Concentrations Of Hexane Extracts Research Articles

Insecticidal activities of long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) fruit extracts against seed beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius, Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus, and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and their effects on seed germination

Bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis), and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) are important insect pests during the postharvest period. Botanical insecticide is an alternative solution for controlling these insects, and long pepper (Piper retrofractum) has been reported as having insecticidal potential against general insect pests. Film seed coatings with various concentrations of hexane extracts were made for mung bean (Vigna radiata) and corn (Zea mays) seeds. Insecticidal activities of these treatments were assessed at before and after storage period of six months, and seed germination was also evaluated. The hexane extract was subjected to analysis of the bioactive components by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed that the hexane extract presented extreme toxicity to both bruchid beetles higher compared to maize weevil at 24 h with LC50 values of 5.57–6.75 and 58.04 μg⋅cm−2, respectively. Bruchid beetles presented significant response to ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts, whereas maize weevil showed relatively low responsibility. Film seed coating with hexane extract at 1% and 3% concentrations with six-month storage presented high insecticidal activity against bruchid beetles by more than 88% mortality but had low kill rates against maize weevil. The coated mung bean seeds presented non-seed germination effect, whereas high effect was observed on coated corn. Isolation of bioactive components demonstrated that there were 74 compounds, where pentadecane was the main compound. Film seed coating technology for mung bean seed preservation by using 1% hexane extract from long pepper fruit presented to be an extremely effective method to control bruchid beetles without any seed germination effect. It could serve as one of the green insecticides of the future.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ALKALOID 3,5-bis(4,4’’-dimethoxy- [1,1’:2’,1’’-terphenyl]-4’-yl)-4H-pyrazole-4,4-diol FROM DERRIS INDICA (LAM) BENNETT SEEDS

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to isolate an antifungal compound from Derris indica (Lam) Bennett seed oil with various solvents and evaluation of its antifungal activity against the clinical species of Candida. 
 Methods: D. indica seed hexane extract was tested against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans. Hexane extract was fractioned using different solvents through column chromatography (CC). Isolated compound D1 was identified and characterized using ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy. In vitro evaluation of D1 carried out against 12 Candida strains. In vivo evaluation of D1 carried out against T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, and C. albicans using an excision wound healing model on male Wistar rats.
 Results: Different concentrations of hexane extract showed antimicrobial activity against tested microorganism with varying minimum inhibitory concentration values. On fractionation with hexane-petroleum ether through CC, it yielded a crystalline fraction. Compound D1 characterized as a 3,5-bis (4,4’’-dimethoxy-[1,1’: 2’,1’’-terphenyl]-4’-yl)-4H-pyrazole-4,4-diol. A novel alkaloid compound from D. indica is a new report and proved to be inhibitory against C. albicans MTCC 3017 (14.83±0.28), MTCC 1637 (16.0±0.0), Candida glabrata MTCC 3814 (16.83±0.28) and MTCC 3014 (16.66±0.57), Candida tropicalis MTCC 230 (20.0±0.0), MTCC 1406 (12.33±0.57). C. glabrata MTCC 3981 was found to be resistant to the compound. In vivo studies showed no visual symptoms at the end of treatment indicating the therapeutic property of the compound.
 Conclusion: The D1 was found to be effective against human fungal pathogens and can be used as a base molecule in designing new antifungal drugs.

The Anticancer Effects of Hexane Extract of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Muscle Enriched with Vegetable Oil Brasica sp.

Background: As Canola oil (Brasica sp.) has beneficial compositions of essential fatty acids like saturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), practically it use in many experimental purposes. There are considerable amounts of oleic acid which is mono unsaturated fatty acids in canola oil that caused a good resistance to thermal processes such as deep frying. Rainbow trout is the main fish species farmed in about 85% of the total rate allocated to producing aquaculture fish in Iran. Rainbow trout has found in food baskets of many people due to its high nutritional value. Methods: in this study the hexane extracts of fish muscle isolated with purity of 250, 50, 10, 5 and 0.5 μg/ml at regular intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours to determine the effects of hexane extracts on parameters which are associated with the survival of skin cancer cells A431 by MTT method in vitro comparison. Results: The effect of various concentrations of hexane extracts from fish muscle showed that the extracts of muscle at varying time intervals in hexane extracts administration had different effects on mortality of A431 cancer cells. Increasing of hexane extracts had significantly decreased the carcinogenic cells. The concentrations of hexane extract in 250 μg/ml at 24 hours were killed 50 percent of skin cancer A431cell lines. The addition of Brasica sp. vegetable oil as a dietary supplement is required to fish diet rations. Conclusion: In the present study the hexane extract inhibit the growth of cancer cells where the extract can be used as an anticancer agent for the operation of this lineage.

The locomotory response of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Westwood to hexane extracts of eastern spruce budworm scales (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens))

The response of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood to various concentrations of hexane extracts from the scales of one of its hosts, the spruce budworm moth (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)), was investigated. When placed on filter papers treated with hexane extracts of the moth scales, the wasps responded with two distinct phases of intensified searching behaviours. The first was characterized by a rapidly induced, transient klinokinetic response (decreased walking speed) lasting 10–20 s. This response had an abrupt threshold at scale extract concentrations between 0.05 and 0.5 mg/mL. After 15 s of exposure walking speeds subsequently recovered to rates similar to those of wasps walking on areas treated with hexane only (control). The second behaviour consisted of a persistent orthokinetic response (increased number of abrupt turns, greater than 70°), which resulted in the wasps remaining longer in the test arena. This increased retention on the patch was observed for extract concentrations below 0.05 mg/mL and appeared to be at least partially independent of changes in wasp velocity. Several parameters evaluated, including mean velocity, mean angular change, and fractal dimension, were highly variable within and between treatment groups, and showed no consistent pattern of response with dosage. In contrast, time spent on the patch and total distance travelled on the test area showed a significant correspondence to the dosage-dependent orthokinetic response of the wasps.