Concentrations Of Growth Regulators Research Articles

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

A cherry tomato is a small-sized tomato variety known for its round shape and sweet flavor. Therefore, at the Department of Horticulture at Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, an investigation titled "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cherry Tomato" was conducted during the Rabi-2022-23 season to assess the impact of plant growth regulators on the growth, quality, and yield of Pusa Cherry 1 tomatoes, as well as analyze the economic aspects of different treatments. Ten treatments were employed, including control with different concentrations of growth regulators (GA3 and Auxin) and Kinetin. The study found that using plant growth regulators had a significantly positive effect on cherry tomatoes for all traits. Among the treatments tested, T3(GA3 @ 75 ppm) showed the most favourable results in terms of plant height, number of primary branches, early flowering and maturing. T3 also demonstrated superior performance in terms of fruit weight, the maximum number of fruits per plant, and yield per plant.

Exploration of plant growth promoting traits and regulatory mechanisms of Bacillus anthracis PM21 in enhancing salt stress tolerance in maize.

Bacillus species have been reported to reduce the negative effects of salt stress on plants; the involvement of Bacillus anthracis PM21 and the internal mechanisms involved in this process are unclear. The effects of PM21 inoculation on maize plants under salt stress were investigated in this study. The study aimed to assess the ability of Bacillus anthracis PM21 to endure high levels of salinity stress while preserving the concentration of plant growth regulators. The biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), antioxidants, osmoprotectants, inorganic ion contents, regulation of plant hormones and expression of antioxidants enzyme encoded genes were investigated under normal and salinity stress conditions. Bacillus anthracis PM21 produced a significant amount of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase enzyme (ACC deaminase) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) under salt stress and normal conditions. PM21 also produced plant growth stimulants including indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin, and siderophore under salinity stress and normal conditions. Under salt stress, PM21 inoculation markedly increased plant growth indices, stimulate antioxidant enzyme mechanisms, osmoprotectants, and chlorophyll content. The use of qRT-PCR to analyze the transcription of targeted genes indicated greater expression of antioxidant-encoded genes and inferred their possible function in salinity stress tolerance. Our findings shed light on the functions of PM21 and its regulatory mechanisms in plant salt stress tolerance, as well as the importance of PM21 in this process. This study will provide a thorough analysis of the theoretical framework for adopting PM21 in agricultural production as an eco-friendly method to enhance crop growth and yield under salinity stress.

Introducción a cultivo de vitroplantas de “Peperina de las Lomas”(Hedeoma multiflora Benth.) como contribución para su conservación ex situ

Hedeoma multifloraBenth. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic-medicinal species native to Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil that is in a state of vulnerability due to overexploitation. It is used in the preparation of flavored yerba mate and in popular medicine, mainly in abdominal conditions. The objective of this work was to adjust the micropropagation technique, study the field behavior of vitroplants, compare the seeds generated and close their cultivation cycle. Different concentrations of growth regulators were evaluated on Murashige-Skoog medium. The implantation was successful. There are no differences between the evaluated plants. It was possible to efficiently close the complete cycle in vitro, with 100% survival, flowering and production of viable seeds. This methodology will serve for its introduction to the field, subsequent domestication, reintroduction into its natural environment and mitigate the process of degradation of the populations.

Studies on the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Physical Parameters of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forsberg] cv. Cricket Ball under Agro-climatic Condition of Chhattisgarh Plains

The present investigation was undertaken during the year July/2020-June/21 and July/2021- June/22 at experimental field of Horticulture Instructional Farm, Department of Fruit Science College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.), India. The experiment was conducted on twenty years old trees of sapota, Cricket Ball with foliar spray of different concentrations of plant growth regulators applied at 50 per cent flowering and pea stage of fruit growth. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty five treatments, and three replication for each treatment. Thus, a total of 75 data collection made available at each time. Physical parameters of fruit viz., fruit weight (126.36 g ±31.07g), fruit volume (121.59 ml ±29.07 ml), fruit diameter (6.69 cm ±1.33 cm), fruit length (6.92 cm ±2.01 cm) and pulp weight (112.61 g ± 2.01 g) of sapota fruits were increased with the treatment GA3 @ 150 ppm, while, the peel weight (8.79 g ± 1.72 g) was reduced under the same treatment. The specific gravity (1.045 g ± 0.015 gml-1) was recorded maximum under the treatment ethrel @ 1000 ppm. However, a reduction in number of seeds per fruit (4.50 ± 2.08) and seed weight (4.38 g ± 0.78 g) was observed by the foliar feeding of NAA @ 100 ppm treatment. The consumer demand, which is usually based on physical characteristics of sapota fruit, can be improved by the application of plant growth regulators. On the basis of the experience gained and results obtained after completion of present investigation, the most appropriate concentration and their time of application should be standardized for different cultivars of sapota.

Correction to: Prediction of the concentration of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Hyoscyamus niger using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology

Correction to: Prediction of the concentration of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Hyoscyamus niger using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology

Propagation of Chia Plants Using Plant Tissue Culture Technique

Back Ground: The plant tissue culture technique is one of the biotechnologies that meansisolating a plant cell, tissue or organ, sterilizing it and cultivating it on sterile artificial foodmedia under conditions completely free of pathogens, and then the transplanted part developsinto a complete plant similar to the original from which it was taken. Under controlledenvironmental conditions of temperature, humidity and lighting, as defined by others as sterilecultivation of cells, tissues, organs and their components under certain chemical and physicalconditions in vitro.Objectives: This study aimed to propagate the medicinal chia plant using the technique ofplant tissue culture.Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratoryof the College of Agriculture, Anbar University. Sterilized chia seeds were sown on the MSnutrient medium equipped with the GA3 growth regulator for the purpose of obtainingvegetative growths in the cultivation tubes, at the rate of one seed per vial, using tweezerspreviously sterilized with alcohol and flame. After obtaining the required growths, the stemnodes were cut into pieces 1 cm long and planted on MS medium prepared with differentconcentrations of BA (0.5, 1, 2, 3) mg L -1 . And by interfering with NAA (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) mg L -1with the aim of the emergence and multiplication of vegetative branches within a factorialexperiment with two factors (4 × 4) with 10 replications for each treatment. 16 hours and 8hours dark. In the rooting experiment, different concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2) mg L -1 wereused, interfering with BR (0, 0.1, 0.2) mg L -1 , and measurements were taken after one month.
 Results: It was observed through the obtained results that there were significant differencesbetween the different concentrations of growth regulators used in the experiment in themultiplication and rooting of the branches.Conclusions: Regarding the doubling stage, there is an increase in the number of branches asthe concentration of the growth regulator BA increases. For rooting, the growth regulatorbrassinosteroids outperformed auxin indole butyric acid in root lengths and numbers.Keywords: Chia Plants, Gibberellin hormone, Leaves, Stem Nodes, Tissue Culture Technique

Effect of PGR on Growth and Establishment of Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Condition

Grapes (Vitis vinifera) is one of the important commercial subtropical crops, which is a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is grown throughout the world except the places with extreme temperature and high altitude .So, to find out Effect of PGR on growth and establishment of grapes cv. Thompson Seedless under Prayagraj agro climatic condition; a field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Prayagraj, U.P-211007 during the year 2022. The experiment comprised of 10 different treatment of three different plant growth regulator comprising of GA3, IAA and IBA with different concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm; 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm; 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm respectively. The main objective of the experiment was to evaluate the root and vegetative growth of grapevines with their success and survival in the Prayagraj agro-climatic zone. From the present investigation, treatment T9 (IBA @3000 ppm) was found best with least days to emerge from the bud from the grapes cutting (6.4 days) with maximum amount of sprouting percentage (77.7%). It also showed the best root growth parameters with maximum root length 25.1cm @120DAP and maximum number of roots per cutting 49.3 @120DAP. It also showed best vegetative growth parameters with maximum shoot length 13.4cm @120DAP, maximum stem diameter 28.1mm @120DAP, highest number of leaves with 12.5 @120 DAP, maximum leaf area 73.9cm2, maximum plant height after transplanting 14.9cm and highest survival percentage 88.8% of grapes plant. The T9 showed the best results with all major parameters when cuttings were treated with different concentrations of plant growth regulators.

Prediction of the concentration of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Hyoscyamus niger using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology

Optimizing of the in vitro culture condition, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration are the first step in transformation. In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimize and predict the concentrations of TDZ, NAA, BAP, and kinetin for callus formation, and regeneration by indirect somatic embryogenesis of Hyoscyamus niger. The results showed that TDZ was more efficient than NAA for the regeneration of H. niger. By using different concentrations of TDZ, BAP, and kinetin, the petiole explants produced the highest percentage of callusing (100%) on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L BAP, percentage of somatic embryogenesis (92.66%) with addition 0.5 mg/L TDZ, and the number of the shoots (7.75 per callus) with addition 0.25 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L BAP. The leaf explants produced the highest callus fresh weight (1207.75 mg/explant) by using 0.5 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L kinetin, and percentage of shooting (93.30%) by using 0.50 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L kinetin. Also, the highest percentage of callusing (100%), callus fresh weight (3273.64 mg/explant), percentage of somatic embryogenesis (100%), shooting (100%), and the number of the shoots (8.61 per callus) were predicted by culturing of petiole explant on the MS medium containing 0.11 mg/L TDZ and 1.253 mg/L BAP, leaf explant by using 0.52 mg/L TDZ, petiole explant by using 0.533 mg/L TDZ and 1 mg/L BAP, leaf explant with addition 0.18 mg/L TDZ and 2.89 mg/L BAP and petiole explant by using 0.1 mg/L TDZ and 3 mg/L BAP. Optimizing and predicting of the effect of plant growth regulators on henbane regeneration.

Plant Regeneration in Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. through Organogenic

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume.) usually used to functional food raw materials, caused its high glucomant content. Limitation of conventional propagation both vegetative and generative affected to decreasing of porang production to fulfil market demand. To solve the problem, plant tissue culture technique was chosen to rapid propagate bulbils of porang. So, the aim of this research to determine the combination and concentration of Plant growth Regulators (PGRs), such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA), and Thidiazuron (TDZ) for quality of callus, also growth of callus and shoots for rapid propagation of porang, cause PGRs are one of factors that affect the success of in vitro propagation. Experimental design of this research was completely randomized designed with statistical analysis using analysis of variance (Anova) one way. Difference combination and concentration of cytokinin and auxin as manipulation variables, which several parameters growth of callus, shoots, and roots was observed to indicate the rapid organogenic of porang. The optimal shoot induction medium was Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 5.0 mg.L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg.L-1 NAA on which number of shoots and shoot height reached 15±1.8 and (7.2±1.86) cm. After shoot formation stage, the proper media for rooting stage was determined, which was Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 1.0 mg.L-1 NAA resulted the rooting rate reached 100% and roots appear earlier. Optimal combination and concentration of PGRs on micropropagation of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. from bulbils explant should be known to increase the production of porang, which can fulfil the market demand.

The role of growth regulators in the ontogenesis of plants of potato cancer differentiators in vitro culture

Goal. To study impact of growing regulators on morphometric indexes and potato cultivar-differentiators productivity in culture in vitro.
 Methods. The studies conducted in the Laboratory of Biotechnology for Agricultural Crops of Ukrainian Plant Quarantine Research Station Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS. Murashige-Skoog (MS) nutrient medium was used with the addition of different concentrations of Epin-maxi growth regulators (MS — control; MS + Epin-maxi r., (2,4-epibrassinolide, 0.012 g/l); MS + Epin-maxi, 0.025 g/l) and Poteitin (MS — control; MS + Poteitin w.s., (2,6-dimethylpyridine-1-oxide with succinic acid, 0.15 mg/l); MS + Poteitin, 0.3 mg/l) on different varieties of potato cancer of different ripeness groups (Schedryk — early, Slovyanka — medium-ripe). Plants grew in terms of cultivation room during 16-hour photoperiod a light intensity of 2000—2500 lux, temperature 22—25°C and humidity of 60—80%. The grafting conducted in quantity 25 plants with three times experiment repeating.
 Results. The morphogenesis optimal indexes received during their put into the nutritious medium MS + Epin-maxi 0.025 g/l and MS + Poteytin 0.3 mg/l. The plants’ height of variety Schedryk increased on 21st day of growing on 4.9—25.2 mm, in control (65.2 mm) and internodes number increased 0.4—0.9 pcs in control (5.2 pcs.). The plant’s height increased of variety Slovyanka in variants with stimulators was more than on 12.1—28.4 mm and the internodes number increased 0.5—1.1 pcs. The root-forming increase determined in all experiments variants: roots quantity — on 2.6—3.4 pcs., their length was 25.6—29.8 mm, the average microtubers weight was in 1.4—1.6 times higher, the mictotubers weight increase on 1 plant in 1.6—1.9 times, the quantity of microtubers on one plants in 1.6—1.8 times in comparison with control.
 Conclusions. The optimal indexes of morphometric parameters and potato cultivar-differentiators productivity on culture in vitro received in variants of research with Epin-maxi 0.025 g/l and Poteytin 0.3 mg/l. These stimulators, when added to the nutrient medium, contributed to an increase in plant height, the number of internodes, root formation (number of roots and their length), average mass of microtubers, mass and number of microtubers per plant.

Studies on the Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites and Evaluation of Biological Activity of In Vitro Cultures of Ruta montana L. in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors.

The present work focuses on in vitro cultures of Ruta montana L. in temporary immersion PlantformTM bioreactors. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of cultivation time (5 and 6 weeks) and different concentrations (0.1-1.0 mg/L) of plant growth and development regulators (NAA and BAP) on the increase in biomass and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Consequently, the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm potentials of methanol extracts obtained from the in vitro-cultured biomass of R. montana were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to characterize furanocoumarins, furoquinoline alkaloids, phenolic acids, and catechins. The major secondary metabolites in R. montana cultures were coumarins (maximum total content of 1824.3 mg/100 g DM), and the dominant compounds among them were xanthotoxin and bergapten. The maximum content of alkaloids was 561.7 mg/100 g DM. Concerning the antioxidant activity, the extract obtained from the biomass grown on the 0.1/0.1 LS medium variant, with an IC50 0.90 ± 0.03 mg/mL, showed the best chelating ability among the extracts, while the 0.1/0.1 and 0.5/1.0 LS media variants showed the best antibacterial (MIC range 125-500 µg/mL) and antibiofilm activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Optimization of Hormonal Compositions of Media for In vitro Propagation of Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) Cultivars

Background: Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Traditionally, vegetative propagation methods (including cutting, budding, and layering) are time-consuming (about three years), with low production rates and low success in obtaining virus-free plants. Objective: The present study was planned to investigate the in vitro propagation of apple (M. domestica) cultivars from nodal segments. Methodology: The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with sucrose and different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were used for shoot proliferation and root induction. The optimal concentrations of PGRs in the MS medium were assessed. The effect of full and half-strength MS medium on root induction was investigated. Results: Examination of the effects of MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin revealed that the significantly highest shoot response was recorded for the ‘Princess’ cultivar with maximum shoot proliferation rate (65.25%), shoot number per explant (2.57), shoot length (7.28cm), and leaf number per shoot (6.15) after four weeks of culture. The root induction in micro shoots of three apple cultivars was observed after 20 days of culturing. The strength MS medium (full and half) containing 1.5 mg/L IAA significantly affected (at P<0.05, chi-square test) root induction in all three apple cultivars, especially rooting rate. However, there was no significant difference in root number and root length per micro shoot among the apple cultivars. Among the cultivars, significantly the highest rooting rate(48.30%), root number (6.25), and root length (4.15cm) were recorded for cultivar ‘Princess’ on full-strength MS medium. Conclusion: PGR combination of IAA (1.0 mg/L) and kinetin (3.0 mg/L) was found to be the best for shoot proliferation. The shoot responses were found to increase with an increase in kinetin concentration combined with IAA at 1.00 mg/L.

Morphological and Developmental Responses of Macro Cuttings of Vernonia Amygdalina Del. to Synthetic Growth Hormones

The morphological and developmental responses of Vernonia amygdalina macro shoot cutting to plant growth hormonal solution of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were investigated in the laboratory. The concentration levels of 2.5, 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0mg/l were used alongside a control treatment (0mg/i). The growth parameters examined were shoot length, root length and leaf number. The protein and carbohydrate contents of the plants were also assessed. The result of this study showed that the root length and leaf number of the species were significantly (P=0.05) increased with increase in the concentration of plant growth regulators. Similarly, the carbohydrate and protein contents in treatment with plant growth regulators were comparatively higher than those of the control. This study suggests that plants growth regulators can be utilized to enhance growth and development activities in Vernonia amygdalina Del. and that plant growth regulators such as benzyl amino purine and naphthalene acetic acid aided to maintain an appropriate shoot to root ratio and could be used to induce rooting in stem cuttings.

Effect of Growth Regulators and Melatonin on Growth and Production Active Substances of Mentha piperita L. in-Vitro

Due to the importance of medicinal plants and their role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, this experiment aims to study the effect of growth regulators and the hormone melatonin on the mint plant and the extent of improving its production and quality to obtain the best quantities of active substances from the growing mint plant in vitro using the explant (developing apexes and nodes). The plant parts were planted after cutting them to a size of 1 cm and it was sterilized with ethyl alcohol at a concentration of 70% by spraying for one minute and sodium hypochlorite solution at a concentration of 10% for 20 minutes in agriculture tubes containing MS medium for tissue culture, various concentrations of growth regulators and melatonin are added, then incubated in a growth room at a temp. of 20-25 and brightness of about 1000 lux for 16 hr. of light and 8 hr. darkness. The results and data were recorded after 45 days, where the treatment NAA(1.0mg/l) BA(0.5mg/l) without melatonin gave the highest percentage of the active compounds(Cineole and β linens). While the treatment NAA(2.0mg/l) BA(1.0mg/l)and melatonin(5mg/l) gave the highest percentage of the active compounds (D-Limonene and α pinene).

Organogenesis of corn plants (Zea mays L.) at various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin plant growth regulators in vitro

This study aimed to determine the effect of auxin and cytokinin concentrations as plant growth regulators (PGR) on the organogenesis of corn plants in vitro. This research was conducted from June to September 2021 in the plant tissue culture laboratory of Cokroaminoto University, Palopo City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research method was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 15 experimental units, i.e., P0 (control), P1 (2 ml NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) + 1 ml BAP (benzylaminopurine)), P2 (2 ml NAA + 1.5 ml BAP), P3 (2 ml NAA + 2 ml BAP), and P4 (2 ml NAA + 2.5 ml BAP). The results revealed that the administration of auxin and cytokinin plant growth regulators had a significant effect on the parameters of germination age and plantlet weight, but it had no significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of roots, root length, and number of leaves. The effective concentration of auxin and cytokinin growth regulators on the organogenesis of corn plants was P2 (2 ml NAA + 1.5 ml BAP) on the parameters of 11 cm plant height, 7 root strands, 1 leaf, and 1 gram plantlet weight. This was due to the influence of the given concentration of PGR, which plays multiple important roles in plant development.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH (ZPT) ROOT UP TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK BATANG JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas)

Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas) is a woody shrub that is widely found in tropical areas. This plant is known to be very drought tolerant and easily propagated by cuttings. The oil that comes from the fence is used as fuel (biodiesel). The object of research was to find out the influence of Root Up Growth Regulating Substance (ZPT) concentration on the growth of Jatropha stem cuttings. The method of research used is an experimental method using a Group Randomized Design (RAK) with the treatment of Root Up Growth Regulators (ZPT) concentrations of 0 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg repeated 10 times. The observed variables are, number of roots, average length of roots, number of shoots, and average length of shoots. The results obtained from giving ZPT Root up with concentrations of 0 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg had no significant effect on the growth of the number of roots, average root length, number of shoots, and average shoot length. No significant influence of concentration was found, but seen from DMRT there was a tendency for the P2 treatment with a concentration of 25 mg to show the best average shoot length.

An assessment for in vitro propagation and genetic stability of Phoebe goalparensis Hutchinson, an endemic valuable timber tree of North East India

BackgroundPhoebe goalparensis is an endemic forest species of North East India that belongs to Lauraceae family. P. goalparensis is used as timbers yielding plants for commercial importance in the local furniture markets of North East India. A rapid in vitro micropropagation protocol was established by using apical and axillary shoot tips on Murashige and Skoog medium with varied concentrations of plant growth regulators. ResultsIn this study, 5.0 mg/l BAP augmented medium was chosen as the best for shoot multiplication of the plant. However, IBA (2.0 mg/l) was the most responsive for root induction. Moreover, 70% of root induction was recorded during rooting experiment and 80–85% survivability was observed during the acclimatization of this species. Clonal fidelity of P. goalparensis was determined with ISSR marker and it was observed that in vitro raised plantlets were polymonomorphic. ConclusionHence, an efficient protocol with high proliferation and rooting was established for P. Goalparensis that could aid in massive propagation in future.

Somatic embryogenesis induction of Syzygium cumini

Somatic embryogenesis serves as an effective alternative system for in vitro cultivation of endangered plants (Syzygium cumini), as it allows for the propagation of plants under a controlled environment. So produce hundreds of embryos that can be used as artificial seeds. Somatic embryos of Syzygium cumini, family Myrtaceae, were induced from the calli of a sterile leaf explant in Murashige and Skoog's medium with 6 ppm 2,4-D. After the transfer of the developed calli into liquid media supplemented with the same concentration of growth regulator, all three embryonic stages (globular, heart and torpedo) were observed after 6 weeks. Liquid media with growth regulators appeared to enhance the development to torpedo-stage embryos, especially at six weeks of age cultures. 12 weeks after the transfer of the callus into liquid media, flasks containing predominantly one microscopic stage were pooled and plated on fresh solid media lacking a growth regulator, where the embryogenic calli germinated showing shoots and aerial parts. Embryogenesis production protocol is considered a good tool to save plants from extinction, especially in Syzygium cumini which is a very important anti-diabetic drug.

In Vitro Propagation of Three Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Varieties Using Immature Female Inflorescences.

Immature female inflorescences are promising materials for use as explants for the tissue culture of date palm. Four types of MS media were used in this study during the four micropropagation stages-starting media (SM), maturation media (MM), multiplication media (PM) and rooting media (RM)-to micropropagate three elite date palm varieties, Amri, Magdoul and Barhy using the immature female inflorescences as explant. The highest percentage of callus induction in all the varieties studied was obtained on the SM1 (9 µM 2,4-D + 5.7 µM IAA + 10 µM NAA). Culturing on the MM1 (4.5 µM 2,4-D + 9.8 µM 2-iP + 1.5 AC) allowed us to obtain the best value in terms of callus weight. After culturing on the PM1 (4.4 µM BA + 9.8 µM 2-iP) produced the highest numbers of somatic embryos and shoots. The explants on RM2 (0.5 µM NAA + 1.25 µM IBA + 3 g AC) showed the highest root numbers and root lengths, while the highest shoot length was achieved on RM3 (0.5 µM NAA + 0.5 µM IBA + 3 g AC). The Amri variety presented the best response among the three varieties in all parameters, followed by the Magdoul and Barhy varieties. In all the stages of micropropagation, the analysis of variance revealed highly significant variations among varieties and culture media, and a significant difference in the number of roots during the rooting stage. The results also showed non-significant differences in the interaction between varieties and culture media, except for shoot length in the rooting stage. The results also reveal the broad sense heritability ranging from low to high for the measured parameters. It can be concluded that the immature female inflorescences can be used as a productive explant source for successful date palm micropropagation using the SM1, MM1, PM1 and RM2 culture media. It can also be concluded that the success of date palm micropropagation not only depends on the concentrations of growth regulators, but also on their types.

Assessment of Genetic Stability on In Vitro Propagation of Ardisia crenata var. bicolor Using ISSR Markers

Ardisia crenata var. bicolor is a multi-purpose plant and has important ornamental and medicinal properties. Conventional methods of propagating the species from seeds and cuttings have low efficiency because of the recalcitrant properties of seeds and low survival rate of high-quality cuttings. This work aims to study the in vitro regeneration protocol for direct organogenesis from nodal segments of A. crenata var. bicolor on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The treatments used for the establishment and proliferation of shoots included MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of Benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). For rooting, IBA was used in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in full- and half-strength MS media. Maximum shoot establishment (76.67%) and the highest shoot length (6.6 cm) were observed on MS medium with 1.0 mg·L−1 BAP with 0.5 mg·L−1 IBA, while BAP at 1.0 mg·L−1 with 0.25 mg·L−1 IBA obtained the highest shoot proliferation (4.5 ± 1.53). The best rooting response (83.33%) was achieved on half-strength MS including 1.0 mg·L−1 IBA with 0.25 mg·L−1 NAA, and the maximum survival rate of 84.4% was observed after acclimatization under 75% shading. To define their genetic stability, using eleven primers of ISSR markers to assess the genetic stability of the unstable leaf color samples compared with their mother plant, the ISSR markers demonstrated a level of genetic polymorphism in plantlets, but without other morphological variations. This indicates the genetic resemblance to the mother plant and the reliability of this protocol for the efficient micropropagation of A. crenata var. bicolor.