Concentrations Of Isoleucine Research Articles

Biochar enhances soil interactions and the initial development of sugarcane.

The present study evaluated the effects of biochar derived from sugarcane straw on the physicochemical and biological properties of soil and the initial development of sugarcane. Microcosm and pot experiments were conducted over 60 days to monitor variables such as pH, water retention capacity, microbial activity, initial growth, and the metabolomic profile of the plant leaves. The results indicated that biochar increased the soil water retention capacity without significantly affecting the pH. The biochar significantly promoted root length and mass and favored the growth of the soil microbiota, as reflected by an increase in the amount of microbial biomass carbon. Metabolomic analysis of sugarcane leaves revealed that soil conditioning with biochar at application rates of 3 and 5% w/w led to increased concentrations of the amino acids isoleucine and valine, accompanied by a reduction in galactose, maltose, and glucose levels. Furthermore, biochar treatment resulted in a decrease in aconitic acid and an increase in acetic and succinic acid concentrations. These findings suggest that biochar may be a promising strategy for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of sugarcane cultivation.

Accelerated biological aging, mediating amino acids, and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study.

Aging plays an important role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). But the association between accelerated biological age and T2DM, and the mechanisms underlying this association remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine the associations of biological aging with T2DM, and explore the potential mediation effect of amino acids. This prospective cohort study included 95,773 participants in the UK Biobank who were free of diabetes at baseline. Biological age was measured from clinical traits using PhenoAgeAccel. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ritios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and mediation analysis was used to explore the mediation effect of amino acids. During a median follow-up of 14.02 years, 6,347 incident T2DM cases were recorded. After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and other risk factors of T2DM, participants with older biological age were at increased risk of incident T2DM (30% increase per standard deviation of PhenoAgeAccel, 95% CI: 28.0-33.0%). Additionally, higher branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) including isoleucine and leucine, aromatic amino acids (AAAs) including phenylalanine and tyrosine, were associated with increased PhenoAgeAccel and risk of incident T2DM; while glutamine and glycine were inversely associated. Alanine, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, and total concentration of branched-chain amnio acids could partially explain the associations between PhenoAgeAccel and T2DM. Accelerated biological aging was associated with increased risk of incident T2DM independent of chronological age and may be a risk factor of T2DM, partially mediated by several amino acids.

Investigating the etiology of ocular changes in Monodactylus argenteus housed in a shoaling ring exhibit.

To evaluate the pathologic ocular changes in a population of aquarium-housed Monodactylus argenteus and investigate potential underlying causes for the large number of affected fish in this exhibit. 11 Monodactylus argenteus were evaluated from a shoaling ring exhibit within an aquarium, and 19 control fish without ocular abnormalities were obtained from commercial fish suppliers. Physical and ocular examinations were performed antemortem. Postmortem samples of liver, heart, dorsal epaxial muscle, and lenses of affected and control fish were analyzed for amino acid profiles. The aqueous humor from affected and control fish was collected postmortem, and osmolality was analyzed. Tissues from affected and control fish were submitted for histopathology. Ocular abnormalities in affected fish included corneal lesions, cataracts, lens capsule rupture, and unilateral left-sided lens luxation and buphthalmos. Lens luxation and buphthalmos were directly correlated. Aqueous humor osmolality in control fish differed significantly compared to affected fish but was not correlated to lens abnormality score. Affected fish had significantly lower lens concentrations of arginine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, serine, and tyrosine than control fish. One affected fish had severe buphthalmos, cataracts, and panophthalmitis caused by gram-positive cocci. Cataracts and traumatic lesions were common in affected M argenteus. Dietary amino acid content and aqueous humor osmolality imbalances were not likely a cause of the cataracts. Differences in lens amino acid concentrations between affected and control fish may be related to cataract formation. Consideration of species-appropriate tank parameters may mitigate ocular lesions including cataracts in aquarium fish.

Leucine requirement determined in healthy young adult males using the indicator amino acid oxidation method

BackgroundPrevious studies proposed varying leucine requirements for adults ranging from 25 to 40 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1, but often these studies did not test intakes exceeding 40 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1. Data using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method suggest a higher requirement of 55 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1 on the basis of the total branched-chain amino acids requirement, but not leucine independently. ObjectivesThe IAAO method was used to determine the leucine requirement in healthy young adult males. MethodsTen healthy adult males (26.9 ± 1.87 y, mean ± SEM) were studied at 7 leucine intakes; each studied over a 3-d period. Following 2-d of preadaptation to adequate protein intake (1.0 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1), subjects received experimental diets containing the randomly assigned test leucine intake (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65, and 75 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1) for 8 h. The rate of the release of 13CO2 from the oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (F13CO2) was measured on the third day, and the leucine requirement was determined using mixed-effect change-point regression and the F13CO2 data in R. The 95% confidence interval was calculated using parametric bootstrap. The effect of leucine intake on the concentration of plasma amino acids, insulin, and glucose were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed effects. ResultsThe mean leucine requirement was 33.6 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1 with a lower and upper 95% confidence of 26.16, 41.04 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1. Higher leucine intakes were associated with increased plasma leucine, and decreased valine, isoleucine, and serine concentrations. ConclusionsThe leucine requirement of young adult males is ∼34 mg⋅kg−1⋅d−1, which aligns with previously published tracer balance experiments.This trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05394155?term=leucine%20young%20adult&rank=1) as NCT05394155.

Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Long-Term Complications of Liver Cirrhosis: Evidence from a Population-Based Prospective Study.

The role of serum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in long-term liver cirrhosis complication events remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the associations between serum BCAAs and the risk of liver-related events. We included a total of 64,005 participants without liver cirrhosis complication events at baseline from the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazards regression models were utilized to estimate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the incidence of liver cirrhosis complication events, adjusting for potential confounders, including sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Relationships between serum BCAAs and liver cirrhosis complications were examined using nonparametrically restricted cubic spline regression. During a median follow-up of 12.7 years, 583 participants developed liver cirrhosis complication events. The multivariable Cox regression model suggested that total BCAAs (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.95), serum leucine (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95), serum isoleucine (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.96), and serum valine (HR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.82-0.96) were all independent protective factors for liver cirrhosis complications after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Cox models with restricted cubic splines showed U-shaped associations between serum valine and liver cirrhosis complication incidence. Serum total BCAA and isoleucine concentrations might reduce the risk of liver cirrhosis complications by raising the risk of (type 2 diabetes mellitus) T2DM. Lower serum BCAA levels exacerbate the long-term risk of liver cirrhosis complications. Future studies should confirm these findings and identify the biological pathways of these associations.

Chromium and Methionine Effects on Amino Acid Uptake, Gene Expression, and Protein Abundance in Bovine Satellite Cells

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of chromium (Cr) and methionine on myogenic gene expression, GLUT4 and insulin receptor (IR) synthesis, and amino acid uptake in differentiated bovine satellite cells. Cells were treated with 0, 1, or 10 μM of chromium acetate (CrAc) and 0, 1, or 10 mg/mL of methionine, with cells utilized for the amino acid assay receiving 0.1 μM instead of 1 μM of CrAc. The addition of 10 μM of Cr tended to downregulate AMPKα mRNA gene expression (P < 0.1). Myogenin was impacted by methionine and CrAc with high doses and low doses upregulating expression (P < 0.01). The ratio and protein levels of AMPKα to pAMPKα, GLUT4, and IR abundance were not affected (P > 0.1). Increase in time decreased concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamine, ornithine, lysine, and cysteine (P < 0.01) in conditioned media. Over time, alanine increased (P < 0.01). Methionine inclusion increased alanine, proline, glutamic acid, ornithine, and tryptophan concentrations, as well as decreased leucine, isoleucine, and cysteine (P < 0.01). CrAc only affected glutamine and tryptophan, which both increased with CrAc dose, whereas alanine decreased (P < 0.01). Methionine decreased over time within the 10 mg/mL group (P < 0.01). Tryptophan was generally unaffected but decreased in the 0 mg/mL group at 48 h. Cysteine decreased with a decreased dosage of CrAc at 24 h (P < 0.01). Lysine was generally unaffected by this interaction (P > 0.1), with the exception of the 0.1 μM treatment group at 24 h being higher (P < 0.01). CrAc affected the uptake of alanine, glutamine, and tryptophan (P < 0.01). Methionine inclusion increased alanine, proline, glutamic acid, ornithine, and tryptophan, as well as decreased leucine, isoleucine, and cystine (P < 0.01). Increased time saw a significant decrease in leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamine, ornithine, lysine, and cystine (P < 0.01) and an increase in alanine (P < 0.01).

Fructose Reduces Mitochondrial Metabolism and Increases Extracellular BCAA during Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Myotubes.

C2C12 mouse myoblasts were treated with fructose at a concentration of 100 µM (which approximates physiologically attainable concentrations in peripheral circulation) both with and without hyperinsulinemic-mediated insulin resistance. Gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR, and protein expression was assessed by Western blot. Oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate were used to assess mitochondrial oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to analyze leucine, isoleucine and valine concentration values. Fructose significantly reduced peak glycolytic and peak mitochondrial metabolism without altering related gene or protein expression. Similarly, no effect of fructose on BCAA catabolic enzymes was observed; however, fructose treatment resulted in elevated total extracellular BCAA in insulin-resistant cells. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that fructose at physiologically attainable levels does not appear to alter insulin sensitivity or BCAA catabolic potential in cultured myotubes. However, fructose may depress peak cell metabolism and BCAA utilization during insulin resistance.

Cubeb (Piper cubeba L.): nutritional value, phytochemical profiling and dermacosmeceutical properties.

Cubeb, Piper cubeba L., has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and culinary practices, with a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Herein, we determined the phytochemical profile, mineral, fatty acids, and amino acid contents of P. cubeba berries and assessed the dermacosmeceutical properties of their water extract and essential oil (EO). These included assessing their antioxidant and antibacterial activities as well as their in vitro inhibitory activities against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed on the major identified compounds of the EO. A total of forty-three compounds belonging to organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were found in the water extract, while 36 volatile compounds were identified in the EO with Z-isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol, β-pinene, E-caryophyllene, and 1,8-cineole as major constituents. The berries were found to be rich in sodium and iron, have moderate zinc content along with low contents of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Amino acid analysis revealed a considerable concentration of isoleucine and phenylalanine, whereas 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid and linoleic acid were identified as the major fatty acids. In the DPPH and FRAP assays, the water extract elicited considerable antioxidant activity compared to the reference compounds. Enzyme inhibitory assays revealed that the EO had a potential to inhibit tyrosinase and elastase enzymes with IC50 values of 340.56 and 86.04 μg/mL, respectively. The water extract and EO completely inhibited the bacterial growth at MIC of 50 mg/mL and 20%, respectively. At sub-MIC concentrations, the extract and the EO substantially reduced the biofilm formation by up to 26.63 and 77.77%, respectively, as well as the swimming and swarming motilities in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics showed that the five main components of P. cubeba EO could be the major contributors to the elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. This study emphasizes the promising potential of P. cubeba as a valuable source of natural compounds that can be utilized for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and dermacosmeceutical agents.

Evaluation of lauric acid enhancement of black soldier fly larvae from coconut.

The current study evaluated the potential enhancement of lauric acid (LA) in black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSFL), a source of this short-chain fatty acid which has antimicrobial and immunostimulatory properties. Replicate groups of BSFL were reared on either the coconut or Gainesville diet for 7 days. After the rearing period, BSFL were harvested, purged, dried, and subjected to proximate, fatty acid and amino acid compositions, and pepsin digestibility analyses. Results demonstrate changes in proximate composition. BSFL reared on the coconut had significantly (P = 0.002) higher lipid content (47.3% vs. 25.2%) on a dry-matter basis. The LA concentration in BSFL produced on the coconut was 31% greater than those reared on Gainesville, resulting in almost 150% more LA. Furthermore, BSFL-fed coconut had reduced crude protein (29.7% of dry weight) and ash (3.7% of dry weight) relative to those fed Gainesville (43.4% and 7.5% for crude protein and ash, respectively) but higher pepsin digestibility (91.0% vs. 87.0%). The relative amounts of various amino acids in the 2 BSFL meals did not differ extensively, with statistically lower concentrations of only phenylalanine and tryptophan and higher concentrations of alanine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, and serine in BSFL reared on coconut. Results demonstrate that the nutritional composition of BSFL can be manipulated, and an enhancement of LA concentrations of 150% was achieved with coconut, which has value for BSFL as a feed for various livestock, including aquaculture. Lower protein content is a tradeoff in terms of BSFL value as a feed additive.

Innovative Biomarkers for Obesity and Type 1 Diabetes Based on Bifidobacterium and Metabolomic Profiling.

The role of Bifidobacterium species and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and human milk oligosaccharides in controlling intestinal inflammation and the pathogenesis of obesity and type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been largely studied in recent years. This paper discusses the discovery of signature biomarkers for obesity and T1D based on data from a novel test for profiling several Bifidobacterium species, combined with metabolomic analysis. Through the NUTRISHIELD clinical study, a total of 98 children were recruited: 40 healthy controls, 40 type 1 diabetics, and 18 obese children. Bifidobacterium profiles were assessed in stool samples through an innovative test allowing high taxonomic resolution and precise quantification, while SCFAs and branched amino acids were measured in urine samples through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). KIDMED questionnaires were used to evaluate the children's dietary habits and correlate them with the Bifidobacterium and metabolomic profiles. We found that B. longum subs. infantis and B. breve were higher in individuals with obesity, while B. bifidum and B. longum subs. longum were lower compared to healthy individuals. In individuals with T1D, alterations were found at the metabolic level, with an overall increase in the level of the most measured metabolites. The high taxonomic resolution of the Bifidobacterium test used meant strong correlations between the concentrations of valine and isoleucine, and the relative abundance of some Bifidobacterium species such as B. longum subs. infantis, B. breve, and B. bifidum could be observed.

Branched-chain amino acids and the risks of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.

We aimed to examine the association between blood levels of Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) - specifically isoleucine, leucine, and valine - and the susceptibility to three neurodegenerative disorders: dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on data from the UK Biobank, a Cox proportional hazard regression model and a dose-response relationship were used to analyze the association between BCAAs and the risks of dementia, AD, and PD. We also generated a healthy lifestyle score and a polygenic risk score. Besides, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to ensure the robustness of our findings. After adjusting for multiple covariates, blood concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, and valine were significantly associated with a reduced risk of dementia and AD. This association remained robust even in sensitivity analyses. Similarly, higher levels of isoleucine and leucine in the blood were found to be associated with an increased risk of PD, but this positive correlation could potentially be explained by the presence of covariates. Further analysis using a dose-response approach revealed that a blood leucine concentration of 2.14 mmol/L was associated with the lowest risk of dementia. BCAAs have the potential to serve as a biomarker for dementia and AD. However, the specific mechanism through which BCAAs are linked to the development of dementia, AD, and PD remains unclear and necessitates additional investigation.

Nutrient deprivation induces mouse embryonic diapause mediated by Gator1 and Tsc2.

Embryonic diapause is a special reproductive phenomenon in mammals that helps embryos to survive various harsh stresses. However, the mechanisms of embryonic diapause induced by the maternal environment is still unclear. Here, we uncovered that nutrient deficiency in uterine fluid was essential for the induction of mouse embryonic diapause, shown by a decreased concentration of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, glucose and lactate in the uterine fluid of mice suffering from maternal starvation or ovariectomy. Moreover, mouse blastocysts cultured in a medium with reduced levels of these six components could mimic diapaused blastocysts. Our mechanistic study indicated that amino acid starvation-dependent Gator1 activation and carbohydrate starvation-dependent Tsc2 activation inhibited mTORC1, leading to induction of embryonic diapause. Our study elucidates the essential environmental factors in diapause induction.

Genetic risk score for insulin resistance based on gene variants associated to amino acid metabolism in young adults.

Circulating concentration of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine are increased in subjects with insulin resistance, which could in part be attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes associated with amino acid metabolism. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for insulin resistance in young adults based on SNPs present in genes related to amino acid metabolism. We performed a cross-sectional study that included 452 subjects over 18 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed including measurement of serum amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination. Of these, ten were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only four were used to construct the GRS through multiple linear regression modeling. The GRS was calculated using the number of risk alleles of the SNPs in HGD, PRODH, DLD and SLC7A9 genes. Subjects with high GRS (≥ 0.836) had higher levels of glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower levels of arginine than subjects with low GRS (p < 0.05). The application of a GRS based on variants within genes associated to amino acid metabolism may be useful for the early identification of subjects at increased risk of insulin resistance.

Effects of maternal methyl donor intake during pregnancy on ileum methylation and function in an intrauterine growth restriction pig model

BackgroundIntrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) affects intestinal growth, morphology, and function, which leads to poor growth performance and high mortality. The present study explored whether maternal dietary methyl donor (MET) supplementation alleviates IUGR and enhances offspring’s growth performance by improving intestinal growth, function, and DNA methylation of the ileum in a porcine IUGR model.MethodsForty multiparous sows were allocated to the control or MET diet groups from mating until delivery. After farrowing, 8 pairs of IUGR and normal birth weight piglets from 8 litters were selected for sampling before suckling colostrum.ResultsThe results showed that maternal MET supplementation tended to decrease the IUGR incidence and increased the average weaning weight of piglets. Moreover, maternal MET supplementation significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of isoleucine, cysteine, urea, and total amino acids in sows and newborn piglets. It also increased lactase and sucrase activity in the jejunum of newborn piglets. MET addition resulted in lower ileal methionine synthase activity and increased betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity in the ileum of newborn piglets. DNA methylation analysis of the ileum showed that MET supplementation increased the methylation level of DNA CpG sites in the ileum of newborn piglets. Down-regulated differentially methylated genes were enriched in folic acid binding, insulin receptor signaling pathway, and endothelial cell proliferation. In contrast, up-regulated methylated genes were enriched in growth hormone receptor signaling pathway and nitric oxide biosynthetic process.ConclusionsMaternal MET supplementation can reduce the incidence of IUGR and increase the weaning litter weight of piglets, which may be associated with better intestinal function and methylation status.

Amino acid distribution in blood following high-intensity interval exercise: a preliminary study.

This study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval exercise on total and individual amino acid concentrations in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma. Seven males (31 ± 13yr) provided venous blood samples at rest, immediately and 15min and 30min following an 8-min high-intensity exercise bout. The exercise bout was 16 × 15s cycle efforts at 0.4N/kg of body mass and 90rpm, interspersed with 15s passive recovery. Total and individual amino acid concentrations of RBC and plasma and blood cell parameters were analysed. No significant differences for total amino acid concentrations between RBC and plasma were found. Individual amino acid analyses showed significant interaction effects for alanine and α-aminoadipic acid (P < 0.05), with plasma alanine significantly increased from baseline across the recovery period (P < 0.001). Blood fraction (group) effects showed greater concentrations of glycine, serine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, α-aminoadipic acid and ornithine in RBC, while greater concentrations of alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, proline, phenylalanine, glutamine, tryptophan and cystine were found in plasma (P < 0.05). Comparable levels of histidine, lysine and tyrosine were observed between blood fractions. Significant differences in the variation of total amino acids in RBC were reported with higher variance at rest compared to following exercise (P = 0.01). Haemoglobin, pack cell volume and white blood cell count significantly increased immediately following exercise (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline after 15min recovery. These results support the notion of individualised amino acid transportation roles for RBC and plasma during exercise.

Optimizing tea waste as a sustainable substrate for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation: a comprehensive study on biological efficiency and nutritional aspect

IntroductionIn Bangladesh, rice straw (RS) and sawdust (SD) substrates have traditionally been used in the production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). However, the rising costs of these substrates have led many to look for alternatives.ObjectivesThe present study thus focuses on the potential of waste tea leaves (WTL) for mushroom farming.MethodsWe prepared various substrate mixtures by combining WTL with SD and RS, subsequently evaluating mushroom yield and various quality parameters such as amino acid concentration, mineral content, and biological efficiency.Results and discussionOur investigation revealed that WTL alone is not a suitable substrate for mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growth. However, when combined with SD at a 50% ratio, it significantly boosts mushroom yield and biological efficiency (BE). Conversely, a reduction in yield was noted when WTL was mixed with RS in all tested treatments, although BE surpassed 50%. In summary, incorporating WTL into both substrates proves economically viable from the BE standpoint. According to PCA analysis, the minerals and amino acid content varied based on the different substrate formulations involving WTL blending with both SD and RS at different ratios. Remarkably, mushroom fruiting bodies exhibited lower levels of Na and Fe despite these elements being present in higher concentrations in the growing substrates, suggesting the inability of P. ostreatus to bioaccumulate Na and Fe. Conversely, we observed higher bioaccumulation of Zn and P, even exceeding substrate levels. Importantly, our findings showed that mushrooms cultivated on WTL-based formulations consistently contained elevated Zn levels irrespective of substrate types, indicating that WTL enriched Zn in mushrooms. Additionally, the Fe level increased specifically in RS + WTL-based formulations. All essential and non-essential amino acids were detected, with the highest concentration of histidine, isoleucine, and methionine found in the WTL + SD formulation. Non-essential amino acids (NEAA) like alanine and glutamic acid were more prominent in formulations combining WTL with RS. This study represents the first documented exploration of the impact of WTL on the accumulation of intracellular metabolites including minerals and amino acids, in P. ostreatus.

Differing planes of nutrition alter serum and histotroph amino acid composition in nonpregnant, multiparous beef cows on day 3 of the estrous cycle.

Endometrial-derived uterine histotroph is a critical component of nutrient supply to a growing conceptus throughout gestation; however, the effect of nutritional plane on histotroph nutrient composition remains unknown in multiparous cows. We hypothesized that differing planes of nutrition would alter histotroph and serum nutrient composition in beef cattle. Thus, we evaluated serum and histotroph amino acid and glucose composition, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in cows individually fed to maintain body weight (BW; 0 kd/d, n = 9; CON) compared with those losing moderate BW (-0.7 kg/d, n = 9; NEG). After 49 d of differing nutritional planes, cows were subjected to the 7-d CoSynch + controlled internal drug release device estrus synchronization protocol and then slaughtered on day 62. Blood serum (days 0 and 62) and uterine histotroph [day 62; from uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum (CL)] were collected and analyzed for concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and NEFA. Performance characteristics, body composition via ultrasound (days 0 and 62), and carcass characteristics were collected. Body condition score, change in BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and gain:feed were decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in NEG vs. CON cows. There were no differences in body composition or carcass characteristics, except an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in dressing percentage in NEG cows due to differences in gut fill, consistent with study design. Serum NEFA increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the NEG group, but there were no differences between NEG vs. CON in glucose or BUN. Serum histidine increased (P ≤ 0.05) and alanine, isoleucine, and tryptophan decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in NEG vs. CON cows. Compared with that of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL, histotroph from the uterine horn contralateral to the CL had increased (P ≤ 0.05) isoleucine, asparagine, and proline concentrations in NEG cows, and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) tryptophan as a proportion of essential and total amino acids. There were no differences in glucose concentrations of histotroph contralateral or ipsilateral to the CL. Cow nutritional plane does alter serum and histotroph amino acid composition, although the presence of an embryo may be necessary to fully elucidate these changes. Differences in serum and histotroph tryptophan should be given consideration in future studies due to its importance as an essential amino acid in protein synthesis and bioactive affects.

Pubertal origin of growth retardation in inborn errors of protein metabolism: A longitudinal cohort study

ObjectivesInherited amino-acid metabolism disorders (IAAMDs) require lifelong protein-restricted diet. We aimed to investigate: 1/ whether IAAMDs was associated with growth, pubertal, bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) or body composition impairments; 2/ associations linking height, amino-acid mixture (AAM), plasma amino-acids and IGF1 concentrations. DesignRetrospective longitudinal study of 213 patients with neonatal-onset urea cycle disorders (UCD,n = 77), organic aciduria (OA,n = 89), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD,n = 34), or tyrosinaemia type 1 (n = 13). MethodsWe collected growth parameters, pubertal status, BMAD, body composition, protein-intake, and IGF1 throughout growth. ResultsOverall final height (n = 69) was below target height (TH): −0.9(1.4) vs. -0.1(0.9) SD, p < 0.001. Final height was ≤ TH-2SD in 12 (21%) patients. Height ≤ − 2SD was more frequent during puberty than during early-infancy and pre-puberty: 23.5% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.002; and vs. 10.7%, p < 0.001. Pubertal delay was frequent (26.7%). Height (SD) was positively associated with isoleucine concentration: β, 0.008; 95%CI, 0.003 to 0.012; p = 0.001. In the pubertal subgroup, height (SD) was lower in patients with vs. without AAM supplementation: −1.22 (1.40) vs. -0.63 (1.46) (p = 0.02). In OA, height and median (IQR) isoleucine and valine concentrations(μmol/L) during puberty were lower in patients with vs. without AAM supplementation: −1.75 (1.30) vs. −0.33 (1.55) SD, p < 0.001; and 40 (23) vs. 60 (25) (p = 0.02) and 138 (92) vs. 191 (63) (p = 0.01), respectively. No correlation was found with IGF1. Lean-mass index was lower than fat-mass index: −2.03 (1.15) vs. -0.44 (0.89), p < 0.001. ConclusionsIn IAAMDs, growth retardation worsened during puberty which was delayed in all disease subgroups. Height seems linked to the disease, AAM composition and lower isoleucine concentration, independently of the GH-IGF1 pathway. We recommend close monitoring of diet during puberty.

Mediterranean versus Western diet and the gut‐brain axis: Diet‐induced links between gut Oscillospira abundance, plasma branched‐chain amino acid concentrations and insulin resistance, and change in white matter volumes in nonhuman primates

AbstractBackgroundWestern vs. Mediterranean patterned diets have been associated with divergent effects on neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Such effects may be mediated through the gut microbiome, although the exact mechanisms linking diet, microbiome, and brain outcomes remain unclear. Oscillospira, a genus of gut‐dwelling bacteria, appears to be a good candidate which may help explain the mechanistic underpinnings of this relationship. Previous studies have shown associations between Oscillospira abundance, blood biomarkers, and brain physiology in rodents, and patients with neurodegenerative diseases including AD exhibit decreased gut Oscillospira abundances. Notably, Oscillospira may alter myelination by modifying branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations in blood and preventing or minimizing insulin resistance.MethodIn the present study, we test a mechanistic role for Oscillospira on white matter volumes in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) experimentally fed either a Mediterranean or Western‐type diet. We analyzed associations between gut Oscillospira abundances, plasma BCAA concentrations (i.e., leucine, isoleucine, and valine), plasma insulin, beta‐amyloid (Aβ) 42 to 40 ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and magnetic resonance imaging‐derived white matter volumes.ResultWe found that Oscillospira abundance was significantly higher in the Mediterranean diet cohort than in the Western cohort (β = 0.258, SE = 0.084, p = 0.004). Oscillospira abundance was significantly negatively associated with plasma leucine (β = ‐0.169, SE = 0.059, p = 0.007) and valine concentrations (β = ‐0.206, SE = 0.069, p = 0.005); a similar, non‐significant (p = 0.066) trend was observed for isoleucine. Similarly, Oscillospira abundance was negatively associated with insulin area under the curve (AUC) at 26 months (β = ‐0.282, SE = 0.125, p = 0.031) and change in insulin AUC from baseline to 26 months (β = ‐14.6, SE = 6.97, p = 0.044), suggesting better insulin sensitivity in individuals with higher Oscillospira abundance. Oscillospira abundance was also positively associated with CSF Aβ42:40 ratio (β = 0.013, SE = 0.004, p = 0.007). Furthermore, the percent change in white matter volume over the study period was positively associated with Oscillospira abundance (β = 2.45, SE = 0.915, p = 0.012) and negatively associated with leucine (β = ‐2.39, SE = 0.920, p = 0.014), isoleucine (β = ‐2.67, SE = 0.895, p = 0.005), and valine concentrations (β = ‐2.28, SE = 0.929, p = 0.020) as well as change in insulin AUC (β = ‐2.04, SE = 0.947, p = 0.039).ConclusionThese results suggest that diet impacts the central nervous system by altering gut microbiome composition and highlight the complexity of relationships between BCAAs and brain health.

Maternal glycemic status during pregnancy and mid-childhood plasma amino acid profiles: findings from a multi-ethnic Asian birth cohort

BackgroundIncreasing maternal glycaemia across the continuum during pregnancy may predispose offspring to subsequent cardiometabolic risk later in life. However, evidence of long-term impacts of maternal glycemic status on offspring amino acid (AA) profiles is scarce. We aimed to investigate the association between maternal antenatal glycaemia and offspring mid-childhood amino acid (AA) profiles, which are emerging cardiometabolic biomarkers.MethodsData were drawn from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study, a multi-ethnic Asian birth cohort. A subset of 422 mother–child dyads from the GUSTO study, who was followed from early pregnancy to mid-childhood, was included. Mothers underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 26–28 weeks gestation, with fasting and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations measured and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosed per WHO 1999 guidelines. Offspring fasting plasma samples were collected at mean age 6.1 years, from which AA profiles of nine AAs, alanine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine were measured. Total branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were calculated as the sum of isoleucine, leucine, and valine concentrations. Multi-variable linear regression was used to estimate the association of maternal glycemic status and offspring mid-childhood AA profiles adjusting for maternal age, ethnicity, maternal education, parity, family history of diabetes, ppBMI, child sex, age and BMI z-scores.ResultsApproximately 20% of mothers were diagnosed with GDM. Increasing maternal fasting glucose was significantly associated with higher offspring plasma valine and total BCAAs, whereas higher 2-h glucose was significantly associated with higher histidine, isoleucine, valine, and total BCAAs. Offspring born to mothers with GDM had higher valine (standardized mean difference 0.27 SD; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.52), leucine (0.28 SD; 0.02, 0.53), and total BCAAs (0.26 SD; 0.01, 0.52) than their counterparts. Inconsistent associations were found between maternal GDM and other amino acids among offspring during mid-childhood.ConclusionsIncreasing maternal fasting and post-OGTT glucose concentrations at 26–28 weeks gestation were significantly associated with mid-childhood individual and total BCAAs concentrations. The findings suggest that elevated maternal glycaemia throughout pregnancy, especially GDM, may have persistent programming effects on offspring AA metabolism which were strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic profiles at mid-childhood.