Ferrous Concentration Research Articles

Removal of Iron(III) and Manganase(II) from polluted solutions using natural limestone (cost effective adsorbent)

In this study, the adsorption of ferric ions and manganese ions by using natural material (Limestone) were investigated comprising the optimum conditions of both compositions. Optimum conditions include (metal ions concentrations, weight of Limestone, time of adsorption, the pH of the process). The optimum conditions of ferric ions adsorption as follows: (500 ppm ferric ions concentration, weight of limestone 0.125 gm, pH is 6.5–7 and period of adsorption time was 15 min), and conditions for manganese ions adsorption: (concentration of manganese ions 80 ppm, weight of limestone 8 gm and period of adsorption time was 60 min), where this study was carried out at the solid/liquid ratio 1:5, under temperatures 25 °C and rotation speed for mixing 350 rpm.

Reductive leaching kinetics of indium and further selective separation by fraction precipitation

Reductive leaching of high-iron bearing zinc leaching residue (HIZLR) by zinc sulfide concentrate to extract indium and its further selective separation from the leachate were studied. The results indicated that over 95% of indium extraction was achieved at particle sizes of 74−105 μm, reaction temperature of 90 °C, leaching time of 300 min and sulfuric acid concentration of 1.4 mol/L. The leaching kinetics was analyzed by the shrinking core model, and the leaching data from various experimental conditions indicated that the reactions were controlled by the diffusion through the solid product layer with an activation energy of 17.96 kJ/mol. The order of the reaction with respect to the sulfuric acid concentration was determined to be 2.41. Over 99% of copper and arsenic were coprecipitated in the cementation of copper with iron powder. More than 98% of indium was selectively separated from zinc sulfate solution with high ferrous ion content, and the indium-rich precipitate, which had an indium content of approximately 2.4%, could be further treated by the acid leaching−solvent extraction−electrowinning process to produce pure indium.

Photo-Fenton Degradation Process of Styrene in Nitrogen-Sealed Storage Tank.

Using styrene as a proxy for VOCs, a new method was developed to remove styrene gas in nitrogen atmospheres. The effect on the styrene removal efficiency was explored by varying parameters within the continuum dynamic experimental setup, such as ferrous ion concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and pH values. The by-products are quantized by a TOC analyzer. The optimal process conditions were hydrogen peroxide at 20 mmol/L, ferrous ions at 0.3 mmol/L and pH 3, resulting in an average styrene removal efficiency of 96.23%. In addition, in this study, we construct a BAS-BP neural network model with experimental data as a sample training set, which boosts the goodness-of-fit of the BP neural network and is able to tentatively predict styrene gas residuals for different front-end conditions.

Degradation of Lignosulfonate to Vanillic Acid Using Ferrate

AbstractA new method is presented using electrochemically generated ferrate to degrade the technically relevant bio‐based side‐stream products, lignin and lignosulfonate. An exclusive degradation to vanillic acid is found, which was previously a reported by‐product. As a natural resource, lignin can be utilized to substitute fossil‐based chemicals in the industry to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and positively impact climate change. Ferrate is generated from grey cast iron sacrificial anodes in 40 wt% NaOH with a current efficiency of over 22% at a current density of up to 100 mA cm−2. Vanillic acid is obtained as the sole product after optimizing the reaction parameters, temperature, time, and ferrate concentration for the lignosulfonate degradation via the design of experiments. As a result, yields of 7.2 wt% of the flavoring agent and antioxidant vanillic acid are achieved. The presented two‐step degradation provides an inexpensive path for the production of vanillic acid on a laboratory scale from a highly abundant bio‐based side‐stream.

Extracellular polymeric substances overproduction strategy in Ferroplasma acidiphilum growth for biooxidation of low-grade gold bearing ore: Role of monosaccharides

The adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces and the affecting factors is important in biomining pretreatment. In this research, the novelty is focused on studying the monosaccharide's impact on the adaptability and adhesivity of Ferroplasma acidiphilum for oxidization of sulfide-bearing ore containing pyrite harboring 98 % of gold in its crystal lattice. d-sucrose increased EPS production with the highest amount of pyrite dissolution (69 %) as compared to the other types of monosaccharides (d-galactose and d-fructose). Addition of 0.8 wt% d-sucrose enhanced the production of ferric ions 65 % for the ore load of 20 wt% while for the addition of 0.4 wt%, the ferric ions concentration was maximum up to 95 %. The results indicated that the addition of both yeast extract and d-sucrose with the concentration of 0.4 wt% enhanced the EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) biovolume fraction from 7.5 to 32.5 v/v %.

Application of Cation Resin Regeneration for Ferrous (Fe2+) and Manganese (Mn2+) Removal from Shallow Groundwater using Packed-Bed Column with Thomas Model

One of the factors influencing freshwater contamination is caused by pollutants and organic matter from anthropogenic activities. The appearance of ferrous and manganese metal ions in water systems, especially in shallow groundwater, has become a significant problem. When reacted in the air, an extreme amount of metal ferrous may cause turbidness and severe odor, particularly carrying a dark-brown color to fabrics. Water distribution can also easily be obstructed by iron bacteria in the pipes. It is similar to iron, and manganese has a detrimental effect on the natural environment, human hygiene, and sanitation. The higher influent ferrous and manganese concentration led to the adsorption process getting saturated quicker and a steeper breakthrough curve. The saturation time (ttotal) of the adsorption for ferrous concentration decreased from 430 minute (2 mg/l) to 420 minute (4 mg/l) to 380 minute (6 mg/l) with the elevation of Fe2+ influent concentration. In comparison, the saturation time for manganese concentration dropped from 463 minute (2 mg/l) to 460 minute (4 mg/l) to 420 minute (6 mg/l). Ferrous adsorption capacity (qeq) grew between 0.0046 mg/g and 0.0838 mg/g, followed by a growth in influent concentration. It is similar to manganese. The adsorption performace raised between 0.0216 mg/g and 0.109 mg/g. The Thomas model’s R Square (R2) indicates a better fitting (0.788 – 0.8922) with field data.

Moderate potassium ferrate dosage enhances methane production from the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge

: The annual increase of waste activated sludge (WAS) has become an urgent problem to be solved in sewage plants worldwide. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of WAS is an attractive choice to maximize the resource utilization rate. Nevertheless, the disintegration of sludge complex polymers is difficult, resulting in low bioconversion rate. Potassium ferrate (PF), as a green oxidant with strong oxidizing property, has been attracted great attention in WAS pretreatment recently. The effects of PF pretreatment on WAS hydrolysis and its dosage-response on methane production were investigated in the present study. Results show that as PF dosage raise from 0 to 50 g-K2FeO4/ kg-TS (total solids), the methane yield enhanced significantly by 40.3% from 0.083 to 0.12 L/g-VSadded (volatile solids). Nevertheless, the further increase of PF dosage resulted in the decreased methane production. Especially with the PF dosage of 500 g-K2FeO4/ kg-TS, methane production even slightly lower than the control reactor without PF oxidation. The mechanism analysis showed that although the dissolution of polysaccharides and proteins were enhanced with the high dosage of PF, the accompanying released humic-like substances and high concentration of ferric ions should be the main reasons inhibiting methane production.

Mechanochemically activated microscale zero-valent iron with carboxymethylcellulose for efficient sequestration of phosphate in aqueous solution

This study modified microscale zero valent iron (mZVI) using hydrophilic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via mechanical ball milling method, which was donated as CMC-mZVI, and compared the phosphate removal performance of mZVI and CMC-mZVI. Characterization results of X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), EDS-mapping images of CMC-mZVI demonstrated that the dominant crystalline structure of mZVI did not alter significantly after the ball-milling process and CMC could be adsorbed on the surface of mZVI. Further phosphate (PO43-) removal experimental results revealed that the PO43- removal percentage of CMC-mZVI within 360 min was 99.99 %, which was much higher than that of mZVI (75.23 %). Subsequently, this study analyzed the concentration of ferrous ions and total iron ions dissolved by mZVI and CMC-mZVI, compared the high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) of mZVI and CMC-mZVI before and after the phosphate removal, and characterized the affinity of CMC-mZVI (or mZVI) to water by testing the static contact angle between CMC-mZVI (or mZVI) and water. The above results suggested that the existence of CMC on the surface of mZVI could promote the hydrophilic property of mZVI, resulting the enhancement of ferrous ions and total iron ions dissolution by 8 and 8.78 times than that of mZVI, and the rapid co-precipitation of phosphate. This study provided an environmentally friendly and effective method to improve the reactivity of commercial mZVI powder, and contributed to the wide application of mZVI technology in the field of environmental remediation.

Enhancement and Mechanism of Rhodamine B Decomposition in Cavitation-Assisted Plasma Treatment Combined with Fenton Reactions

In our previous study, a novel method combining underwater high-voltage plasma discharge with acoustic cavitation (ACAP) was developed and implemented using rhodamine B (RhB) as a model organic pollutant. Results revealed that injecting argon gas into the ACAP reactor positively influences RhB decomposition efficiency, but there is still further potential for improvement. The aim of this study was therefore to further improve the efficiency of the ACAP process through Fenton reactions. Two options for ferrous ion supply were considered: the addition of FeCl2 or the dissolution of iron from ACAP reactor steel parts into the RhB-containing solution. The results revealed that the degradation efficiency is increased by 20% due to the Fenton reactions when the concentration of ferrous ions reaches an optimal value. Lower pH was found to be desirable for the effect of Fenton reactions. Based on measurements using high performance liquid chromatography, a plausible mechanism of RhB degradation by the ACAP process assisted by Fenton reactions is additionally proposed and discussed.

Heme-oxygenase-1 as a target for phthalate-induced cardiomyocytes ferroptosis

Phthalates as a large group of environmental pollutants are used primarily as plasticizers and solvents, which have become a growing problem worldwide. Epidemiological results show that severity of heart disease is related to degree of environmental contamination. As the most usually used phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has toxic effects on organism health and is also a major cause of heart damage. Ingestion of food, liquid, or dust contaminated with DEHP are major routes of exposure. The purpose of the present research was to determine the mechanism of cardiotoxicity in mice after exposure to DEHP. Here, male mice were treated by gavage with three different doses of (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) DEHP for 28 days. Our research showed that DEHP brought about histopathological changes involving cardiomyocyte lysis and rupture, and ultrastructural damage such as dissolution and loss of mitochondrial cristae. Furthermore, DEHP induced oxidative stress and a significant decline in the antioxidant function, which activates nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme-oxygense-1 (HO-1) signaling pathways. Interestingly, DEHP resulted in lipid peroxidation and increased ferrous ion content, suggesting that ferroptosis occurred in mouse hearts. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that DEHP could induce cardiac ferroptosis via upregulation of HO-1. The present study provides novel evidence of HO-1 as a target for DEHP-induced cardiotoxicity.

Promoting azo dye decomposition in natural molybdenite activated peroxymonosulfate process by low concentration of ferrous ions.

In this study, low concentration of ferrous ions (Fe2+) was added into natural molybdenite (MDN) activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process to degrade a typical azo dye, orange G (OG). It was found that the addition of Fe2+ promoted OG degradation and simultaneously reduced the leaching of toxic Mo ions significantly. Further, the utilization efficiency of MDN was improved immensely, which was estimated from reuse experiment. MDN mainly acted as the reductant to promote cycling of Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple through reducible sulfur and Mo(IV) on its surface. Sulfate radicals (SO4•-), hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were verified as the main reactive oxygen species responsible for OG degradation by scavenging tests and electron paramagnetic resonance. Some experiment parameters, such as MDN dosage, Fe2+ concentration, PMS concentration, initial solution pH and coexisting anion, all affected OG degradation efficiency. In a word, this work provides a new method of enhancing PMS activation by MDN using low concentration of Fe2+ for degradation of organic pollutants in water.

Enhancing soil fertility and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) growth using bio-organic fertilizer

Acid soils contain high concentrations of aluminum and ferrous ions, which limit crop growth and the available plant nutrients. The current work was to determine the effects of bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) application on soil quality and the growth of blueberry cultivated in acid soil. A completely randomized block design was arranged, with four doses of BOF (0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1 yr–1). Each treatment was carried out with four replicates. In the present work, soil quality properties such as pH, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, aluminum (Al3+), and iron (Fe2+) were measured. Additionally, the influence of organic fertilizer on the growth of blueberry (plant height, number of shoots, and leaves) was also investigated. The results indicated that both the rates of BOF (4 and 6 t ha−1 yr–1) significantly improved soil organic matter and available phosphorus. Also, BOF application greatly decreased the soil concentrations of Al3+ and Fe2+ compared to the control treatment. Similarly, 12 months after planting, the number of shoots and leaves was improved in the pots with BOF compared to that without BOF addition. From the results of this study, we recommend using BOF as the best measure for enhancing soil health and blueberry growth.

First-principles study of water incorporation in Fe-containing wadsleyite

Using first-principles density functional theory (DFT), we study the problem of water incorporation in iron bearing wadsleyite ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) at transition zone pressures and temperatures under varying conditions of vacancy and ferric ion concentration. Our calculations suggest that about 30% of the Fe3+ may be found at Si tetrahedral site, which is in accordance with the experimental report of Bolfan-Casanova et al. [2012]. Considering first-principles optimized crystal structures of hydrous Fe bearing wadsleyite, we calculate their elastic properties, such as bulk and shear moduli, compressional and shear wave velocity, as a function of pressure and temperature. Our calculations find that pressure suppresses the P and S wave ‘velocity-reduction’ that is caused by hydration. However, the suppression is not significant. So it is very unlikely that the pressure suppression will severely affect the accuracy of seismic waves in detecting the water content of the mantle transition zone as recently proposed [Buchen et al., 2018]. Comparison of our theoretical results with the existing seismic data indicates that the water content of the transition zone decreases with increasing depth, with the region close to the 410 km discontinuity being saturated in water, corroborating the previously proposed theories on mantle convection [Bercovici and Karato, 2003].

Assessing the usage risk of the emerging Green Chemical potassium ferrate in aquaculture environments in China: A probabilistic statistical approach

In recent years, the food safety of aquatic products has become an increasing concern worldwide. Using conventional disinfectants and antibiotic drugs in the aquaculture industry may cause a decline in product quality. Compared to traditional water quality improvers, the green, emerging chemical potassium ferrate plays a significant role in improving aquaculture environments and the quality of aquatic products, yet the usage of potassium ferrate is blind, and the ecological risk is unclear due to the lack of knowledge of its scientific use. In this study, a probabilistic statistical model to assess the risk of potassium ferrate use is demonstrated for the first time. The results show that the annual output of potassium ferrate is about 900 t in China, with the usage dose ranging from 10 to 120 μg/L. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of potassium ferrate will return to a stable state within 72 h of the water quality treatment process, implying that there is no longer oxidative toxicity after 72 h. Acute toxicity tests have shown that potassium ferrate is of low toxicity to typical aquaculture organisms (cultured fish and crustaceans) with 72 h LC50 values in the range of 95–609 mg/L, while it is highly toxic to the planktons tested with values of 1.0 and 4.3 mg/L. The joint probability curve analysis indicates that 30 μg/L (low daily usage dose), 60 μg/L (median daily usage dose), and 120 μg/L (high daily usage dose) of potassium ferrate can affect 1.06%, 2.15%, and 4.04% of aquatic species (aquaculture organisms and planktons), with a risk probability of 54.47%, 19.34%, 3.35%, while the risk to aquaculture organisms is 0. The research shows that the current concentrations of potassium ferrate used are of very low risk to aquaculture organisms, while also inhibiting planktons to improve water quality. This study plays an important role in guiding the safe use of potassium ferrate and improving water quality. Policymakers and scientists can draw support from these results and approaches when evaluating the use of potassium ferrate.

Treatment of hospital wastewater by potassium ferrate

It has been investigated how well potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) treats hospital wastewater effluents. In the treatment of water and wastewater, potassium ferrate serves as an oxidant, disinfectant, and coagulant with several functions. The effects of combining the oxidation and coagulation processes on features have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study is to evaluate the oxidation and coagulation effects of potassium ferrate treatment methods. An optimization technique based on response surface mythology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design was utilized to identify the ideal conditions for increased removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand COD.. Potassium ferrate has a significant impact, according to experiments. With a COD of 790 ppm as the starting point, the effects of oxidation time (30-90 minutes), potassium ferrate concentration (20-100 ppm), pH (3-9), and process stirring speed (100-400 rpm) on COD removal efficiency were examined. To find the best COD removal efficiency, it also used an optimization strategy based on Box-Behnken design via the Surface Response Method (RSM). According to the findings, time, mixing speed, and pH are the factors that have the highest impact on the effectiveness of COD removal.. Based on the study of the Minitab-19 program, Regression analysis results revealed that a Fisher value of 13.68. pH value 3, oxidation time of 62 minutes, mixing speed of 300 rpm, and potassium ferrate content of 92 ppm were discovered to be the optimal operating parameters. Based on this ideal scenario, the final concentration reached had a COD elimination effectiveness of 98 percent.

Vitamin C supplementation rescued meiotic arrest of spermatocytes in Balb/c mice exposed to BDE-209

Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a ubiquitous industrial chemical as brominated flame retardant (BFRs). Exposure to BDE-209 has been clearly associated with male reproductive disorders. However, the meiotic arrest mechanism of spermatocytes exposed to BDE-209 is still unclear. The present work aimed to explore the protective effect of vitamin C on BDE-209-induced meiotic arrest of spermatocytes and its possible mechanism. Vitamin C (100 mg/kg BW) was administered to BDE-209-exposed (80 mg/kg BW) male Balb/c mice once daily by intraperitoneal injection for 2 weeks. Our results showed that vitamin C played male reproductive protection effects as showed by attenuated BDE-209-induced testicular damage, and reduced sperm abnormality rate. Vitamin C also attenuated BDE-209-induced increase in SOD and MDA in testes and GC-2 spd cells. Moreover, vitamin C promoted meiotic prophase in BDE-209-induced mice, with suppressed γ-H2AX, restored DMC1, RAD51, and crossover marker MLH1 levels, and prevented BDE-209-induced DNA impairment. In addition, vitamin C supplementation also interfered with BDE-209-induced upregulation of testicular H3K4me3 through inhibition of KDM5s capacity and decreasing ferrous ion concentration. Furthermore, ferrous sulfate pretreatment could partially restore the expression of H3K4me3 via maintaining the concentration of ferrous ions. Taken together, vitamin C exerts a potential therapeutic agent for preventing BDE-209-induced reproductive toxicity with meiotic arrest, which is attributed to its antioxidant and electron donor properties, as well as, modulation of ferrous ion levels and demethylation of H3K4me3.

Kinetics and Energetic Parameters Study of Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution by Electro-Fenton Advanced Oxidation Using Modified Electrodes with PbO2 and Graphene

The Electro-Fenton oxidation process is one of the essential advanced electrochemical oxidation processes used to treat Phenol and its derivatives in wastewater. The Electro-Fenton oxidation process was carried out at an ambient temperature at different current density (2, 4, 6, 8 mA/cm2) for up to 6 h. Sodium Sulfate at a concentration of 0.05M was used as a supporting electrolyte, and 0.4 mM of Ferrous ion concentration (Fe2+) was used as a catalyst. The electrolyte cell consists of graphite modified by an electrodepositing layer of PbO2 on its surface as anode and carbon fiber modified with Graphene as a cathode. The results indicated that Phenol concentration decreases with an increase in current density, and the minimum Phenol concentration obtained after 6 h of electrolysis at 8 mA/cm2 is equal to 7.82 ppm starting from an initial concentration about 155 ppm. The results obtained from the kinetic study of Phenol oxidation at different current density showed that the reaction followed pseudo first-order kinetics regarding current density. Energetic parameters like specific power consumption and current efficiency were also estimated at different current density. The results showed that an increase in current density caused an increase in the specific power consumption of the process and decreased current efficiency.

Optimizing rapid pentachlorophenol biodegradation using response surface methodology

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is one of the most toxic pollutants in the environment during modern industrial processes. Statistical experimental designs based on biological methods optimized the PCP biodegradation by Bacillus mucilaginosus and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. Four factors were selected for PCP removal; glucose, ferric ammonium citrate, PCP concentration, and incubation period. PBD and CCD were performed to recognize the maximum PCP biodegradation. The maximum PCP biodegradation in PBD by B. mucilaginosus was obtained at glucose, 0.5 (g/l); ferric ammonium citrate, 0.5 (g/l); PCP concentration, 300 (mg/l) and incubation period, 3 (days) while the maximum conditions by P. plecoglossicida were glucose, 0.5 (g/l); ferric ammonium citrate, 0.5 (g/l); PCP concentration, 100 (mg/l) and incubation period, 3 (days). In addition, CCD predicted the optimum predicted degradation of PCP (100%) by the two selected strains using glucose (1.0 g/l), ferric ammonium citrate (0.059 mg/l), PCP concentration (350 mg/l), and 2-days for B. mucilaginosus. While glucose (0.276 g), ferric ammonium citrate (0.047 mg/l) and 2-days were optimal conditions for P. plecoglossicida. P. plecoglossicida.and B. mucilaginosus could degrade more than 72% and 61% of PCP when these isolates were grown under a high concentration of PCP (300 and 350 mg L−1) in a mineral salt medium, respectively.

Evaluación de una dieta antioxidante para tilapia Oreochromis niloticus con inclusion de subproducto de mango y jamaica

The aquaculture industry has currently experienced a growing interest in implementing antioxidants from natural origin in diets because the synthetic ones that have been used are associated to carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. Additionally, synthetic antioxidants have been included in such diets to prevent lipid oxidation during storage and distribution of the organisms without an approach from their health status point of view since they require micronutrients, such as bioactive compounds, mainly antioxidants. Thus, mango and roselle by-products rich in bioactive compounds were included in the aquaculture diet, assessed on their antioxidant properties and performance on tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and compared with reference and commercial diets. The results of the different experimental diets indicated that their properties increased -according to the analyses of anti-radical antioxidant activity 1,1-diphenyl-2-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of ferric ion (Fe III) and phenolic compound concentration- with the inclusion of the by-products included as novel inputs. With respect to the zootechnical parameters assessed, no differences were found, so no negative effect was considered during feeding with the novel functional diet. Therefore, the potential use of the assessed by-products in commercial diets is inferred, suggesting assessment during the fattening stages of the species under commercial rearing conditions.

Renoprotective effects of ferric citrate in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease

In chronic kidney disease, ferric citrate has been shown to be an effective phosphate binder and source of enteral iron; however, the effects of ferric citrate on the kidney have been less well-studied. Here, in Col4α3 knockout mice—a murine model of progressive chronic kidney disease, we evaluated the effects of five weeks of 1% ferric citrate dietary supplementation. As expected, ferric citrate lowered serum phosphate concentrations and increased serum iron levels in the Col4α3 knockout mice. Consistent with decreased enteral phosphate absorption and possibly improved iron status, ferric citrate greatly reduced circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 levels. Interestingly, ferric citrate also lessened systemic inflammation, improved kidney function, reduced albuminuria, and decreased kidney inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting renoprotective effects of ferric citrate in the setting of chronic kidney disease. The factors mediating possible ferric citrate renoprotection, the mechanisms by which they may act, and whether ferric citrate affects chronic kidney disease progression in humans deserves further study.