system. This study optimized the conditions of the protoplast isolation and transformation system, which can provide a lot of help in the gene expression regulation study of mango. The most beneficial protoplast isolation conditions were 150 mg/mL of cellulase R-10 and 180 mg/mL of macerozyme R-10 in the digestion solution at pH 5.6 and 12 h of digestion time. The 0.16 M and 0.08 M mannitol in wash solution (WI) and suspension for counting (MMG), respectively, were optimal for the protoplast isolation yield. The isolated leaf protoplasts (~5.4 × 105 cells/10 mL) were transfected for 30 min mediated by 40% calcium-chloride-based polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4000-CaCl2, from which 84.38% of the protoplasts were transformed. About 0.08 M and 0.12 M of mannitol concentration in MMG and transfection solutions, respectively, were optimal for protoplast viability. Under the florescence signal, GFP was seen in the transformed protoplasts. This showed that the target gene was successfully induced into the protoplast and that it can be transcribed and translated. Experimental results in this paper show that our high-efficiency protoplast isolation and PEG-mediated transformation protocols can provide excellent new methods for creating a rapid and effective tool for the molecular mechanism study of mangoes.

Evaluation of Hydrangea Cultivars for Tolerance Against Root Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum.

Root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. is a newly identified disease in oakleaf hydrangea. Some cultivars such as Pee Wee and Queen of Hearts grown in pot-in-pot container systems showed root rot symptoms after late spring frost in May 2018 with 40 and 60% incidence in the infected nursery, respectively. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the tolerance among different hydrangea cultivars against root rot caused by F. oxysporum. Fifteen hydrangea cultivars from four different species were selected, and rooted cuttings were prepared from new spring flushes. Twelve plants from each cultivar were transplanted in a 1-gallon pot. Half of transplanted plants (six single plants) were inoculated by drenching 150 ml of F. oxysporum conidial suspension to maintain the concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Half of the plants remain noninoculated (control) and were drenched with sterile water. After 4 months, root rot was assessed using a scale of 0 to 100% root area affected, and recovery of F. oxysporum was recorded by plating 1-cm root sections in Fusarium selective medium. Fusaric acid (FA) and mannitol were extracted from the roots of inoculated and noninoculated plants to see the effect and role on pathogenesis. Further, mannitol concentration was analyzed using absorption wavelength in a spectrophotometer, and FA was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that no cultivars were resistant to F. oxysporum. Cultivars from Hydrangea arborescens, H. macrophylla, and H. paniculata were more tolerant to F. oxysporum compared to cultivars from H. quercifolia. Among H. quercifolia, cultivars Snowflake, John Wayne, and Alice were more tolerant to F. oxysporum.

Mannitol enhanced thermal conductivity and environmental stability of highly aligned MXene composite film

Multifunctional thermal management materials with high flexibility are urgently required to tackle the heat dissipation issues of highly integrated electronics. MXene is considered a promising two-dimensional (2D) material for preparing composite with high thermal conductivity. However, there still is a challenge to prepare highly aligned MXene composite for simultaneously achieving high thermal performance and excellent mechanical properties. Herein, a novel MXene composite film was synthesized by vacuum-assisted filtering MXene nano-sheets suspension containing non-toxic and pollution-free mannitol. Under the connection of mannitol, MXene nano-sheets in the MXene/mannitol composite film form a highly aligned structure, resulting in outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. In-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities are 36.3 and 1.06 W m−1 K−1 for the MXene/mannitol composite film prepared using MXene suspension with a mannitol content of 0.2 mol/L, which are higher by 172% and 193% than those of pure MXene film, respectively. As the heat sink for a high-power LED, the MXene/mannitol composite film also demonstrated an excellent heat dissipation efficiency outperforming pure MXene film. Moreover, the MXene/mannitol composite film exhibited noteworthy mechanical property and stable thermal conductivity after bending for 300 times. Our findings provide a promising approach to prepare high-performance heat spreader for the thermal management of modern electronic components.

Formulation and characterization of metformin hydrochloride orodispersible tablets with super disintegrants

Metformin hydrochloride's fast onset of action is very desirable, making it a prime candidate for the preparation of orodispersible tablets in the present study. This medication is prescribed for the management of type 2 diabetes, which does not respond to insulin. The tablets were made using direct compression and a mixture of the super disintegrants sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and croscarmellose sodium (CCS). Mannitol is a sugar-based excipient that serves as a binding agent, dissolves well in water, and provides a pleasant mouth feel. The blend's pre-compression results show that the medication excipients work well together and have desirable compression characteristics. Eight distinct formulations with varying amounts of SSG, CCS, and Mannitol were made. The properties of the tablets' drug release were measured, including their in vitro disintegration time, water absorption ratio, mechanical stability, wetting time, and so on. When using a greater concentration of SSG, CCS, and Mannitol, formulations F4 and F8 showed shorter in vitro disintegration times of 10.2 and 7.8 ​s, respectively, and formulation F8 showed 99.65% in vitro drug release at the end of 30 ​min. The orodispersible tablet performance can be enhanced through direct compression using the super disintegrants inclusion methodology.

Design of a minimized and low-cost culture medium for high mannitol production by Fructobacillus sp. CRL 2054 and F. tropaeoli CRL 2034

Mannitol is a natural polyol used in the food, medical and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, a simplified low-cost culture medium using fructose syrup as a carbon source was formulated for mannitol production by Fructobacillus sp. CRL 2054 and F. tropaeoli CRL 2034. To this end, the effect of different medium components in bacterial growth and mannitol synthesis was assessed by applying the Plackett-Burman statistical design. The formulated FSYP-min was used for fermentations at constant pH of 5.0 in a 2 L bioreactor, where two concentrations of fructose syrup (10 and 20 %, w/v, of total sugars) were evaluated. High mannitol concentrations (ca. 90 g/L) and volumetric productivities (3.7 g/L∗h) were achieved by both strains using 20 % (w/v) of sugars; these mannitol values are one of the highest reported for LAB to date. Finally, high-purity mannitol crystals were successfully extracted after fermentation with the formulated culture medium.

Effects of different ratios of mannitol to sorbitol on the functional properties of sweet potato starch films

Sorbitol as a plasticizer is easily crystallized from starch film, resulting in the reduction in plasticizing effect. To improve the plasticizing performance of sorbitol in starch films, mannitol, an acyclic hexahydroxy sugar alcohol, was used to cooperate with sorbitol. The effects of different ratios of mannitol (M) to sorbitol (S) as a plasticizer on mechanical properties, thermal properties, water resistance and surface roughness of sweet potato starch films were investigated. The results showed that the surface roughness of starch film with M:S (60:40) was the smallest. The number of hydrogen bonds between plasticizer and starch molecule was proportional to the mannitol content starch film. With the decrease of mannitol contents, the tensile strength of starch films gradually decreased except for M:S (60:40). Moreover, the transverse relaxation time value of starch film with M:S (100:0) was the lowest, indicating that it had the lowest degree of freedom of water molecules. Starch film with M:S (60:40) is the most effective in delaying the retrogradation of starch film. This study offered a new theoretical basis that different ratios of mannitol to sorbitol improve different performances of starch films.

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, OPTIMIZATION, AND EVALUATION OF LANSOPRAZOLE LOADED NANOSUSPENSION

Objective: To address issues with drug release, manufacturing, and drug product stability, the primary objective of this study was to optimize the solubility of poorly soluble lansoprazole medication by using an appropriate nanosuspension formulation. Methods: The freeze-drying (nanopure) method was used to create lansoprazole nanosuspensions. The formulation and process variables affecting the properties of nanosuspensions (mannitol concentration, drug concentration, and PVP-K30 concentration) were optimized. Particle size, shape, zeta potential, drug content, stability study, and in vitro drug release study were performed on the nanosuspensions. Results: Out of different batches of nanosuspension, batch F4 displayed the most optimizing parameters, i.e., drug content 97±1.2%, average particle size 125.5 nm, polydispersity index 0.361, and zeta potential-22.7 mV. In comparison to other formulations, the PVP-K30 polymer in F4 demonstrated an effective cumulative drug release of 120 min. In stability studies, optimized nanosuspension displayed favorable results and demonstrated significant stability for the said period of time. Conclusion: The most promising drug release profile was shown by the optimized (F4) nanosuspension, which also demonstrated increased lansoprazole solubility. We have concluded from the current study that nanosuspension can serve as a better formulation for lansoprazole delivery.

Alpha-Tocopherol Significantly Improved Squalene Production Yield of Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 through Lowering ROS levels and Up-Regulating Key Genes of Central Carbon Metabolism Pathways.

Media supplementation has proven to be an effective technique for improving byproduct yield during microbial fermentation. This study explored the impact of different concentrations of bioactive compounds, namely alpha-tocopherol, mannitol, melatonin, sesamol, ascorbic acid, and biotin, on the Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 culture. Our investigation revealed that alpha-tocopherol was the most effective compound in reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burden, both directly and indirectly. Adding 0.7 g/L of alpha-tocopherol led to an 18% improvement in biomass, from 6.29 g/L to 7.42 g/L. Moreover, the squalene concentration increased from 129.8 mg/L to 240.2 mg/L, indicating an 85% improvement, while the squalene yield increased by 63.2%, from 19.82 mg/g to 32.4 mg/g. Additionally, our comparative transcriptomics analysis suggested that several genes involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, and MVA pathway were overexpressed following alpha-tocopherol supplementation. The alpha-tocopherol supplementation also lowered ROS levels by binding directly to ROS generated in the fermentation medium and indirectly by stimulating genes that encode antioxidative enzymes, thereby decreasing the ROS burden. Our findings suggest that alpha-tocopherol supplementation can be an effective method for improving squalene production in Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 culture.

Effect of co-processed excipient type on properties of orodispersible tablets containing captopril, tramadol, and domperidone

An important feature of orodispersible tablets (ODTs) is the convenient administration of the drugs, in some cases, faster onset of action, stability maintenance, and dose precision. This work focused on the preparation of ODTs containing mannitol-based co-processed excipients Prosolv® ODT G2, Ludiflash® and Parteck® ODT in combination with tramadol, captopril, and domperidone by direct compression.Prosolv® ODT G2 showed high energy of plastic deformation due to the content of microcrystalline cellulose. Parteck® ODT provided compact tablets due to the content of granulated mannitol. All drugs decreased tensile strength, increased friability, prolonged disintegration time, and decreased the porosity of tablets. Tablets containing Prosolv® ODT G2 with captopril, domperidone, and tramadol; and Parteck® ODT with domperidone met the requirements for ODTs production, i.e., friability ≤ 1% and disintegration time ≤ 180 s, fast wetting time, high water absorption ratio, and adequate tensile strength. The disintegration time was tested using both the pharmacopeial method and the BJKSN-13 apparatus. The results indicate the significant difference between these methods, with the disintegration time being longer when tested with the BJKSN-13 instrument.

Synbiotic Fermentation of Undaria pinnatifida and Lactobacillus brevis to Produce Prebiotics and Probiotics.

It has been optimized thermal acid hydrolytic pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification (Es) in flask culture of Undaria pinnatifida seaweed, which is a prebiotic. The optimal hydrolytic conditions were a slurry content of 8% (w/v), 180 mM H2SO4, and 121°C for 30 min. Es using Celluclast 1.5 L at 8 U/mL produced 2.7 g/L glucose with an efficiency of 96.2%. The concentration of fucose (a prebiotic) was 0.48 g/L after pretreatment and saccharification. The fucose concentration decreased slightly during fermentation. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) (3%, w/v) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) (30 μM) were added to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. To further improve the consumption of mixed monosaccharides, adaptation of Lactobacillus brevis KCL010 to high concentrations of mannitol improved the synbiotic fermentation efficiency of U. pinnatifida hydrolysates.