Content Of Harmful Substances Research Articles

Facile construction of superhydrophobic porous red mud/slag-based geopolymer for thermal insulation and oil/water separation

Facile construction of superhydrophobic porous red mud/slag-based geopolymer for thermal insulation and oil/water separation

Biochar in the Bioremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils

Biochar is produced from a wide variety of feedstocks (algal biomass, forest, agricultural and food residues, organic fraction of municipal waste, sewage sludge, manure) by thermochemical conversion. In general, it is a dark, porous material with a large surface area, low density, high cation exchange capacity, and alkaline pH. By reducing the content of harmful substances in the soil, the application of biochar increases the activity, number, and diversity of microorganisms and improves plant growth in contaminated areas. The aim of the review was to explore the advantages and drawbacks of biochar use in soil bioremediation. General issues such as methods of biochar production, its physical and chemical properties, and various applications are presented. As biochar is an efficient adsorbent of heavy metals, the review focused on its benefits in (I) soil bioremediation, (II) improvement of soil parameters, (III) reduction of metal toxicity and bioaccumulation, (IV) positive interaction with soil microorganisms and soil enzymatic activity, and (V) promotion of plant growth. On the other hand, the potential risks of biochar formulation and utilization were also discussed, mainly related to the presence of heavy metals in biochar, dust hazard, and greenhouse gases emission.

Emission characteristics analysis on microplastics by inorganic sludge discharged from recycling processes of agricultural waste vinyl in Korea.

Globally, various policies are being implemented to phase out plastic, and South Korea has set targets to reduce waste and increase recycling rates by 2030. Concerns about managing microplastic pollution are growing. Most advanced research has primarily focused on aquatic ecosystems. This has left a gap in data on residues in sludge generated from agricultural waste recycling processes. Therefore, environmental analysis (leaching tests, heavy metal and microplastics content, etc.) was carried out using the inorganic sludge discharged from the agricultural waste recycling process to establish national data for various environmental analyses in this study. Specifically, inorganic sludge was selected as a sample from the agricultural waste recycling process since it would be recycled as a filling or covering material in agricultural soil. Therefore, this study analyzed and assessed the content of harmful substances and microplastics in the inorganic sludge generated from agricultural waste recycling processes. As a result, it was revealed the detection of unregulated items such as Al (leaching: 1.54mg/L, content: 23,870mg/kg), Fe (leaching: 0.48mg/L, content: 27,453mg/kg), and Mn (leaching: 0.06mg/L, content: 649mg/kg). Among regulated items, Cu (35.96mg/kg), Ni (8.77mg/kg), Pb (6.47mg/kg), and Zn (178.39mg/kg) were detected within the legal concentration limits. As for microplastics, the number (1814 particles) and mass (446.54μg/g) were detected. However, the impact of microplastics is not identified clearly yet. Therefore, if the study results and subsequent accumulation of data by expanding the research target waste can be utilized, it is expected that this could serve as fundamental data for establishing policies or legislation for microplastic management systems.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE PREDICTED OPERATION TIME OF GAS FILTERS

Objective: Development of software to calculate the predicted duration of protective action of gas filters for gas masks and respirators under specific operating conditions. Methods: The program for determining the predicted breakthrough time of gas filters was created using the integrated development environment Visual Studio Code. The algorithm embedded in the program is based on the mathematical equations of Wheeler-Jonas and the conversion of concentrations of chemical compounds into different dimensions. The real breakthrough time of gas filters was established on a laboratory stand for determining the absorption capacity, which meets the requirements of DSTU EN 14387:2021, and also provides the opportunity to use four test substances during testing, such as cyclohexane, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide or ammonia. Results: A software package was developed to calculate the predicted breakthrough time of gas filters for gas masks and respirators under specific operating conditions. It consists of four modules: initial data input, memory, output and visualization of information, and calculation of breakthrough time of gas filters. An algorithm for calculating the predicted level of filters breakthrough time was developed, which includes five steps: determining the hazard, concentration of harmful substances, required respirator protection class, humidity and air temperature, mode of operation; entering initial data for calculation; preliminary selection of a filter from the specified catalog located in the memory module; calculation of filter capacity and analysis with permissible values of the chemical substance with the calculation of breakthrough time; visualization of results and their storage in the memory module. Novelty: Establishing the dependency of the predicted breakthrough time of FRPA-G A1, B1, K1 filters on varying concentrations of chemicals in the air and the type of work performed, which allowed identifying a five-fold reduction in filter operation time during heavy work compared to light work. Practical Value: Results obtained by comparing the predicted breakthrough time using the developed software product with the programs of personal protective equipment manufacturers showed an error not exceeding 10%, due to the lack of accounting for uneven wear of the filter filler across its surface. Keywords: adsorption, gas filter, software, breakthrough time, substance concentration.

Improving the air environment of vehicle cabins

BACKGROUND: The use of an innovative irrigated nozzle for air purification in the cabins of small class tractors is justified. The use of it makes it possible to comprehensively solve the problem of the state of air environment in the case of tractors operation in conditions of limited air exchange. AIM: Reduction of the content of harmful substances in the air of small tractors’ cabins. METHODS: Physical and chemical processes -chemical processes, during which the cabin air can be purified from harmful substances in the air cooler nozzle, are taken into account. RESULTS: The irrigated nozzle developed for the air coolers of the cabins of the mentioned tractors makes it possible to clean the exhaust gases from harmful impurities. CONCLUSION: Nozzles of a regular structure, irrigated with water with sodium bicarbonate and potassium permanganate dissolved in it, make it possible to comprehensively solve the problem of improving the state of air environment in the case of small class tractors operation in conditions of limited air exchange.

Requirements for the content of harmful substances in market products of plastics and rubber. Part V. Vehicles and their equipment

This article continues the review of applicable regulations on the safety of products placed on the European Union (EU) market. Part V regarding the regulations on the control of hazardous substances in vehicles, including their components and equipment made of plastics and rubber, covers EU regulations and national acts adapting Polish law to EU legislation in this area.

Использование зеина для фильтрации воды от нефтепродуктов

Over the past few years, the issue of water resource pollution has become a global concern. One of the primary reasons for this is the discharge of industrial waste into water bodies, which leads to a significant increase in the concentration of harmful substances in the water. This poses a serious threat to human health and the environment, prompting the development of various purification technologies. One of the most promising methods is adsorption, where pollutants are removed from the water by adhering to the adsorbent. Exploring the possibility of using corn protein as a biosorbent opens new horizons in the development of environmentally friendly materials resistant to degradation. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using zein as a component of filtering material. The article presents the results of experiments combining corn protein with other adsorbents, such as activated charcoal and diatomite. Based on the calculations carried out, the efficiency of using zein for water purification from petroleum products was assessed. The main indicator of efficiency was the mass concentration of petroleum products in the water before and after the filtration process. The results showed that zein enhances the overall performance of the filter layer due to its hydrophobic properties, which are capable of capturing petroleum product molecules. In conclusion, optimizing the use of corn protein in filter materials could lead to the creation of more effective and environmentally friendly water purification systems.

RESEARCH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF EXHAUST GASES FROM A CAR ENGINE DURING WARM-UP MODE

The article is dedicated to researching the efficiency of catalytic conversion of exhaust gases from VW BBY car engine (4FS 7.65/7.56) during warm-up mode. The objective of the study is to determine the impact of structural and operational factors of emission control systems on their efficiency during the warm-up phases of car engines. A compre-hensive research methodology has been developed, which includes experimental investigations of the engine and catalyt-ic converter warm-up processes and their influence on harmful emissions. It has been established that during engine warm-up at idle, the attainment of chemical and thermal conditions necessary for the effective operation of the exhaust gas neutralization system occurs at different times: chemical conditions are reached earlier, while thermal conditions are reached later. The nominal efficiency of neutralizing various harmful exhaust gas components (CO, HC, NO) is achieved at different times and temperatures of the catalytic converter: for NO in 180 seconds at 295 °C; for CO in 220 seconds at 305 °C; and for HC in 400 seconds at 330 °C. The necessary chemical operating conditions are reached in 100 seconds at 230 °C. Furthermore, the attainment of the system’s nominal neutralization efficiency is almost independent of the time taken for the engine to reach its operational temperature based on the coolant temperature. The primary catalytic converter has little impact on emission levels in this mode due to not reaching its operational temperature. The results of the experimental research provide an opportunity to refine the theoretical model for determining the influence of structural and operational factors of emission control systems on harmful emissions and to establish a combination of factors for reducing emissions. Keywords: car engine, operating mode, fuel consumption, catalytic converter temperature, concentrations of harmful substances, exhaust gases.

Experiments on thermal neutralization of marine oily waters

During the operation of the ship's power plant, the formation of oily waters is inevitable. Numerous methods and technologies used on ships do not always ensure the purification of oily waters to the amount of oil content regulated by national and international standards and requirements. In this regard, the development of a new type of installations that allow for the complete purification of oily waters from petroleum products, as well as to reduce their energy and weight and size indicators is relevant. The article presents the first results of experimental studies of the method of thermal neutralization of oily waters, consisting in their spraying in the gas outlet tract of a marine diesel engine, followed by evaporation of water and afterburning of petroleum products from the composition of oily waters with exhaust diesel gases. The research was carried out on a specially designed laboratory stand. The burner of the stand allows to obtain exhaust gases identical in composition and temperature to the exhaust gases in the flue of a marine diesel engine. A gas or liquid medium can be supplied to the flue through the nozzle. Within the framework of the described research period, the influence of the flow rate and composition of the medium supplied to the flue on the temperature at various points of the flue and the resulting composition of the exhaust gases were evaluated. The main task of this stage of the study is to determine the effect of the flow rate and composition of the medium supplied to the flue on the compliance of the gas parameters at the outlet of the installation with the standards for the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of marine diesel engines.

The 14-3-3 protein nt GF14e interacts with CIPK2 and increases low potassium stress in tobacco

ABSTRACT Potassium (K+) plays a role in enzyme activation, membrane transport, and osmotic regulation processes. An increase in potassium content can significantly improve the elasticity and combustibility of tobacco and reduce the content of harmful substances. Here, we report that the expression analysis of Nt GF14e, a 14-3-3 gene, increased markedly after low-potassium treatment (LK). Then, chlorophyll content, POD activity and potassium content, were significantly increased in overexpression of Nt GF14e transgenic tobacco lines compared with those in the wild type plants. The net K+ efflux rates were severely lower in the transgenic plants than in the wild type under LK stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified 5708 upregulated genes and 2787 downregulated genes between Nt GF14e overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants. The expression levels of some potassium-related genes were increased, such as CBL-interacting protein kinase 2 (CIPK2), Nt CIPK23, Nt CIPK25, H+-ATPase isoform 2 a (AHA2a), Nt AHA4a, Stelar K+ outward rectifier 1(SKOR1), and high affinity K+ transporter 5 (HAK5). The result of yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging experiments suggested Nt GF14e could interact with CIPK2. Overall, these findings indicate that NtGF14e plays a vital roles in improving tobacco LK tolerance and enhancing potassium nutrition signaling pathways in tobacco plants.

Nitrogen Removal Mechanism and Microbial Community Changes of the MBR Bioaugmented with Two Novel Fungi Pichia kudriavzevii N7 and Candida tropicalis N9

Ammonia nitrogen wastewater causes dissolved oxygen concentrations to decrease and the content of harmful substances to increase. To characterize the application properties of two novel strains of highly efficient ammonium transforming fungi—Pichia kudriavzevii N7 and Candida tropicalis N9—this study used both as compound microbial agents to treat nitrogenous wastewater. Here, we investigated the bioaugmentation effect of compound fungi N7 and N9 in the MBR bioreactor and the effect of N7 and N9 on the fungal and bacterial microbial communities in the system. The results revealed that in the first week after inoculation of N7 and N9, the average removal rate of ammonium in the experimental and control groups were 89.43% and 82.86%, respectively, and the NO3−-N accumulation concentrations were 12.56 mg·L−1 and 17.73 mg·L−1, respectively. The average transformation rate of total nitrogen in the experimental and control groups were 46.32% and 30.6%, respectively. ITS sequencing results indicated that N9 could be a dominant fungus in the complex MBR system. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the dominant bacterial communities in the system were changed by the inoculation of compound fungi. Therefore, the compound fungi can be applied to strengthen the treatment of nitrogenous wastewater due to its compatibility.

Імовірнісні моделі подання знань для підтримки прийняття рішень в умовах ризику та невизначеності на прикладі галузі охорони атмосферного повітря

In order to systematize and integrate the acquired experience necessary for decision-making in conditions of war and man-made danger, as well as for the purpose of controlling emissions of greenhouse gases or other harmful substances, knowledge presentation models have been de-veloped that take into account both the results of the analysis of available data and probabilistic assessments of the state safety of man-made enterprises and adjacent territories. In order to im-prove the decision-making process, a number of probabilistic models are considered, which are based on the calculation of subjective probability estimates regarding the occurrence of danger-ous events and forecasting the corresponding risks. Factors of various nature are considered during modeling: external influences, concentrations of harmful substances, greenhouse gas emissions, indicators of the state of safety of man-made productions, efficiency of equipment, accounting of violations, and other indicators. Also, the knowledge system provides for calcu-lating the risks of dangerous events, the probability of which increases under the interaction of two or a number of hazardous factors. On the basis of the conducted research, an algorithm for building and the structure of a probabilistic model of knowledge focused on software implementation in the decision-making support system for managing the safety of man-made enterprises that pose threats to the popula-tion and the natural environment has been developed.

INFLUENCE OF FUEL SUPPLY CORRECTION ON THE EXTERNAL SPEED CHARACTERISTIC OF A DIESEL ENGINE DRIVING POWER EQUIPMENT OF ROAD MACHINES UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS

Summary. The paper considers the issue of improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of harmful substances from diesel exhaust gases, which is the source of energy for driving the working equipment of road machines operating in traction modes and during transport work under operating conditions, namely plough and plough-brush snow ploughs based on a pneumatic wheeled tractor. The object of research is to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions of harmful substances from the exhaust gases of the diesel engine driving the working equipment of road machines. The aim of the study is to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions of harmful substances from the exhaust gases of the 4Ч11.0/12.5 diesel engine (D-240, D-241, D-242, D-243 families), which is the source of energy for the drive of working equipment and the mechanism for moving plough and plough-brush snowplows by adjusting the all-mode fuel supply corrector, mechanical, centrifugal regulator of the high-pressure diesel fuel pump under operating conditions and the effect of this setting on the external speed characteristics of the diesel engine, namely maximum power Ne, maximum torque Mк; hourly fuel and air consumption Gпал and Gпов, specific effective fuel consumption ge; concentrations of harmful substances in exhaust gases: carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbon compounds СmHn, nitrogen oxides NOx and smoke N of exhaust gases. The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the energy performance (maximum power Ne and maximum torque Mк) of a diesel engine (4Ч11.0/12.5 (D-242)) of power equipment; fuel efficiency indicators (hourly fuel consumption Gпал and specific effective fuel consumption ge); hourly air consumption Gпов; and concentrations of harmful substances in exhaust gases: carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbon compounds СmНn, nitrogen oxides NOx and smoke N of exhaust gases. These were obtained at the position of the fuel injection control unit corresponding to the maximum fuel supply depending on the diesel crankshaft speed. The above indicators were determined with the changed settings of the fuel supply corrector of the all-mode, mechanical, centrifugal regulator of the high-pressure diesel fuel pump. Based on the obtained external speed characteristics of Ne, Mк, Gпал, ge, Gпов, CO, СmNn, NOx, and N, mathematical (polynomial) dependencies describing them on the diesel crankshaft rotation frequency were determined and their adequacy was checked. The conducted research allowed us to determine the main direction of improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of harmful substances from diesel exhaust gases in the conditions of road vehicles operation. Keywords: Fuel injection corrector, regulator, external speed characteristics, energy and environmental indicators, fuel efficiency, harmful substances, exhaust gases, operating conditions, polynomial models, adequacy.

Research on the distribution of harmful substances in automotive products based on chemical quantitative

At present, China's automotive industry lacks standardized standards and testing methods for conducting harmful substance testing and evaluation of products.This article finely disassembled a passenger car model and conducted detection and analysis of harmful substances. More than 320000 materials were tested, involving 85 assembly components. This article studies six harmful substances in automotive materials, including lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated biphenyl ethers. The content of harmful substances and their distribution in different materials and components are analyzed. This article provides technical reference for conducting hazardous substance assessments in the automotive industry through data analysis. The harmful substance mainly contained in the studied automotive product is lead, which is mainly distributed in materials such as copper alloys, aluminum, steel, solder, plastics, etc. The content of mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated biphenyl ethers in automobiles is generally low.

Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Industrial Facilities and Green Areas to Reduce the Ecological Footprint

The work solves conjugated problems of a stationary and non-stationary nature for the processes of transfer and diffusion of harmful substances into the atmosphere emitted by industrial facilities to protect the ecology and environment from man-made factors. When mathematically modelling mass transfer in air, absorption coefficients were considered depending on climatic conditions and external disturbances, as well as adhesion coefficients of aerosol particles with vegetation and other weather and climatic factors. Analytical solutions and dual functionality were obtained, and solutions have been developed to optimize the location of industrial facilities in the region from the perspective of economic development and environmental protection. Numerical calculations have shown that the efficiency of particle capture by vegetation is a key factor depending on the type and size of vegetation and varying throughout the year. Experiments have confirmed that the concentration of harmful substances in the ground layer of the atmosphere decreases with increasing coefficients of absorption and capture of particles by vegetation. Computational experiments carried out on a computer have established that with an increase in the diffusion coefficient, the zone of distribution of pollutants expands.

ДИНАМИКА КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ РАСТВОРЕННЫХ ФОРМ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ВОДЕ РЕКИ МОСКВЫ ПО ДАННЫМ МОНИТОРИНГОВЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В 2021-2023 ГОДА

Background. The Moskva River is a prime example of a natural urban watercourse subjected to strong and varied anthropogenic pressure. For many years, this river has been characterized by increased content of heavy metals. The exceedance of the maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of water bodies used for fishery can result in disruption of the normal functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Relevance. The summarized data collected over the course of monitoring surveys of the Moskva River for three years will be indicative of the relative contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources into its pollution. The aim of this work is to identify the dynamics of spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in the Moskva River water and its relation to hydrological seasons, as well as to assess the anthropogenic pressure exerted by the city of Moscow on the river. Methods. Water samples were collected in 2021-2023 during four hydrological seasons. Identification of heavy metals in the collected samples has been carried out using the atomic absorption method. Results. The analysis of the content of dissolved heavy metals (iron, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, copper, nickel, lead, and chrome) in the Moskva River water in various seasons of 2021-2023 has been conducted, and the same was done for zinc in 2023. The dynamics of the spatial and temporal distribution of these heavy metals has been identified, as well as its dependence on the hydrological phases. The influence of the urban infrastructure on the composition of the Moskva River water has been elucidated. Within the investigated area, the exceedance of the values prescribed by the water quality standards for the water bodies used for fishery (MACfish) has been recorded. Conclusion. The waters of the Moskva River have been characterized as polluted, mainly with iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. For lead, chrome, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium, no exceedance of the MACfish has been recorded. It has been found that the majority of the investigated elements were exceeding the values prescribed by the established standards in the spring season, but their concentrations decreased in summer.

Statistical analysis of seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations in urban atmosphere

In the context of global climate change and urbanization, the issue of air quality is becoming increasingly relevant. Air pollution poses a threat to human health and ecosystems, highlighting the need for monitoring the concentrations of pollutants. This study examines the seasonal variations in the concentrations of harmful substances in the urban atmosphere using statistical methods. The aim of the research is to analyze time series data on concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Correlation and factor analysis are employed to assess the relationships between pollutants and identify underlying factors. The analysis of data collected over several years emphasizes seasonal changes, showing that pollutant concentrations are subject to significant fluctuations driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The results can be used to develop strategies for improving air quality and predicting the health impacts of pollution on the population. This research deepens the understanding of the dynamics of atmospheric pollution and its seasonal dependence, which is important for shaping environmental policy and management decisions.

Техніко-економічні передумови доцільності створення в Україні виробництва синтетичного моторного палива

The article formulates the main scenarios for organizing the supply of motor fuel to Ukraine. It is shown that a significant reduction in imports of motor fuel in the post-war period is possible only through the restoration and development of oil production and refining with the simultaneous search for options for organizing the production of synthetic motor fuel from non-oil raw materials. The article compares the technical characteristics of a full-cycle oil refinery and a plant producing synthetic motor fuels from coal. It is shown that in the USA and Western Europe, the depth of oil refining is 90-95 %. In Ukraine, these figures were much lower - only 72.1 %. In addition, the European Union's environmental standards governing the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases from cars and specialized machinery are becoming stricter, which should stimulate the development of oil refining and transport engineering technologies. When synthetic motor fuels are produced, the degree of carbon conversion of the original fossil coal into the target light products is 56.0 %, which is objectively less than the depth of oil refining. Under such conditions, the main advantages of obtaining synthetic motor fuels from coal compared to oil refining for the conditions of our country are: reduction of import dependence of the country's economy; sulphur content in the products obtained meets the requirements of modern European standards; the depth of processing of synthetic products reaches 90 % and more with the use of relatively simple equipment; favorable technological properties of synthetic oil determine its price on the world market by about 30 % higher than the best light oil ‘brent’; the obtaining of a by-products of increased demand (light hydrocarbons, thermal and electrical energy); the possibility of obtaining synthetic base oils. Keywords: fossil coal, motor fuel, synthetic fuel, oil refining, refining depth, Nelson index. Corresponding author: I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua

Impact of transportation on the environmental friendliness of agricultural food products

This article examines the impact of transportation on the sustainability of agricultural food products. To identify the impact of the transportation process on food quality, this study analyzed the content of harmful substances (nitrates) in several batches of potato fruits before and after the transportation process from the place of harvest to the place of storage. The measurements were carried out using an ecotester – a nitrate meter. The measurement was carried out in three batches of potato fruits collected from different agricultural fields. The results obtained allow us to assess the level of influence of transportation on the environmental friendliness of potato fruits. The results of the study are relevant for further research in the field of improving the quality and environmental friendliness of food products, including through optimization of their transportation processes, and can also be used in conducting broader research in the field of agriculture and ecology.

Использование комплексных органических удобрений при возделывании зерновых культур

In order to determine the effectiveness of the use of soils, laboratory studies were carried out in a mixture with various local agricultural ores, meliorants and waste from agricultural and industrial production, including microorganisms, macro- and microelements. The work was carried out as part of the implementation of a comprehensive project to create high-tech production, provided for by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 218 dated April 9, 2010 on the topic "High-tech production of soils by innovative waste processing methods" (state contract identifier 000000S407521QL90002). In the introduction, the requirements for soils on the content of harmful substances are given. The research methodology contains objects, schemes of experiments, the place and conditions of their conduct. The results provide a detailed analysis of laboratory studies conducted with spring wheat and barley, with the reduction of biomorphometric indicators. The illustrations show the growth and development of the vegetative mass of plants. The conclusions reflect the results of the data obtained. The analysis of the average indicators of the two studied crops allowed us to identify 9 options for the subsequent selection of optimal components and ratios: Soil 75%+25 KOU%+defecate, Soil 75%+25 KOU%+phosphogypsum, Soil 75%+25 KOU%, Soil 50%+50 KOU%+phosphogypsum, Soil 50%+50 KOU %+zeolite, Soil 75%+25 KOU%+zeolite, Soil 75%+25 KOU%+ NPK, Soil 50%+50 KOU%+ NPK, Soil 50%+50 KOU%+defecate. Keywords: SOIL, COMPLEX ORGANIC FERTILIZER, BARLEY, WHEAT, MELIORANT, ZEOLITE, PHOSPHOGYPSUM, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT HEIGHT, PLANT MASS