Industry Concentration Research Articles

Linking the Pre-Steady-State, Steady-State, and Zero-Order Kinetic Parameters Together for Industrial Applications

There appeared not to have been a way of linking pre-zero-order kinetics to zero-order kinetics so as to garner key kinetic parameters at very high industrial concentrations of the substrate. The objectives were the derivation of equations that can be explored in relating pre-zero-order (pre-steady-state (prss)) to zero-order kinetic parameters (ZOK), such as the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM), maximum velocity of catalysis (Vmax), and specificity constant (SC), to be evaluated. The Vmax for the higher industrial-type concentration of the enzyme (alpha-amylase) was 7812.5 micromoles/l/min, while the KM was 115.1 g/l. The SC obtained by calculation, either by the new equation (Eq. (25b)) or the ratio Vmax:KM, was 67.88 micromoles l/g min. Surprisingly, as compared to the literature, the SC obtained by the new graphical method was 275.4 micromoles l/g min using sub-KM values of substrate concentrations. The prss Vmax and KM were 2348.62 ± 479.94 micromoles l/g min and 7.41 ± 1.77 g/l, respectively. There is a justification for an equation linking PRSS and the ZOK, which can enhance reactor design. The equation linking PRSS to the ZOK kinetic parameters was derived. With the equation, the KM for a very high industrial concentration of the substrate and the enzyme that would have been impossible was made possible. Future studies may focus on assays at high concentrations of the enzyme and sub-KM concentrations of the substrate so as to observe a repeat of higher SC. Note that if the concentration of one enzyme is twice (or more) the concentration of another enzyme of the same kind, the Vmax of the first should be twice the Vmax of the latter given saturating concentrations of the substrate for each enzyme; the parameter that is constant is the catalytic first-order rate constant (kcat); it may be theoretically assumed that the KM can follow the same order as with the Vmax. Apart from a very high concentration of the gelatinized starch that retards the mobility of the enzyme, the spectrophotometer has an upper limit of its power to read color development.

EXPRESS: Impact of Industrial and Geographical Concentrations of Upstream Industries on Firm Performance During COVID-19

Using a large sample of supplier-firm relationships, we develop new measures to operationalize the industrial and geographical concentrations of firms' upstream industries. The developed measures show an upstream industry might be competitive and contain many suppliers (low industrial concentration) and yet be concentrated in a few countries (high geopolitical concentration) or a small geographical area (high geographical concentration), thus leaving the downstream firm vulnerable to geographical or geopolitical disruptions. Using COVID-19 as an exogenous shock, we document that the firms whose upstream suppliers are operating in industries that have high concentration (either geographically or geopolitically), on average, experienced a reduction of 250 million US dollars in quarterly sales. Thus, competitive industries with ample suppliers may still impose significant risks on downstream firms if the upstream suppliers' industries are concentrated mainly in a few countries or small geographical areas. Noteworthy, we find evidence that the link between upstream suppliers' industry-level concentrations and downstream firms' sales growth is heterogeneous. Specifically, firms can mitigate the negative relationship by adjusting their supply chain networks. The negative relationship is weaker for firms with a geopolitically diversified supply base and firms with more domestic suppliers. Our estimates are robust and consistently identified through several different empirical strategies. Our findings help policymakers and managers to systematically identify locations in supply networks that have the potential to create bottlenecks that may even threaten national security. Additionally, the proposed measures give policymakers insights into which industries to support for onshoring.

Konsentrasi Industri Berdasarkan SCP (Structure-Conduct-Performance)

The market will continue to undergo changes, as well as the industrial market, so as to enable the perpetrators of the industry to persevere in the midst of market competition, to determine market structures, can be used a method often referred to as an industrial concentration. This is often the case in the midst of economic turmoil, with the industrial concentration based on SCP (Structure-Conduct-Performance) of the problems associated with market conditions and structure will be predicted. This study deals with the understanding, insight, and concept of industrial concentration. The method used is qualitative descriptive. The purpose of this research is to analyze industrial concentration as one part of the economic substance.

Analisis Konsentrasi Industri di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Industri Semen di Indonesia)

. Industrial concentration is an indicator in determining the level of market dominance by companies in the economic sector. This study aims to analyze the concentration level of the cement industry in Indonesia, understand the market structure, company behavior, and industrial performance. The cement industry was chosen because of its significant role in supporting national infrastructure development. The research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach, utilizing secondary data from various literature, including journals and books. The analysis was carried out by measuring market concentration using the concentration ratio (CR4) and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), as well as the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) approach. The results of the study show that the cement industry in Indonesia has a high level of concentration, with PT. Semen Indonesia as a market leader. The market structure is classified as oligopoly, characterized by the dominance of several large companies such as PT. Semen Indonesia. Market behavior includes price competition and non-price strategies, as well as distributions focused on innovation and market share expansion. The market performance of this industry is dominated by two large companies, reflecting significant oligopoly characteristics.

The Role of Industry Concentration on Competitive Inventory-Management Behaviors: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturers

This research study investigates the potential effect of industry concentration on the rivalrous moves and counter moves made between leader and challenger firms relative to inventory management decisions. Theoretically, “the perennial gale of creative destruction” proposed by Schumpeter (1934) enables an examination of the competitive dynamics between firms. Mimetic isomorphism (as embedded within institutional theory, per DiMaggio & Powell (1983)) and signaling theory (Porter, 1980) have likewise been applied here to the presumed actions and reactions of firms relative to management and operational decisions. For their part, Ferrier, Smith & Grimm (1999)—in leveraging earlier research from Young, Smith & Grimm (1996)—offer evidence to indicate that higher industry concentrations may result in fewer rivalrous moves. In such concentrated environments, the dynamism of competitive rivalries may be lessened, thereby suppressing otherwise potentially aggressive moves and counter moves relative to inventory and other operational decisions.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ТОМТОРСКОГО РУДНОГО ПОЛЯ НА МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ МАРГАНЦА

The prospects of the Tomtor ore field for manganese mineralization were assessed. It was found that of all the bedrock of the ultramafic alkaline carbonatite complex of the Tomtor massif, ankerite carbonatites and ankerite-shamosite rocks of the ore group are the most enriched in manganese. The manganese maximum absolute concentrations are confined to the ferruginous weathering crusts according to ankerite varieties of the carbonatite complex. The detection of high manganese contents at significant intervals in the hypergene complex allows researchers to identify and predict the presence of sites with industrial concentrations, that creates real prospects for revealing deposits of iron-manganese ores with unique reserves here.

Why 'open' AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters.

This paper examines 'open' artificial intelligence (AI). Claims about 'open' AI often lack precision, frequently eliding scrutiny of substantial industry concentration in large-scale AI development and deployment, and often incorrectly applying understandings of 'open' imported from free and open-source software to AI systems. At present, powerful actors are seeking to shape policy using claims that 'open' AI is either beneficial to innovation and democracy, on the one hand, or detrimental to safety, on the other. When policy is being shaped, definitions matter. To add clarity to this debate, we examine the basis for claims of openness in AI, and offer a material analysis of what AI is and what 'openness' in AI can and cannot provide: examining models, data, labour, frameworks, and computational power. We highlight three main affordances of 'open' AI, namelytransparency, reusability, and extensibility, and we observe that maximally 'open' AI allows some forms of oversight and experimentation on top of existing models. However, we find that openness alone does not perturb the concentration of power in AI. Just as many traditional open-source software projects were co-opted in various ways by large technology companies, we show how rhetoric around 'open' AI is frequently wielded in ways that exacerbate rather than reduce concentration of power in the AI sector.

Relationship between data elements, industry concentration, and firms’ breakthrough innovation

This study utilizes the data of Chinese A–share listed companies from 2012 to 2022 to examine the relationship between data elements, industry concentration, and firms’ breakthrough innovation. Based on the empirical findings, data elements can promote firms’ breakthrough innovation, whereas industry concentration can inhibit such innovation. Meanwhile, research and development investment plays a mediating role in the relationship between data elements and firms’ breakthrough innovation. However, there is a difference in the impact of data elements on the breakthrough innovation between state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises.

Competitive effect and mechanism analysis of spectrophotometric detection of Ca2+ in metal cations-containing coal slurry water system

Ca2+ is an important ion in industrial wastewater such as coal slurry water. The concentration of Ca2+ directly affects the water quality of recycled water, the physicochemical properties of particle surfaces, and the effectiveness of coal beneficiation. However, the determination of Ca2+ in coal slurry water is influenced by other coexisting metal ions (M: K+, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+) in the system. The complexation color development – visible spectrophotometry (CCDVS) has been proven to be a rapid and accurate way to determine Ca2+. This study investigates the impact and mechanism analysis of factors such as the concentrations of coexisting ions (K+: 0–15 mg/L, Na+: 0–2000 mg/L, Mg2+: 0–20 mg/L, Al3+: 0–0.05 mg/L) and valence states (monovalent, divalent, trivalent) on the accurate determination of Ca2+ using the CCDVS method. All ions are interested in the indicator, with the light absorption intensity order of Al3+ (Abs = −1.783) > Mg2+(Abs = −1.723) > Ca2+(Abs = −1.248) > K+(Abs = −0.268) > Na+(Abs = −0.075) under the same ions concentration (e.g. 16 mg/L). Interestingly, the absorbance of Ca–M mixed solutions shows different trends. For example, adding Na+ decreases the absorbance value of Ca2+, with a decrease in Abs of 0.065 when the Na+ concentration is 2000 mg/L. This indicates a competitive relationship between the complexation color development reaction of Ca and Na due to the same reaction mechanism. However, for Ca–Mg mixed solutions, when the Mg2+ concentration increases to 15 mg/L, the increase in Abs is 0.078, attributed to the stronger absorption of Mg2+ occupying the adsorption sites of Ca2+. On the contrary, at industrial concentrations, the influence of K+ (0–20 mg/L) and Al3+ (0–0.05 mg/L) on Ca2+ detection can be ignored. Complementary characterization (XRD, XPS) and DFT theoretical calculations indicate that complexation color development reaction depends on the adsorption of metal ions on the sulfonic acid sites on the indicator. Other metal cations compete with Ca2+ for the same adsorption sites, and the reactivity of metal ions with the indicator is as follows Al3+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Na+. Therefore, this study provides technical and theoretical support for the development of highly selective Ca2+ detection methods, aiding in the rational control of chemical agent dosages.

How Industry Concentration Changes Affect Productive and Non-Productive Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

This research utilizes a dataset of Chinese listed manufacturing firms spanning the years 2012 to 2022 to investigate the interplay between industry concentration and the distribution of entrepreneurial activities. The findings reveal that a rise in industry concentration notably hampers productive entrepreneurial endeavors while concurrently stimulating non-productive ones. Furthermore, business anticipations are found to mitigate the suppressive impact of heightened industry concentration on productive entrepreneurship, and conversely, they amplify its stimulatory effect on non-productive entrepreneurship.

Communications, media and Internet Concentration in the South Cone 2019-2021

The article analyzes market concentration in communication, internet and media industries in Argentina, Brazil and Chile between 2019- 2021 using CR4 and HHI indexes. It concludes that the Network Media Economy is highly concentrated. The Internet Core applications sectors operate in an almost monopolistic position. The telecommunications and Internet infrastructure sector collects the majority of revenues of the Network Media Economy with very high concentration in Wireless, Wireline and a little less, but still very high, in Multichannel video distribution and ISPs. Media sectors show significant concentration in audiovisual services and low concentration in online press.

Veterinary Collaboration and Modernization in the French Animal By-Products Industry, 1940–1944

Abstract Scholars studying the Second World War animal by-products industry have underestimated the systematic nature and broad scope of German intervention. This article examines how the close co-operation between French and German veterinarians, reflecting a shared professional interest in animal slaughter and disease control, facilitated the large-scale restructuring and modernization of French carcass disposal under Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1944. Animal by-products were an important resource for Germany’s war effort. Drawing on the previously unexploited papers of Wehrmacht veterinarian Conrad Herbig and the archives of the Vichy Salvage Service, I argue that German veterinary officers, in collaboration with their French counterparts, leveraged their expertise to impose a new vision of hygienic and efficient rendering practices in France. Herbig’s experiences in the Indre-et-Loire department reveal how the Nazi occupation authorities harnessed French material and institutional resources to direct French hides, fats, and bones towards German military production, even as logistical constraints limited their ambitions. Franco-German veterinary collaboration under Vichy represented an intensification of long-term trends towards professionalization, industrial concentration, and hygienic regulation in the French meat industry. This microhistorical case-study thus sheds new light on the dynamics of the occupation and its post-war impact on French agriculture and food production.

Seasonal Dynamics and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Road Dust: A Case Study of Liuzhou, China

The spatial distribution and seasonal variation in heavy metal pollution in road dust in Liuzhou, China, were investigated. Road dust samples were collected during both drought and wet periods, and the concentrations of nine heavy metals—Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, and Hg—were analyzed. The analysis showed that all nine heavy metals were higher than the background values of Chinese urban soils in both the drought and wet periods, and the mean heavy metal contents of road dust in the dry period were higher than those in the wet period, except for Cd. In the assessment of the pollution of heavy metals in road dust, the results of Igeo showed that Cd and Hg were significant; the results of NI showed that Cr and Ni were more significant. The spatial analysis shows that the industrial concentration areas in the north and west of Liuzhou City are concentration areas of heavy metal pollution. A Pearson correlation analysis showed high correlation between Cd in road dust heavy metals and Cd in the surrounding soil. Source identification via PCA revealed four main contributors: metallurgical and coal-fired industries, mechanical manufacturing, green belt maintenance, and waste treatment facilities. A quantitative analysis via APCS-MLR modeling confirmed that metallurgical and coal-fired industrial sources are the most widespread and important pollution sources in Liuzhou. There is a significant increase in the contribution of waste treatment sources to Hg contamination during wet periods.

Productivity and growth decomposition: a novel single-index smooth-coefficient stochastic frontier approach

Abstract Our paper investigates productivity, output growth and total factor productivity (TFP) growth using a novel single-index smooth-coefficient stochastic frontier approach and two firm-level datasets respectively from the high technology (high-tech) manufacturing and Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) sectors in Norway. The approach considers input productivity and technical inefficiency to be flexible functions of production environmental variables indexed with unknown parameters for more precise estimation of marginal effects of these variables on the frontier and inefficiency. Output growth is decomposed into technical change (TC), input-driven component (IDC) and efficiency change (EC), while TFP growth is decomposed into TC, scale component and EC. The primary objective is to (i) maximise output through the frontier and efficiency channels and (ii) enhance productivity growth through such channels as technical progress and efficiency improvement, specifically tailored for the manufacturing and services industries. The empirical results reveal substantial heterogeneity in technology across firms. Overall speaking, geographical industrial concentration, export intensity and urbanisation positively influence output in both sectors. Technical progress contributes to TFP growth in both sectors; however, TC is biased towards capital in the high-tech sector and driven by labour in the KIBS sector. In addition to TC, TFP growth in the high-tech and KIBS sectors also benefits from EC and IDC, respectively.

How informed are international short sellers? Global and local industry concentration of short sellers

Internationally, documenting the information content from short sellers at the stock level is rather challenging because of various direct and indirect short sale constraints as suggested by Boehmer et al. (2022). To account for stock level short sale constraints and the cross-country variation in short sale feasibility, we focus on short sellers’ information at the aggregate industry and country levels and show that the value-weighted portfolio consisting of stocks from the topmost shorted and top three most shorted industries are associated with 45 bps and 42 bps lower returns over the next 20 days in a sample of 37 countries. The aggregate industry level also shows significant negative information from short sellers in more countries compared to Boehmer et al. (2022), especially in less developed markets. In addition to the industry information, we also find market level information from short sellers and show that high short selling predicts lower future market returns when short sellers target the country’s largest industries. We furthermore document evidence of short sellers' role in global information propagation.

Regional specialization: From the geography of industries to the geography of jobs

AbstractOur analysis begins with an empirical investigation of how employment concentration in industries and occupations across regions of the United States has changed over time and how regional specialization has changed. Results show that industry concentration and specialization indices have fallen, while occupation concentration and specialization indices have risen. Using this background as motivation, we develop a model in which the comparative advantage of regions lies in their productivity of supplying functions such as law, finance, advertising and engineering, to multiple sectors. Productivity differences specific to region functions shape the location decisions of industries that use multiple functions and hence determine patterns of regional specialization both in functions and in sectors. A key parameter is the cost of sourcing functions from a different region (fragmentation costs), and we show that a fall in this cost mimics the data: sector concentration and regional specialization fall and function concentration and specialization rise. At high fragmentation costs, regional comparative advantage in sectors determines general equilibrium analogous to a Heckscher–Ohlin model (HO). At low fragmentation costs, comparative advantage in functions drives an equilibrium that has little resemblance to a HO world.

Air quality monitoring system based on low power wide area network technology at public transport stops

<span>Mass migration from rural areas to urban areas has caused problems of traffic congestion, high industrial concentration and inequity in the distribution of housing in the world's capitals, generating a significant threat to sustainable development and public health due to air pollution air. In the Peruvian context, the importance of real-time monitoring of air quality is highlighted according to the standards established by the government. Several studies propose real-time environmental monitoring systems using internet of thing (IoT) technologies, electrochemical and optical sensors to measure pollutants, highlighting the need for data analysis. The objective of the paper is to show the implementation of IoT devices called sensor nodes, with long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) transmission technology for continuous monitoring of polluting gas concentrations. In addition, they are integrated into a central node called gateway to perform real-time monitoring through a web application. As an initial result, IoT devices demonstrated their effectiveness for real-time monitoring. Despite being a prototype-level result, the next stage involves its deployment at public transport stops in Lima. Overcoming the limitations of the solution, this paper establishes the foundation for future research on pollution and public health.</span>

Innovation Concentration and Patent Market Structure

Two empirical facts concerning the increase in innovation concentration levels of U.S. industries over the last two decades have been established: innovating firms with larger market shares invest more in R&D and enter into more industries. This paper presents a model of an imperfectly competitive patent market with heterogeneous firms to show that R&D itself increases industry concentration. In the context of an imperfectly competitive patent market structure, firms generate endogenous variable markups. In particular, the price of firms' newly invented knowledge, the profit and survival rate of the innovating firms depend on the market share of the knowledge stock. Firms pay a random fixed cost in each period which together with market share determine the decision on whether to innovate in different sectors. Firms enter different sectors sequentially: they start developing new varieties in a sector with minimal competition, building up private knowledge, and then venturing into other sectors using R&D investment and accumulated knowledge. Finally, we prove that the stationary firm innovation size distribution exhibits a Pareto tail in the steady state.

The Role of Environmental Audits in Enhancing Sustainability in Industrial Property Management. Insights From Nairobi County

Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya, is experiencing significant environmental challenges, with pollution levels reaching unprecedented heights. This issue is particularly evident in the Nairobi River Basin, which comprises the Nairobi, Ngong, and Mathare Rivers. The basin is a focal point of concern due to the widespread discharge of untreated industrial waste into its waters. The city's high population density, coupled with the concentration of industries, exacerbates the environmental impact, making Nairobi the most affected region in the country in terms of pollution. Among the various sources, industrial pollution emerges as a major contributor, prompting the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) to intervene and hold accountable the industries responsible for these environmental violations. This study set out to analyze the role of environmental audits in the management of industrial properties, focusing on a case study of industrial properties in Nairobi. The research targeted three key industrial areas: Nairobi Industrial Area, Baba Ndogo, and the industries along Nairobi-Mombasa Road. The study's target population consisted of 487 respondents, comprising 440 property managers and 47 NEMA County directors. Using Yamane’s 1967 formula, the sample size was determined to be 211 respondents. The study employed a simple random sampling method for data collection, utilizing questionnaires and interviews to gather information. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics with SPSS version 24, and interpretation was guided by a theoretical framework and previous research. The study found that environmental audits significantly enhance industrial performance by improving organizational effectiveness, ensuring regulatory compliance, and boosting competitive advantage. They also raise awareness of environmental impacts, enhance corporate reputation, and provide valuable data for investors. However, challenges such as corruption, regulatory bias, and high audit costs persist. The research underscores the importance of environmental management and recommends that property managers strategically implement audit systems to support sustainable industrial growth and regulatory compliance

Towards a Low-Carbon Target: How the High-Speed Rail and Its Expansion Affects Industrial Concentration and Macroeconomic Conditions: Evidence from Chinese Urban Agglomerations

High-speed rail is a high-standard railway system, which allows trains to operate at high speed. The railway play a crucial role in connecting urban agglomerations, which represents the highest form of spatial organization in the mature stage of urban development, bringing together cities of various natures, types, and scales in specific regions. This paper explores the impacts of high-speed rail and its expansion on industrial concentration and macroeconomic conditions in the period of 2000 to 2019. We use a well-known transportation policy as a natural experiment, utilizing geographic distance data to study the effects of high-speed rail and its expansion on industrial concentration and macroeconomic conditions in urban agglomerations. The results show that high-speed rail increases industrial concentration but leads to a reduction in macroeconomic conditions. Unlike previous studies in this field, we use distance variables to analyze how the expansion of high-speed rail affects macroeconomic conditions and industrial concentration through location advantages. The impacts of high-speed rails vary across urban and non-urban agglomeration cities, resource-based and non-resource-based cities, large and small cities, and eastern, central, and western regions. Our results are robust to the shocks from the global financial crisis, time lags, different distance dummy variables, dependent variables, and endogeneity issues. This study regards the opening up of high-speed rail as both improving air quality and reducing carbon emissions through substituting for urban and aviation transport. Compared to traditional transport methods such as urban and air travel, the efficiency and environmental benefits of high-speed rail make it an important method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the expansion of high-speed rail could support both economic development and environmental concerns, and it is playing a crucial role in transportation selection for advancing low-carbon economic goals.