HPMC Concentration Research Articles

Characterization and Anti-aging Tests of Peel-Off Gel Masks Made from Ethanolic Extract of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)


 BACKGROUND: Yarrow extract (Achillea millefolium) is recognized to have powerful antioxidants that protect the skin from free radical damage, skin whitening, and anti-aging properties. As a result, the application of antioxidants on the skin can be packaged into a peel-off gel mask preparation for face skin care.
 AIM: The goal of this study is to see how different concentrations of PVA and HPMC as film-forming and gelling agents affect the quality of peel-off gel masks made from ethanol extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) as an antiaging ingredient.
 METHODS: In order to obtain 5 formulas that will be made into preparations and evaluate the quality of the preparations, this research method uses quantitative analysis methods and statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA by varying the concentrations of PVA (7-10%) and HPMC (2-4%) in order to obtain 5 formulas that will be made into preparations and evaluated the quality of the preparations. Organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, syneresis, skin irritation, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time of the mask were all evaluated.
 RESULT: The results of the experiment with different concentrations of PVA and HPMC enhanced dispersion and drying time, but had no effect on the viscosity value decrease.
 CONCLUCION: The quality of the peel off gel mask prepared from the ethanol extract of Yarrow was significantly affected by PVA and HPMC concentrations (p<0.05).
 

Study of factors affecting the in vitro release of diclofenac sodium from hypromelose-based gels

The aim of our study was to identify factors affecting the in vitro release of diclofenac sodium (DS) from hypromellose-based gels (HPMC).
 Materials and methods. Gels with HPMC and liquids without HPMC were studied by viscosity-rotating viscometer method and spin probe electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rheograms were used to determine the flow behavior and the apparent viscosity, and the EPR spectra were used to determine the rotational correlation time (τ–1) of the dissolved spin probes. The in vitro release tests were performed using vertical diffusion cells according to a validated procedure. The assay of DS and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in the receptor medium was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) according to validated procedures, and the water content was determined using semi-micro method.
 Results. The apparent viscosity of the gels increased with increasing HPMC content and depended on the HPMC grade. The high apparent viscosity of the gels did not affect the values of τ–1 of the dissolved spin probes. In viscous gels and Newtonian fluids, the composition of which corresponded to the dispersion medium of gels, the values of τ–1 were identical and were in the range of rapid rotation, which is a prerequisite for similar and rapid release of the dissolved substances from gels and liquids. It was shown that the HPMC-based gel and Newtonian liquid without HPMC in terms of in vitro release parameters DS and IPA were equivalent. During in vitro testing the release of dissolved DS increased with increasing its concentration in the gel and depended on the dispersed state of DS. When the content of IPA was changed from 45.0 % to 22.5 %, the water absorption by the gel and the release of IPA decreased, and the release of DS increased, which was due to the decrease in the solubility of DS in the gel.
 Conclusions. HPMC, which provided high apparent viscosity of the gels, did not affect the value of τ–1 of the dissolved spin probes and the in vitro release of DS from the gels. The gel and Newtonian liquid were equivalent in terms of in vitro release of DS and IPA. The release of DS altered proportionally with the concentration of DS and depended on its dispersed state. As the content of IPA decreased, the release of IPA decreased, but the release of DS increased because of the decrease in the solubility of the DS in the gel

FLUCONAZOLE NANOGEL: FABRICATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop and in vitro evaluation of prepared fluconazole nanogel for seborrheic dermatitis
 Methods: Fluconazole nanogel was formulated to act against seborrheic dermatitis. The fluconazole nanoparticles were prepared by a simplified evaporation method and evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, and percent in vitro drug release. The nanogel was also characterized based on parameters like particle size, percent entrapment efficiency, shape surface morphology, rheological properties, in vitro release R² = 0.9046, and release kinetics.
 Results: The nanoparticle with a combination of Eudragit RS and Tween 80 showed the best result with particle size in the range of 119.0 nm to 149.5 nm, with a cumulative percent drug release of 95 % up to 18 h. The formulated nanogel with optimum concentration of HPMC authenticate with particle size 149.50±0.5 with maximum drug release (92.13±0.32) %.
 Conclusion: Different percentages of polymers (ethyl-cellulose, eudragit, and tween 80) are used as variable components in the formulation of nanogel. The optimized batch showed good physical properties (flow index, spreadability, and viscosity) along with rapid drug release. Therefore, it can be concluded that nanogel containing fluconazole has potential application in topical delivery.

Reduction of saturated fat in chocolate by using sunflower oil-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based oleogels

The suitability of sunflower oil-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) based oleogel obtained by emulsion template approach as partial cocoa butter (CB) replacer in chocolates was investigated. A level of 50% CB replacement was optimum, as higher level of replacement affected the sensory appearance in comparison to the control chocolate (without added oleogel). Four levels of HPMC (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) were considered. Textural and calorimetric properties, as well as sensory properties obtained by Free Choice Profile of the formulated chocolates were investigated. Partial replacement of CB by the sunflower-HPMC based oleogel reduced significantly the chocolate hardness. Higher HPMC concentration leds to an increase in this parameter. The CB melting temperature was reduced from 36 °C (control chocolate) to 33 °C (2% HPMC oleogel) and 30 °C (0.5% oleogel), indicating an effect of the oleogel in CB crystallization, although these differences were no significant. The highest HPMC concentration negatively affected the sensory attributes of chocolate related to texture and flavour, while in formulations with 0.5 and 1% HPMC concentrations the attributes were more similar to those of the control chocolate. Altogether, the results indicated that the HPMC sunflower oil oleogels are a suitable alternative to reduce CB in chocolate.

Clove leaf ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. and Perr) is formulated as antiseptic liquid soap

Secondary metabolite compound is compound that have medicinal properties, cosmetics, dyes, fragrances. Secondary metabolite compound can be modified into one form of pharmaceutical dosage, namely cosmetic products. One of the cosmetic products is liquid soap preparation. Soap that can kill bacteria is known as antiseptic soap. Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. And Perr) contain eugenol compounds which have antiseptic properties. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of clove leaves as an antiseptic liquid soap preparation. The formulation of clove leaf extract with concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% with HPMC concentrations of 1 gr, 2 gr and 3 gr. The liquid soap formulation of clove leaf ethanol extract was tested for organoleptic, pH, specific gravity, high foam and viscosity. The results of testing the quality of all liquid soap formulations meet the requirements according to the standards set by SNI. Based on the evaluation of this liquid soap preparation, the ethanol extraction preparation can be formulated into liquid soap preparations. After being tested for its antibacterial activity, Sedian Liquid Soap from Ethanol Extract of Clove Leaves has effectiveness as an antiseptic.

Effect of Concentration and Suspension Agent (HPMC) on Properties of Coal Gangue and Fly Ash Cemented Filling Material

Cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill (CGFB) mixtures are utilized as the filling materials for backfilling the underground openings in coal mines. The freshly prepared CGFB slurries are commonly transported into the gobs through a pipeline. The mixture ratio of slurry concentration and suspending agent (HPMC) plays an essential role in transporting the slurry to goaf smoothly and efficiently. In this paper, the influence of slurry concentration and HPMC on the performance of coal gangue-fly ash cemented filling material was studied based on the response surface method. The prediction model of CGFB slurry slump flow, segregation rate, and bleeding rate was constructed. It is concluded that the segregation rate and slump flow of slurry are more sensitive to the variation of concentration. On the other hand, the bleeding rate of slurry is more sensitive to the change of HPMC content. Based on the established model, the reasonable mix proportion range of slurry concentration and suspending agent (HPMC) was obtained. In addition, three new CGFB mixtures have been tested, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the predicted values.

Study on the Effect of Cellulose Ether on the Performance of Concrete

In this paper, the influence of HPMC, which serves as an admixture, on workability, air content, slump loss and compressive strength of concrete is studied in detail based on a blending method. The test results show that the workability of concrete with a 2% admixture containing 0.04% HPMC can meet the construction requirements under the same conditions. Besides, its air content is 2.1% and the compressive strength of it is the highest. However, when the content of HPMC exceeds 0.04% or more, the air content of concrete will be higher and the compressive strength of it will get lower.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI HPMC SEBAGAI GELLING AGENT TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK GEL ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK LENGKUAS (Alpinia galanga (L.) Swartz)

The aim of this research was to know the influence of HPMC variation concentration as gelling agent againts physical properties antifungal extract galangal gel (Alpinia galanga (L) Swartz). Pre-experimental the one shot case study was used as the research design. Gel is formulated into three formulas with various concentration of HPMC 2% (F1), 3% (F2), and 4% (F3). The materials used in this research were galangal extract, propylenglycol, glycerin, methyl paraben, and aquadest. The result showed that the variation concentration of HPMC give influence to physical properties of organoleptic gel (form, smell and colour), viscosity, and spreadibility of gel but did not influence homogeneity and pH of the gel.Keywords: gel, galangal extract, HPMC

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI HPMC TERHADAP MUTU FISIK DAN STABILITAS SEDIAAN SHAMPO EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KATUK (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr)

The Aims of this study was to determine effect of HPMC concentration variation to etanol extract Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr shampoo physical properties. True experimental laboratories design was used as design study. Shampoo was formulated in three formulation which used HPMC variation consentration were F1 (1%), F2 (2%) , F3 (3%). Shampoo was evaluated physical properties included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, foam forming, and stability test at 6oC, 300C and 40oC. Organoleptic test was observed by visual observation. pH, viscosity, foam forming, and stability test from three formulation were observed by one way anova statistic. The result showed that HPMC concentration variation didn’t influence to physical properties foam forming and pH shampoo but there had influence to physical properties viscosity. All formulation of formulation unstable during 6 weeks storage.Keywords: Shampoo, etanol extract Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr, HPMC

Development of Transdermal Herbal Formulation with Sustained Release for the Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

The purpose of the present study was to develop an optimized transdermal drug delivery system of curcumin by adopting statistical optimization techniques. The response surface methodology was employed to find the combined effect of independent variables such as concentration of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose HPMC and polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP which significantly influence characteristics such as cumulative drug release up to 24 hours moisture content and folding endurance. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies were performed which revealed no interaction between drug and excipients. According to two factorial design the composition of optimized film contained 200 mg of HPMC and 50 mg of PVP. The optimized patch exhibited a cumulative drug release of 70.21 at the 24th hour moisture content of 12.45 and a folding endurance of 83 thus showing good physicochemical and mechanical properties. It could be concluded that by employing statistical optimization techniques a transdermal herbal patch of curcumin with good drug release characteristics and other desirable properties can be developed. This warrants the need for further studies to be conducted that test the efficacy of this formulation in dairy cattle.

OPTIMASI KOMBINASI HPMC DAN CARBOPOL DALAM FORMULA SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Escherichia coli

Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) have antibacterial activity because they contain terpenoid, karpain and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoids have OH groups that can damage bacterial cell walls. The dry powder of papaya seeds was extracted by maceration method using 80% ethanol. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal combination of HPMC and carbopol concentrations in the hand sanitizer gel of papaya seed ethanol extract which can influence the in vitro inhibition of Escherichia coli bacteria. The data analysis used in this study was one way ANOVA and then continued with the Post Hoc Tests. The results of the study obtained a yield of 6.933%. The optimum formula obtained is RUN 8 with a concentration of HPMC: Carbopol (0.25gram: 0.75gram). The results of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria obtained an average of 44.25 mm from the two samples. The statistical results obtained stated that there was no significant difference between the concentration of A and ciprofloxacin as a positive control.

Development and characterization of capsaicin creams formulated with Grewia mucilage-HPMC base

Purpose: Conventional topical capsaicin creams are often unavailable and unaffordable to the larger patient populations in developing countries. There is a need to formulate cost-effective alternatives using locally available polymers as cream base. This study aimed to formulate oil-in-water Grewia mollis mucilage-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (GMM-HPMC) based capsaicin creams from locally available capsicum fruits and evaluate their quality attributes. Methods: Capsaicin was quantified from acetone extracts of Capsicum fruits (C. frutescens, C. pubescens and C. chinense) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extract of C. chinense which had higher capsaicin content was used to formulate six different cream types with varied concentrations of GMM and/or HPMC as polymeric base. The creams were assessed for their organoleptic properties, pH, specific gravity, conductivity, viscosity, spreadability, oil globule size, microbial load and stability profiles using standard methods and protocols. Results: The FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of capsaicin in all the Capsicum fruit extracts; HPLC quantification of each of the fruit extracts indicated the presence of both capsaicin; C. chinense: (36153 ppm) > C. frutescens: (7860 ppm) > C. pubescens: (4549 ppm) and dihydrocapsaicin; C. chinense (11044 ppm) > C. frutescens (6920 ppm) > C. pubescens (2828 ppm) as constituents. Formulated o/w creams were light to deep brick red in colour, with pH (6.11-6.44); specific gravity (1.00-1.03); electrical conductivity (292-1958 µS/cm); viscosity (2810-9190 mPas); spreadability (4.0-5.5 cm) and globule size (13 ± 8 µm to 91 ± 20 µm). The creams had satisfactory microbial load profiles and remained stable at 25 ± 2 °C but had varying degrees of stability at 40 ± 2 °C storage temperatures. The optimized formulations of the creams (FB, FE and FF) contained GMM as the mono polymeric, GMM10:HPMC10 and GMM15:HPMC10 as their co-polymeric base systems, respectively. Conclusion: This study has shown the suitability of Grewia mollis mucilage singly used or in combination with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as co-polymeric cream base. Formulated creams had desirable physicochemical properties and they may find better patient acceptance when compared with imported brands as a result of their potential low cost. Keywords: Capsicum fruits, capsaicin, Grewia mollis mucilage-HPMC, creams

Intranasal fosphenytoin: The promise of phosphate esters in nose-to-brain delivery of poorly soluble drugs.

Intranasal administration could increase both safety and efficacy of drugs acting on the central nervous system, but low solubility severely limits administration through this route. Phenytoin's prodrug, fosphenytoin, is hydrophilic and freely soluble in water, but less permeable since it is dianionic. We aimed to assess whether this phosphoester prodrug could be a suitable alternative to phenytoin in intranasal delivery. Secondly, we aimed to compare simple formulation strategies in fosphenytoin delivery. Fosphenytoin formulations containing thermosensitive and/or mucoadhesive (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) polymers were developed, guided by viscosity, gelling temperatures, osmolality, and in vitro drug release tests. Then, a pharmacokinetic study was performed, comparing an intravenous fosphenytoin solution, an intranasal fosphenytoin solution, and intranasal fosphenytoin mucoadhesive formulations with or without albumin. Formulations containing HPMC allowed high drug strengths, and had a relatively fast release profile, which was not changed by albumin. Intranasal administration of a formulation with HPMC and albumin prolonged drug concentration over time and led to complete or even increased absolute bioavailability. Moreover, phenytoin's blood levels did not reach the high peak obtained with intravenous administration. In conclusion, the use of phosphate ester prodrugs could be an efficient and safe strategy to increase the intranasal bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

Systematic Development of Bicalutamide Immediate Release Pellets Using Aeroperl and Non-MCC Extruder Aid

Background: The Microcrystalline Cellulose is called as a gold standard for the manufacture of pellets. The poor disintegration leads to incomplete drug release that restricts the use of MCC in the immediate-release formulation. Objective: The present work aims to explore non-MCC extruder aid for pellet formulation and solubility modulation potential of Aeroperl® 300 Pharma. Methods: Bicalutamide (BCL) was selected as a model BCS class-II drug. The solubility of BCL was assessed in different vehicles such as polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and Tween by carrying out phase solubility study. The suitable vehicle was selected based on the higher solubility of BCL. The vehicle was further adsorbed on newer adsorbent Aeroperl® 300 Pharma to formulate liquisolid granules. The liquisolid granules were further incorporated into the pellet using mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose as an extruder aid. Box-Behnken design was adopted for the optimization of formulation considering MCC: mannitol ratio, the concentration of HPMC and spheronizer speed as independent factors whereas drug release at 30 min, disintegration time and aspect ratio were selected as dependent variables. The pellets were evaluated for different evaluation parameters. Results: Propylene glycol was selected for the formulation of liquisolid technique based on the results of the phase solubility study. Propylene glycol containing BCL was adsorbed on Aeroperl 300 Pharma. The optimized batch was selected exploring the Design-Expert software by considering the limits of different responses. Pellet had excellent flowability. Friability was found to be within the range (<1%). Pellets were found to be spherical and had pores on the surfaces. Conclusion: Liquisolid granules containing newer solubilizer Aeroperl was found to be a promising approach for the improvement in the solubility of the drug. The use of mannitol with MCC has a profound effect on disintegration time, without altering flow property and other parameters. No patents were reported on the combination of Bicalutamide, mannitol and Aeroperl. The critical finding of the present work is to use mannitol as an extruder aid to fasten the disintegration leads to complete drug release within a short period of time. Aeroperl and Mannitol, MCC: mannitol ratio, the concentration of HPMC and spheronizer speed were found to be significant and had the potential effect in pellet formulation.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF PH SENSITIVE HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE-GRAFT-ACRYLIC ACID HYDROGELS FOR SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE OF MODEL DRUG NICORANDIL

Background: Anti hypertensive drugs like “Nicorandil” require frequent dosing due to their shorter half-life. Such drugs are also pH sensitive, due to which greater portions of these drugs are degraded in acidic pH of stomach resulting in lesser bioavailability. The objective of this study was to formulate graft polymeric carrier system for sustained delivery of nicorandil to minimize dosing frequency and enhance patient compliance. Materials Methods: This animal model study was conducted in Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-graft-acrylic acid hydrogels were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization with diverse weight ratios of polymer, monomer and cross linker. Total duration of study was 1.5 years from March 2013 to August 2015. The N, N-methylene bis acrylamide and potassium persulfate were used as crosslinker and initiator respectively. Hydrogels were characterized for swelling ratio, equilibrium swelling, gel content, porosity and in vitro drug release. The surface morphology of synthesized hydrogels was evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Thermal properties of hydrogels were evaluated by Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry whereas FTIR was done to examine chemical compatibility. Finally, in vivo evaluation of prepared hydrogels was carried out in rabbits using simple parallel study design to estimate various pharmacokinetic parameters.Results: HPMC-co-AA hydrogels had good pH sensitivity whereas; they demonstrated maximum and minimum swelling at pH 7.4 and 1.2 respectively. Swelling ratio, gel fraction and cumulative percent drug release were decreased with increasing crosslinker concentration while these parameters were increased with increasing AA and HPMC concentrations. A porous network was observed in the SEM images. All formulation ingredients of prepared hydrogels showed good compatibility as determined by FTIR. Results of in vivo study proved the pH sensitivity and sustained drug release of prepared hydrogels.Conclusion: The HPMC-graft-AA hydrogels showed good pH-sensitivity and sustained-release profile for model drug nicorandil.

Optimization and evaluation of venlafaxine hydrochloride fast dissolving oral films

Three factors, three levels (33) full factorial design was used to develop venlafaxine HCl fast dissolving oral films (FDOFs) to optimize the concentrations of the film forming polymer; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose HPMC (X1), superdisintegrant; sodium starch glycolate SSG, (X2) and glycerol as the film plasticizer (X3). Effects of the three factors on the disintegration time (Y1), swelling index (Y2), and dissolution efficiency at 15 min; DE%15 (Y3) of the prepared FDOFs were evaluated by using statistical models. The optimized film formula was characterized in term of x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and morphological characteristics.Disintegration time was found to increase with the increase in HPMC (X1) concentration, and the shortest disintegration time (21.67 ± 2.08 s) was observed in case of F2 formula (lowest HPMC level and highest glycerol level in absence of SSG). The highest swelling index (3.64 ± 0.59) was observed in case of film formula F1 (medium concentrations of both HPMC and glycerol and highest SSG concentration. The results also indicated that as the concentration of HPMC increased the DE%15 decreased. SSG (X2), with highest value (72.33 ± 1.71%) was recorded for in case of F12 (using 2% HPMC, 5%SSG and 1.5% glycerol). The optimized FDOF formula derived by the statistical models suggested 2% HPMC, 5% SSG, and 1% glycerol.The data obtained from DSC and XRPD revealed no interaction between drug and FDOT excipients. In addition, XRPD studies proved that the venlafaxine HCl was homogeneously dispersed in the film matrix.

Optimized flurbiprofen sustained-release matrix pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization

Flurbiprofen (FBP) is an ibuprofen derivative with less gastric side effects and short biological half-life (4.7–5.7 h). The study aimed to formulate FBP as a sustained-release pellets by extrusion/spheronization to overcome its short half-life and to decrease dose frequency. The wet mass of the pellets containing Avicel® and a polymeric matrix polymer was determined by measuring the mean line torque. The impacts of different types and concentrations of matrix-forming units (HPMC, Carbopol, and PVP) (independent variables) on pellet size, mean line torque, and dissolution rate after 8 h were assessed using the Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the formulation containing higher concentrations of HPMC and Carbopol, such as F14, had high mean line torque value. This high mean line torque was responsible for the increased pellet size (>1100 μm) and decreased release rate (68 ± 2.8%) after 8 h of F14, compared with those of F5, which did not contain HPMC or Carbopol and had the lowest mean line torque, smallest pellet size (875.9 ± 27.5 μm), and highest dissolution rate after 8 h (100 ± 5.9%). In conclusion, sustained-release pellet formulation of FBP was able to sustain the release of FBP for up to 8 h.

Effect of Moisture Absorber and High-Density Polyethylene Bags on Shelf Life of Edible Coated Jaggery Cubes During Storage

Designed experiments were carried out to study the behavior of moisture absorber and high-density polyethylene bags for increasing the shelf life of jaggery cubes stored under ambient conditions for 150 days of storage period. The results revealed that coated jaggery cubes were packed in HDPE bags with moisture absorber in preventing the absorption of moisture content inside the package to maintain the quality of jaggery cubes. Minimum changes in water activity, reducing sugar, TVC, and colour of jaggery cubes were obtained due to the presence of moisture absorber kept into HDPE bags. The water activity, colour difference (ΔE) and TVC decreased with increase in the thickness of HDPE bags followed by moisture absorber; it maintains the dry conditions inside the bags and forms uniform matrix over the dried jaggery cubes. The study recommended that coated jaggery cubes can be stored for 150 days at optimum conditions of moisture absorber (1.5 g/l), HDPE bags (100 µm) and concentration of CMC and HPMC (0.8 g/100 ml) without any change in the quality of jaggery.

Propiedades fisicoquímicas de películas biodegradables de almidón de ñame espino (Dioscorea Rotundata), hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa y aceite de clavo (Syzygium aromaticum)

The development of biodegradable films using sustainable and renewable raw materials that produce materials with improved and active properties are a necessity for the current food packaging industry. Also, these materials must be low cost and friendly to the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of clove essential oil on the mechanical, optical and barrier properties of yam starch and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based films. A decrease in water affinity and improved water vapour resistance was appreciated due to the addition of the essential oil. Furthermore, it was observed that as the concentration of HPMC increases, more resistant and deformable films are obtained. The films with the highest concentration of HPMC showed more resistant and deformable capacity, with stress strength of 20MPa and deformation capacity of 18% and the smallest elastic modulus with a value of 400Mpa. Besides, the films have a high barrier against UV light. The addition of clove essential oil and HPMC improved the physicochemical properties of yam starch-based films.

A Raman imaging-based technique to assess HPMC substituent contents and their effects on the drug release of commercial extended-release tablets

In this study, we tried to assess the substitute contents of HPMC used in commercial extended-release tablets directly by an innovative Raman imaging-based analysis technique and find their effects on the in vitro performance of these pharmaceuticals. Twenty-seven batches of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets from various sources were collected in the Chinese mainland market. While Raman imaging was used to qualitatively analyze the composition of the tablets, the MeO and HPO contents of HPMC were quantitatively assessed by a newly proposed calculation method based on the Raman intensity of corresponding characteristic band. Additionally, the dissolution test was performed to evaluate the relationship between HPMC substitution pattern and in vitro behavior. In sum, our findings indicate that the drug release rate can be downregulated by increasing the MeO content of HPMC, while the high HPO content would largely eliminate the variation of drug release profiles among batches.