Graphene Content Research Articles

Electrical property enhancement of non-heat-treatable wrought aluminum alloys using graphene additives

With growing efforts of electrification, aluminum’s role as a light-weight conductor material has become increasingly prominent. There is a critical need to improve the electrical performance of aluminum at room temperature and high operating temperatures. In this study, the effect of graphene nanoparticle additives on the electrical performance of a non-heat treatable alloy were (AA3003) explored. Graphene’s unusual structure and electronic properties were used to improve AA3003 properties. Here, the effects of graphene on the evolution of electrical properties and microstructural features have been explored on lab scale hot extruded AA3003-graphene composites. Hot pressing schedules and extrusion temperatures were varied to investigate changes in intermetallic dispersion characteristics in the presence of dispersed graphene. We measured a reduction of 10.3 % in the temperature coefficient of resistance in the AA3003 sample with 0.05 wt% graphene extruded at 400 °C, along with a maximum increase of 1.1 % in electrical conductivity at 20 °C. Increasing the hot-pressing times up to 8 hours was also found to consistently increase the electrical conductivity, due to increased precipitation of intermetallic phases. Despite being a non-heat treatable alloy, AA3003 displays interesting precipitation dynamics and grain recrystallization trends that can be modulated with varying levels of heat treatment, graphene concentrations, and hot extrusion process parameters.

Hot-pressing-oriented graphene in Si3N4 composites for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption in X and Ku bands

In this study, the oriented graphene within graphene/Si3N4 composites was successfully achieved by two-step hot-press sintering. Microstructure analysis revealed that the graphene sheets were well dispersed in the Si3N4 matrix and oriented perpendicular to the applied stress. The composites exhibited effective electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption capabilities and good mechanical properties. The effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) was 9.63 GHz, nearly covering the entire X and Ku bands (8.2–18 GHz), and the minimum reflect loss (RL) was −24.23 dB when the graphene content reached 7 wt% at a thickness of 2.02 mm. Meanwhile, the oriented graphene/Si3N4 composites demonstrated a bending strength of 576.66 MPa and a fracture toughness of 8.40 MPa·m1/2. The EMW absorption in these composites should be primarily due to polarization relaxation loss and conductivity loss, and the toughening mechanism should involve the graphene pull-out, crack bridging, and crack deflection. The graphene/Si3N4 composites have a promising application in structurally integrated functional materials.

A study on graphene-reinforced magneto-electro-elastic laminated nanoplate's thermomechanical vibration behaviour based on a higher-order plate theory

Sandwich nanostructures incorporating piezoelectric and magneto-electro-elastic properties have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation smart devices and composites. Due to their exceptional design, fabrication, and energy conversion capabilities, these structures are extensively utilised as sensors and actuators in nano-electromechanical systems. Accordingly, in this article, the free vibration behaviour of a multifunctional laminated (MFL) nanoplate with piezoelectric PZT5-H and magnetostrictive CoFe2O4 (cobalt-ferrite) face layers and a graphene-reinforced core layer is investigated by applying a higher-order sinusoidal shear deformation theory (HSDT). In addition, two different material cases consisting of Ti6Al4V and ZrO2 materials and two foam models, uniform and symmetric, are considered for the foam core layer. Hamilton's principle is used to obtain the plate's governing equations. Navier's solution approach is utilised to get the natural frequencies of the laminated nanoplate under thermal load and electric and magnetic fields. A parametric study is performed to determine the effects of volumetric graphene content, the foam model and its pore ratio, face/core material content, external electric and magnetic potential, and thermal load on the free vibration response of the MFL nanoplate. The obtained numerical results can be a reference point for future research on layered porous MEE structures, especially for micro/nano-sized systems.

Design of interconnected graphene loaded thermoplastic elastomeric blend composite films for minimizing electromagnetic radiation and efficient heat management

AbstractIn this work, electrically conductive thermoplastic elastomeric blend composite films based on polystyrene (PS)/ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate (EMA) filled with functionalized graphene were developed via the solution mixing technique. Morphological analysis revealed that selective localization of amine‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide (G‐ODA) sheets in the EMA phase of co‐continuous binary blend formed a well‐connected dense conductive pathway by graphene sheets ultimately facilitating the double percolation phenomenon. The electrical percolation threshold was achieved at ~2 wt% of G‐ODA loading which was much lower than that for both single polymer composites. An electrical conductivity of 0.9 S/cm was obtained for blend composite film with 10 wt% of graphene concentration whereas for the same filler loading, PS and EMA composites exhibited electrical conductivity of 1.9 × 10−1 and 2.3 × 10−1 S/cm, respectively. The obtained thermal conductivity of the blend composite with 10 wt% of G‐ODA loading was 0.95 W/m K with 400% enhancement compared to the neat blend system. The same composite exhibited increased real and imaginary permittivity of 92 and 83, respectively. The electrical percolation threshold is well‐correlated with the percolation concentration found from storage modulus and thermal conductivity data. The fabricated PS/EMA blend composite film exhibited absorption‐dominant electromagnetic interference SE of −25 and − 35 dB in X‐band frequency (8.2–12.4 GHz) for 10 wt% of graphene loading with a sample thickness of 0.5 and 1 mm, respectively.

Development and Characterization of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced with Graphene and Fibre Glass Composites for Aerospace Application

Natural fibre-based compositessuch as Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF)are valued for their environmental friendliness and unique properties, can be combined with graphene and glass fibres to create advanced aerospace composites. This study investigates the effects of graphene content and PALF composition on the mechanical properties of the composite. PALF is made using environmentally friendly methods, with graphene treated for better integration and fibre glass added through layering. This study compares the strength and flexibility of two samples with different PALF-to-fibreglass ratios: 50:50 and 70:30, and one sample with a 70:30 PALF-to-fibreglass ratio reinforced with 1% graphene, using tensile and flexural tests. The 70:30 composition ratio results in a lower maximum tensile strength and Young’s modulus, but a higher bending stress than the 50:50 ratio due to the higher volume of PALF in the sample. 70:30 PALF/fibreglass reinforced with 1% graphene is stiffer, resulting in a higher Young’s modulus compared to the sample without graphene. There is a slight decrease in flexural strength for the 70:30 PALF/fibreglass ratio reinforced with 1% graphene, while still maintaining superior bending stress strength compared to 50:50 ratio compositions. From the SEM test, PALF/fibreglass samples exhibited fibre pull-out, while 70:30 samples reinforced with graphene showed fibre breakage. Graphene enhanced the bonding between fibres and resins, leading to the breakage.Without graphene, weaker bonding led to fibre pull-out. Therefore, the PALF/fibreglass reinforced with graphene has the potential for aerospace applications, particularly in components subjected to high bending stress, such as aircraft wings or the horizontal tail.

The biological and therapeutic assessment of a P(3HB-co-4HB)-bioactive glass-graphene composite biomaterial for tissue regeneration.

An ideal wound dressing should create a healing environment that relieves pain, protects against infections, maintains moisture, removes debris, and speeds up wound closure and repair. However, conventional options like gauze often fall short in fulfilling these requirements, especially for chronic or nonhealing wounds. Hence there is a critical need for inventive formulations that offer efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternatives. This study focuses on assessing the innovative formulation based on a microbial-derived copolymer known as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB-co-4HB) bioactive glass and graphene particles, and exploring their biological response in vitro and in vivo-to find the best combination that promotes cell adhesion and enhances wound healing. The formulation optimized at concentration of bioactive glass (1 w/w%) and graphene (0.01 w/w%) showed accelerated degradation and enhanced blood vessel formation. Meanwhile biocompatibility was evaluated using murine osteoblasts, human dermal fibroblasts, and standard cell culture assays, demonstrating no adverse effects after 7 days of culture and well-regulated inflammatory kinetics. Whole thickness skin defect using mice indicated the feasibility of the biocomposites for a faster wound closure and reduced inflammation. Overall, this biocomposite appears promising as an ideal wound dressing material and positively influencing wound healing rates.

Analytical Modeling of Wave Absorption Performance in Gradient Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites.

Due to the low impedance matching caused by the high dielectric permittivity of graphene, the strong absorption of electromagnetic waves by graphene/polymer nanocomposites is challenging. In this paper, an analytical model for microwave absorption based on Maxwell's equation and the effective medium theory, considering the interface effect, was constructed to explore the effect of the gradient distribution of graphene in the polymer matrix on its microwave absorption performance. The outcome indicated that the impedance of the composites matched well with the air, and its attenuation ability for electromagnetic waves was obviously improved as the graphene concentration was distributed in a gradient form. For instance, when the thickness of the material is 10 mm, based on the optimal concentration of the homogeneous composites being 0.7 wt%, the graphene concentration range of the gradient composites is set to 0.7-0.9 wt% and distributed in three gradient forms of linear, parabolic, and 0.5 power. The results show that the microwave absorption performance is significantly improved compared with the homogeneous composites. Among them, the effective bandwidth on the 0.5 power distribution is 5.2 GHz, 0.5 GHz higher than that of the homogeneous composites. The minimum reflection loss (RL) is as low as -54.7 dB, which is 26.26 dB lower than that of the homogeneous composites. This paper contributes to the design and application of gradient absorbing structures.

Determination of nano-graphene content for improved mechanical and tribological performance of Zn-based alloy matrix hybrid nanocomposites

The primary objective of this study is to explore the fabrication of a hybrid nanocomposite (HNC) composed of ZnAl40Cu2 alloy, graphene, and B4C particles, while also determining the optimal graphene reinforcement ratio for enhanced properties. Our methodology entails the production of HNC powders (HNPs) through mechanical milling, where we combine graphene nanoplatelets with B4C microparticles into ZnAl40Cu2 alloy powders. Throughout this process, we maintain a constant B4C content of 1.5 wt%, while varying the graphene content at 1.5 wt%, 3 wt%, and 4.5 wt%. Following the characterization of all produced powders, which includes an assessment of powder morphology, powder size distribution, and powder microhardness, we proceed to hot-press the HNPs to create bulk HNC samples. After consolidating the specimens, a comprehensive series of tests are carried out to determine microstructural, mechanical (hardness and tensile strength) and tribological properties. Our results reveal that the HNC specimen with graphene content of 3 wt% (referred to as A2) displays the most notable enhancements in properties. Specifically, A2 exhibits an impressive hardness of 163 HB, surpassing the hardness of the ZnAl40Cu2 matrix alloy, which measures at 133 HB. Furthermore, its ultimate tensile strength significantly outperforms the ZnAl40Cu2 matrix alloy, with a remarkable value of 223 MPa compared to 157 MPa. However, it is worth noting that the improvement in wear resistance for HNCs is most pronounced up to a certain threshold of graphene content, which is 3 wt%.

Effects of graphene addition on the mechanical, friction and corrosion properties of laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel

Laser powder bed fusion of 316 L (LPBF-316 L) has been known to exhibit high ductility but low strength, along with strong corrosion resistance and weak anti-friction properties. Graphene is commonly utilized as a reinforcement phase in metals fabricated through LPBF, as this process helps reduce the tendency of graphene to agglomerate. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the impact of incorporating graphene into the LPBF-316 L alloy, aiming to enhance toughening and anti-friction properties while maintaining the original corrosion resistance. Various concentrations of graphene were incorporated into 316 L powder and processed using LPBF. The study examined the impact of graphene concentration on the electrochemical, mechanical, and friction properties of the resulting composites. The study revealed a significant reduction in corrosion current from 8.05 ± 0.6 × 10−7 A/cm2 to 6.61 ± 0.8 × 10−8 A/cm2. The 15-day immersion experiment further validated that the incorporation of graphene contributed to enhancing the stability of corrosion resistance. Additionally, the presence of graphene led to improved strength and ductility in LPBF-316 L through grain refinement and precipitation. Notably, samples containing 0.2 wt% graphene exhibited a tensile fracture strength of 927.4 MPa and ductility of 54.75%. In addition, the compressive fracture strength of 2342.8 MPa, both surpassing that of LPBF-316 L. Furthermore, the study investigated the impact of graphene content on the friction of LPBF-316 L, revealing that graphene addition increased matrix hardness, reduced COF, and enhanced wear resistance. Overall, the findings suggest that graphene serves as an effective reinforcing agent for 316 L stainless steel matrix composites, enhancing mechanical properties, friction resistance, and wear resistance while preserving original corrosion resistance.

Enhancing cutting tool durability: Exploration of Al2O3-SiCw-graphene composites fabricated by SPS for improved mechanical and scratch resistance

This study focuses on the fabrication and characterisation of Al2O3-SiCw-rGO composites sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The research is mainly focused on understanding the impact of varying graphene content (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 vol %) on nanomechanical properties and scratch resistance. Among the compositions investigated, the composite containing 0.5 vol% graphene showed superior mechanical properties. Specifically, it exhibited a hardness of ∼30 GPa, a fracture toughness of 10.5 MPa m1/2 and a flexural strength of ∼920 MPa. In addition, this composite showed remarkable scratch resistance compared to composites with a higher or lower graphene content. In addition to mechanical properties, the fabricated composites also exhibited high electrical conductivity. This characteristic is especially advantageous for electrical discharge machining (EDM) processes. The high electrical conductivity enables efficient machining of complex shapes by EDM, thereby reducing machining costs while ensuring accuracy and efficiency.

Mechanical and wear characteristics of aluminium-7075/graphene/TiB2 prepared by stir casting

The rapid development of Aluminium composites with advanced hybrid materials is increasing due to increasing demand. This composite material is used in many applications in the aerospace and automotive industries due to its lightweight, good corrosion resistance and high thermal resistance. To meet this demand, this study focused on the development of Al-7075 alloy reinforcements containing TiB2 and graphene, using Aluminium-7075 as the base material, mixed with TiB2 and graphene to measure and improve mechanical and tribological properties by using stir casting technique, with the proposed graphene content of 1%, 2% and 3% and TiB2 content varying between 1 to 15% of its overall weight. With the addition of TiB2 and graphene properties such as hardness, tensile strength, impact strength and tribological behaviour are improved. The 12% reinforcement combination (i.e. 10% TiB2 and 2% Gr) exhibit better tensile strength, hardness and wear resistance. Microstructure and phase characterization of the composite material are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. A microstructure evaluation is employed to justify the homogenous dispersal and the existence of reinforced particles. To ensure the quality and reliability of products made from these alloys, destructive tests are often conducted to evaluate their mechanical properties and behavior under different loading conditions.

Influence of graphitic phase on the structural, optical, electrical and photocatalytic properties of BiFeO3/KNbO3 based binary nanocomposites

Synthesis of ternary nanocomposites of BiFeO3-Graphene-KNbO3 through simple solution method has been made at various concentrations of graphene ranging 0.025–0.1 % mole fraction. The obtained nanocomposite powders with varying content of graphitic phase were subjected to different characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman, SEM/EDX/Elemental mapping, HR-TEM, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, dielectric and photodegradation measurements. All above studies have provided the collective impression of the existence of all entities in the prepared ternary composites. Dielectric studies revealed that progressive loading of graphene content led to the increased pathway for the conduction of electrons in the sample. However, the loading of graphene at appropriate concentration has brought out increased dye degradation capacity of BiFeO3-Graphene-KNbO3 ternary nanocomposites towards methylene blue dye. The results obtained from various studies have been discussed in detail.

Facile production of graphene-based ternary composite coatings on metallic bipolar plates

Graphene-based composite coatings can be applied on metallic bipolar plates (BPs) of PEMFC for corrosion protection and electron conduction, benefited from the high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and physical barrier properties of graphene. To reach the high electrical conductivity requirement, the composite coatings shall have high graphene content, which brings challenges including dispersion, processability and interface compatibility. In this work, polyisocyanate was grafted on graphene surfaces to enhance the compatibility with polyurethane (PU). Carbon black was introduced as conductive bridging, which filled in defects of graphene/PU coatings. The corrosion current density of the ternary composite coatings with 60 % functionalized graphene, 30 % PU and 10 % carbon black was 0.43 μA·cm−2 in H2SO4 solution of pH 3 at 80 °C, while the interfacial contact resistance was 6.75 mΩ·cm2 and the in-plane conductivity was 137.4 S·cm−1. The composite coatings provided an efficient and cost-effective solution for up-scaling production of metallic BPs.

Improvement of thermal stability, flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, tear and wear performance of polyester fabrics with graphene nanoplatelet coating

AbstractIn this study, graphene nanoplatelets were applied to polyester fabrics using the knife‐coating method at different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 g/kg). SEM, DSC, and TGA/DTG analyses were performed. The influence of graphene coating on hydrophobicity and surface roughness was examined by water contact angle (WCA) measurement and root mean square roughness, respectively. Abrasion resistance and tear strength tests were also performed. The effect of graphene used as a filler on the flammability of polyester fabric was evaluated for the first time according to the BS 5852 standard. No significant weight loss (only in the range of 0.4%–1.5%) was observed in the graphene‐coated samples even after 100,000 cycles. While the WCA value was 0 for the uncoated fabric, the blind coating and maximum graphene‐coated sample measured 86° and 95°, respectively. The coating process reduced the roughness of the base fabric, and the decrease continued with the increasing graphene ratio. The tear strength values that were 45.5 N in the warp and 53.6 N in the weft direction in the blind coating, increased to 52.2 and 59.1 N, respectively, at the maximum graphene concentration. Graphene coating enhanced thermal stability, increased hydrophobicity, and improved flame retardancy in the test using a smoldering cigarette.

Vibration Suppression of Graphene Reinforced Laminates Using Shunted Piezoelectric Systems and Machine Learning

The implementation of a machine learning approach to predict vibration suppression, as derived from nanocomposite laminates with piezoelectric shunted systems, is studied in this article. Datasets providing the vibration response and vibration attenuation are developed using parametric finite element simulations. A graphene/fibre-reinforced laminate cantilever beam is used in those simulations. Parameters, including the graphene and fibre reinforcements content, as well as the fibre angles, are among the inputs. Output is the vibration suppression achieved by the piezoelectric shunted system. Artificial Neural Networks are trained and tested using the derived datasets. The proposed methodology can be used for a fast and accurate prediction of the vibration response of nanocomposite laminates.

Study on the corrosion behaviour of carbon nanotubes/graphene/WPU coated steel

AbstractThe bond strength, resistivity and corrosion resistance of Q235 steel coated with composites containing various concentrations of carbon nanotubes, graphene and waterborne polyurethane (CNTs/Gr/WPU) were evaluated in a 5% NaCl solution. Additionally, the galvanic corrosion between the coated steel and galvanised steel was investigated through galvanic potential, galvanic current, corrosion morphology and corrosion rate. The results show that the CNTs/Gr/WPU‐coated steel exhibits excellent adhesion and conductivity. Moreover, the incorporation of CNTs and Gr can effectively enhance the corrosion resistance of the CNTs/Gr/WPU‐coated steels in the 5% NaCl solution. The trends of the galvanic potentials and galvanic current densities of CNTs/Gr/WPU‐coated steel with different mass fractions coupled with galvanised steel are similar. The CNTs/Gr/WPU‐coated steels exhibit severe galvanic corrosion when coupled with galvanised steel.

Impact of graphene concentration on crystallinity, rheological, and mechanical characteristics of a polypropylene copolymer

This study examines the impact of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) on the properties of a CP442XP polypropylene (PP) copolymer. GNP was added in concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% by mass, alongside a 2% flake graphite blend. An objective of this work is to prepare the material using industrial equipment. Therefore, PP/GNP composite production involved twin-screw extrusion for mixing and injection molding to produce samples. Characterization as crystallinity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), mechanical and thermal properties, morphology and rheological properties are investigated. Results indicate that 0.5% and 1% GNP enhance PP crystallinity, due to GNP particles acting as nucleation sites. However, 2% GNP reduced crystallinity, possibly due to poor dispersion. Besides that, the PP copolymer usually starts with a better impact strength, compared to a PP homopolymer. Mechanical analysis showed that 1% GNP in PP improves elasticity but reduces impact strength at higher concentrations, indicating a stiffer polymer matrix. Rheological analysis revealed that 1% GNP in PP lowers viscosity at shear rates of 10 to 100 1/s, suggesting less energy required for polymer processing. In summary, low GNP concentrations beneficially modify the mechanical properties and rheology of PP copolymers. Some properties are possible to achieve even using standard industrial equipment.

Advanced Polymer Composite with Graphene Content for Emi Shielding

One of the increasingly common unexpected outcomes of the extensive usage of electronic devices and systems is electromagnetic interference (EMI). The need for efficient fillers and shielding materials to manage electromagnetic interference (EMI) and associated issues is rising. Adding more filler typically means greater production costs, poor dispersion, and unintended agglomeration, which makes polymer composites harder to work with and mechanically weak. Therefore, it is highly desired to design a strong composite with conductive filler content that nonetheless performs well as an EMI shield. Therefore, using a graphene substrate and dispersion of conducting polymers such as polyacetylene and MWCNT fillers, a hybrid polymer composite based on polyetherimide is proposed in this research. Next, the enhancement of EMI shielding efficiency is examined. The design of the graphene substrate was completed with a coating based on nano filler, and the blending methods of the polymer matrix and the reinforcing filler materials are explored. ANSYS-HFSS software is then used to assess the shield's efficacy among others, and the results demonstrated improved performance. Therefore, by putting the suggested design into practice, high-performance EMI shielding materials can be created by combining various shield fillers. As a result, the composites' mechanical, electrical, and EMI shielding qualities will all improve.

Study of graphene incorporation into ZnO-PVA nanocomposites modified electrode for sensitive detection of cadmium

The presence of heavy metals often causes significant health risks, particularly cadmium, which is known for its high toxicity. In this study, a glassy carbon electrode was successfully modified by incorporating ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposite, leveraging the excellent electrical properties and electron mobility of the material. Comprehensive material analysis, including XRD, confirmed that ZnO maintained its hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure despite the addition of graphene. Moreover, FESEM analysis showed that increasing graphene concentration led to a reduction in ZnO particle size by 85, 68, and 52 nm, respectively, accompanied by a decrease in band gap energy, as verified by UV–Vis measurements. Photoluminescence tests were also conducted and the result showed a noticeable blue shift in ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposites compared to ZnO-PVA, specifically in the near band-edge (NBE) UV emission within the 374–379 nm wavelength range. Through I–V characterization, the optimal graphene concentration for cadmium detection was identified as 1.5 wt% in ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposites, showing an approximate ohmic response. Meanwhile, square-wave voltammetry analysis of cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 to 80 ppm produced a coefficient of determination of 0.98926 and a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 9.88 ppm. These results showed the significant potential of ZnO-PVA-Graphene nanocomposites as a promising material for further development as an effective electrode modifier, enhancing the sensitivity of detection systems.

Synthesis and Characterization of WO3/BiVO4/Graphene Ternary Nanocomposites for the Photodegradation of Methlyene Blue and Tetracycline

In this study, a hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize the ternary nanocomposites comprising WO3/BiVO4/Graphene, all driven by visible light. The characteristics of these nanocomposites were interpreted through techniques such as UV–Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The enhanced performance of the composite, attributed to its heightened capability for separating charge carriers, outperformed that of the individual semiconductor components. The PL results validated the composite's improved charge separation. The nanocomposites have weaker PL peaks, indicating slower e−/h+ recombination. The balanced concentrations of the mixed semiconductors in the composite affected both PL intensity and photodegradation efficiency. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) was observed by nanocomposites. The heterogeneous nanocomposite WOBV/G-5 with 0.03 mg graphene content has a better photocatalytic activity for both MB (63 %) and TC (80 %) than other concentrations. It has also been investigated using TOC and COD analysis. Moreover, zeta potential analysis and pH analysis have been done to check the conductivity of optimized photocatalyst. Additionally, to check the stability of WOBV/G-5 photocatalyst, recyclability test that shows 58 % degradation rate after five cycles and analysis of XRD after recyclability have also been performed. Role of active species (h+, O2−, and OH.) was observed by using different scavengers (EDTA, BQ, and IPA) in trapping experiment that plays a vital role in photocatalytic degradation process.