Concentration Of Extract Research Articles

Aplikasi Ekstrak Mimosa invisa L. dan Pupuk NPK Dosis Rendah dalam Pengendalian Hama dan Patogen Padi Gogo

This study aimed to determine the effect of Mimosa invisa L. weed extract application and a low dose of NPK fertilizer on the intensity of pest attack and pathogen infection on upland rice. This research has been done using Split Plot Design with 3 replications. The main plot was the dose of NPK fertilizer (50% and 100% NPK). The subplot was the concentration of weed extract (0, 1.25, 1.67, 2.5, and 5% concentrations). The variables observed include the intensity of grasshopper and case worm attack, Cercospora sp. that causes brown spots, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae that causes bacterial leaf blight. The results showed that the application of weed extract under a low dose (50% NPK) has not been able to suppress the intensity of grasshopper and case worm attacks, and the intensity of the pathogen causes brown spots and bacterial leaf blight. However, 2,5% and 5% concentrations of weed extract can potentially suppress pathogen infection that causes brown spots on upland rice. Keywords: grasshopper, brown spots, Mimosa invisa L.weed extract, case worm, bacterial leaf blight, NPK fertilizer

Penggunaan Metode Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) untuk Deteksi Fragmen DNA Babi pada Produk Olahan Daging

Using food ingredients and/or processed food products contaminated with pork, whether unintentionally or intentionally, has become a growing concern and issue. This condition encourages the development of an accurate method for specifically detecting the presence or absence of pork contamination. The research was carried out on two different samples: (1) fresh pork to provide an in-house positive control and (2) samples of pork-based processed meat products (floss, meatballs, corned beef, and sausages), tested using DNA markers. The use of samples originating from processed pork food is to determine the effect of the processing process on DNA fragments and the robustness of the extraction method for the detection process used. The research aimed to detect pork DNA fragments using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The study stages were extracting fresh pork and processed products using an RNA extraction kit, DNA extraction kit, and salt extraction, as well as measuring the purity and concentration of DNA/RNA using a spectrophotometer. The RNA extract was converted into complementary DNA (cDNA), and the DNA extract was analyzed using qPCR with specific primers for pork DNA (Sus scrofa). The results showed that the concentration of RNA and DNA extracts was 71.1–296.025 ng/uL and of various purity. All processed meat product samples and in-house positive controls were amplified in the Ct range of 23–28 ng/uL. In this case, the meat processing had no effect on the DNA of the processed meat products analyzed, so DNA fragments could be detected. DNA qPCR was more time efficient than cDNA qPCR because it did not require an RNA reverse transcription step. Keywords: beta actin, cycle threshold, fresh pork, pork DNA, qPCR

A Induksi pertumbuhan tunas anggrek (Dendrobium sp.) dengan pemberian BAP dan ekstrak jagung manis (Zea mays L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of BAP and sweet corn extract on the formation of shoots as an effort to propagate Dendrobium sp. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor is the concentration of BAP which consists of 4 levels, namely B0 : 0 ppm, B1 : 1 ppm, B2 : 2 ppm, B3 : 3 ppm and the second factor is the concentration of sweet corn extract which consists of 4 levels, namely J0 : 0 gr/l , J20 : 20 gr/l, J40 : 40 gr/l, J60 : 60 gr/l. There were 16 treatment combinations and each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 48 experimental units. Data on the emergence of shoots and roots were analyzed descriptively. Data on the number of shoots, number of leaves, plantlet height and number of roots were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if they were significantly different, further tests would be carried out with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level. The results showed that the interaction between BAP and sweet corn extract had a significant effect on the number of shoots, number of leaves, plantlet height, and number of roots. The best results for the average number of shoots and leaves in the B2J60 treatment were 4.67 shoots and 15.67 leaves. The best results for the average plantlet height in the B1J60 treatment were 3.77 cm. The best result for the average number of roots in the B2J40 treatment was 8.33 roots.

An Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Common Zingiber officinale Cultivars Grown in Sri Lanka

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has long been a therapeutic agent in traditional medicine systems worldwide and is a leading drug candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. In Sri Lanka, many forms of ginger are often used in the food industry, mainly as a spice; it also plays a vital role in the Ayurvedic medicine system. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the two most cultivated cultivars of Zingiber officinale in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lankan (TG) and Chinese (CG) cultivars. Two types of extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were obtained from the rhizomes of each cultivar. The potential antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against three types of pathogenic test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhi DSM 17058, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, using the agar well diffusion method along with positive control, chloramphenicol, and negative controls, 95% ethanol or distilled water. In conclusion, both Zingiber officinale cultivars exhibit varying antimicrobial potential, with ethanol extracts showing stronger activity than aqueous ones. None of the extracts was effective against Escherichia coli. The agar dilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each ginger extract. Among the extracts, ethanol extracts showed higher effectivity than aqueous extracts, where all test organisms showed inhibition at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the Chinese cultivar outperforms the Sri Lankan cultivar against target organisms, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Phytotoxicity of Two Bauhinia Species on Four Triticum aestivum Varieties in Laboratory Bioassay

Tree–crop interaction studies help to determine the effects of trees on the production and yield of agricultural crops and could help indecisions on suitable crops and tree combinations to increase the overall production from agroforestry systems. Different varieties of agricultural crops might show different responses against the phytotoxic effects of Bauhinia species. This study was conducted to observe the phytotoxicity of two Bauhinia spp., i.e., Bauhinia retusa and Bauhinia variegata, on some Triticum aestivum varieties, i.e., VL-892, VI-829, VL-616, UP-2572, and UP-1109.The leaves and bark of these two species were harvested from the natural population for these experiments. On average, germination and radicle and plumule length of wheat varieties were significantly (p > 0.05) reduced by the leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species. The effect of leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species on seed germination percent of different wheat varieties revealed that the bark and leaf extracts showed maximum toxicity for germination percentage, and minimum influence was observed in radicle and plumule length. However, bark extracts were more toxic as compared to leaf extracts. Under leaf and bark extract concentrations, the VL 829 wheat variety showed stimulatory effects in germination and radicle and plumule growth under both Bauhinia species. On average, radicle and plumule growth of the test crop was increased with an increasing concentration of leaf and bark extract of B. variegata up to 50%, and thereafter, a decrease in radicle and plumule length was recorded. The VL 829 and UP 1109 varieties showed the lowest allelopathic effects and could be grown under both Bauhinia species with minimum yield loss.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Moringa oleifera Extract against Staphylococcus aureus Identified by Routine and Molecular Methods

Abstract Background: Many diseases caused by bacterial and viral infections may now be treated using herbal extracts instead of chemical drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against the bacterium employed in the experiment, as a commensal. Staphylococcus aureus can be found on the skin and in the nasal flora. It can also cause invasive, localized illnesses. Many virulence factors are present in S. aureus. It is recognized by routine and molecular methods depending on Vick Staphylococcal gene. Material and Methods: Phytochemical analysis of high polarity solvent leaves was done by using ethanol. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and other compounds in the extract. Using the well-diffusion method, the antibacterial effect of the extracts on microorganisms was investigated. Results: The ethanol extract proved potent against pathogenic microorganisms, with S. aureus showing the highest activity (10–100 mg/mL). In comparison to the concentrations of alcoholic extracts, the zones’ inhibition of bacterial growth in diameters increased. However, dosages of 80–100 mg/mL were highly effective and significant against S. aureus growth, whereas concentrations of 10–20 mg/mL had low post-detected efficiency and concentrations of 40–60 mg/mL had medium post-detected efficiency. Conclusion: These studies demonstrate the validity of the plant’s traditional medicinal properties.

Efficiency Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts and ZnONPs on the Bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae that Causes Rot Onion in Storage

This study was conducted at the laboratories of the College of Agriculture/Plant Protection Department at the University of Kufa according to a completely randomized design (CRD) to determine the extent of the effect of the alcoholic extract (Cinnamonum zeylanicum, Cissus rhombifolia) and ZnONPs at concentrations 10, 20 and 30% for each plant on the genus of bacteria Klebseilla pneumoniae. The results showed that the alcoholic extracts and ZnONPs gave a high efficiency in inhibiting bacteria for the studied traits minimum inhibitory concentration test 30% concentration of the alcoholic cinnamon extract and ZnONPs of the study gave a high inhibitory ability compared to the rest of the concentrations, as it was found that the inhibitory ability of the extract, increases with increasing concentration.

Evaluation of phytoactive contents and antibacterial activities of green synthesised cerium oxide nanoparticles using Melastoma sp. leaf extract as the capping agent

Simple and green methods of developing nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted the attention of researchers. Literature on utilising leaf extract to prepare cerium oxide (CeO2 NPs) is scarce. The present study synthesised leaf-mediated-CeO2 NPs to produce nanopowders of controllable sizes for further applications. The study is the first to report the optimised parameters (pH 7, 5 g/150 mL concentration of the leaf extract, and 3 h of reaction time) of procuring CeO2 NPs using Melastoma sp. leaf extract as the capping agent with excellent properties. The absorbance of the NPs suspension obtained in this study was recorded at approximately 252 nm with Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were also utilised to characterise and confirm the CeO2 NPs prepared. The XRD spectra documented the purity of the NPs at specific diffraction patterns, while TEM revealed the spherical form of the NPs with a particle size of 16 nm. The formation of CeO2 NPs has been confirmed from the FTIR spectra procured, which exhibited a Ce–O peak at 555 nm. Phytochemical screening test and FT-IR analysis of leaf extract revealed the existence of flavonoids, terpenoids, sugars, saponins, quinones, and glycosides. The NPs suspensions of varying concentrations (control, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL) were prepared and employed for evaluations against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Resultantly, CeO2 NPs demonstrated antibacterial activities against both bacteria types. The highest antibacterial activities were recorded against E. coli and K. pneumonia at 1.83 ± 0.137 and 1.83 ± 0.14 mm maximum inhibition zones, respectively, at 250 mg/uL of the NPs.

Test the Effectiveness of Soursop Leaf Extract and Tapak Dara Leaf Extract as Mosquito Larvicide

In this rainy season the risk of contracting Dengue Fever increases. Many people control dengue fever chemically. The use of chemical larvicides has many disadvantages such as environmental pollution, resistance, and negative impacts on human health. This research aims to develop a natural larvicide from extracts of soursop leaves (Annona muricata) and tapak dara leaves (Catharanthus roseus). The study used a completely randomized design, with three replications. Soursop leaf and tapak dara leaf extracts were extracted using a maceration process using 70% ethanol solvent. III-IV instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were used during the experiment, to assess the effect of formula (3 levels), dose (3 levels), and exposure time for 12 hours. All data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA. The research results showed that the F1 formula and D3 dose were effective in eradicating mosquito larvae. Where the higher the concentration of soursop leaf extract and the higher the dose, the higher the mortality of mosquito larvae.

Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibition of Low-Carbon Steel Using Chamomile Plant Extract

The investigation focused on elucidating the corrosion inhibition mechanism of chamomile extract, serving as an environmentally sustainable inhibitor, across various concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 w/v %) applied to carbon steel immersed in a 0.6 M NaCl variations in temperature affect the solution. (303, 313, 323, 333 K). The analytical approach involved Assessment of weight reduction metrics complemented by sophisticated techniques, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the carbon steel surface with and without the extract. The principal aim was to conduct a detailed examination of the development of a layer of adsorption layer. The obtained results consistently validated a positive correlation between inhibition efficiency and extract concentration. SEM imaging visually substantiated a more extensive protective film at higher inhibitor concentrations, and EDS analysis corroborated these findings by detailing the elemental composition of the adsorbed layer. The observed reduction in inhibition efficiency with elevated temperatures suggests a thermodynamic effect, where increased temperatures diminish the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the metal surface. This comprehensive investigation establishes the potential of chamomile extract as an eco-friendly inhibitor for effectively mitigating corrosion on carbon steel in corrosive environments. The pinnacle of inhibition efficiency, reaching 96.55%, was achieved at the concentration of the inhibitor.

Evaluation of Bioactivity of Ethanol and Water Extracts and Determination of Nutrient Concentrations of Laurel (Laurus nobilis) Plants Grown in İzmir Province

This study was conducted to determination of ethanol and water extracts obtained from the leaves of Laurus nobilis (Laurel) plant of the general content by GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial activities of these extracts on some microorganisms, total antioxidant levels (TAS), total oxidant levels (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) values, anti-carcinogenic effects on various cell lines and macro and micronutrient concentrations of Laurel (Laurus nobilis) plants cultivated for decorative purposes in parks and gardens of Izmir province of Turkey. TAS, TOS, and OSI values were determined with the aid of Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. In antimicrobial activity analysis, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against microorganisms was determined by microdilution broth method. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC11778), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Candida tropicalis (DSM11953) microorganisms were used in this analysis. Furthermore, cytotoxic activities of plant extracts were determined by XTT method in normal rat fibroblast cell line, HUVEC, and 2 different human cancer cell lines. At the end of the study, it was found that ethanol and water extracts of the Laurel plants had no antimicrobial activity, low oxidative stress index and good antioxidant activity, and moderate cytotoxic activity on experimented cell lines. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (P), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) concentrations of plant extracts were respectively identified as 1.68% N, 0.72% P, 1.12% K, 2.40% Ca, 0.45% Mg, 147.4 mg/kg Fe, 13.6 mg/kg Zn, 326.3 mg/kg Mn and 27.8 mg/kg Cu.

دراسة تاثير استعمال زيت الزيتون ضد الميكروبات المسببة للالتهابات الجلدية

Modern nutritional sciences look at the fruits of olives and Olive oil as essential products for human life due to the richness of its fruits in basic compounds such as oil, proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts and some other vitamins, which Iraqi tables are almost devoid of as a consumable material, either in the form of green or black olives or their oil, hence the idea This study aimed at evaluating some types of commercial olive oil samples extracted from olive fruits as a biomaterial against some types of microorganisms represented by Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseu aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus) as Gram-positive. Characterized at the level (P≤0.01) for the concentrations of the oil extract (25, 50 and 100)% used in the study on both types of target bacteria in the study, and thus the possibility of using this extract, which has proven its inhibitory effectiveness as an antidote against some types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

In vitro Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Bark against Trypanosoma bruceibrucei and Trypanosoma congolense

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt The potential of Hymenocardia acida stem bark extracts as an anti-trypanosomal agent was assessed. The results indicate significant in vitro activity of both ethanolic and n-hexane extracts against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, H. acida could be a valuable source for developing new, broad-spectrum trypanocidal drugs. Full Abstract The development of resistance by trypanosomes to existing trypanocidal drugs necessitates the need to search for safer and more effective alternative drugs with a broad spectrum of activity. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Hymenocardia acida stem bark against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The stem bark of H. acida was collected, identified, dried and then ground into fine powder. The powdered H. acida stem bark was extracted successively using n-hexane and ethanol to obtain n-hexane and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard procedure. In vitro, anti-trypanosomal activity of different concentrations of the stem bark extracts (2.5 mg/mL to 40.0 mg/mL) were determined using motility assay with diminazeneaceturate (100 µg/mL) and phosphate buffered saline used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed that flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins were present in the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts. In vitro, the anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts was observed against T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. Cessation of trypanosome motility was observed after 30 and 50 minutes of exposure to 2.5 mg/mL of ethanolic extract and n-hexane extract, respectively, for both T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. In conclusion, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of H. acida exhibited anti-trypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, the plant could serve as a source of new trypanocidal drugs.

INFLUENCE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES OF SILICON IV OXIDE (SiO2) AND OAK BARK EXTRACT ON BACTERIAL LUMINESCENCE

Background. Phytobiotic additives and ultrafine particles (UFP), especially of metallic nature, are increasingly used in agriculture as fertilizers and components of feed additives. However, there is very little data about the effect of non-metallic UFP. In particular, silicon-containing UFP have shown high efficiency as plant growth stimulators under stress conditions, but whether they can act as antibacterial agents or as protective agents in microbial ecosystems is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the presented work is to evaluate positive and negative reactions of the model luminescent microorganism Escherichia coli K12 TG1 when exposed to suspensions of silicon IV oxide (SiO2) in various concentrations both in pure form and in combination with phytobiotic additive – oak bark extract. Materials and methods. The luminescence intensity of the recombinant strain of Echerichia coli of the natural marine microorganism Photobacterium leiongnathi with cloned luxCDABE-genes under the influence of concentrations (0.5-0.00024 M) of UFP SiO2 and aqueous extract of oak bark (2-1024 multiples) was studied. Results. It was found that UFP in pure form stimulate bacterial luminescence by 252.2 % with respect to the control in the stationary phase of growth at 0.5 mol/L. They also act as protectors of intracellular metabolism, reducing the inhibitory effect of oak bark extract. The latter in pure form suppresses more than 50 % of bacterial luminescence up to 4-fold dilution (12.5 mg/mL), which determines the possibility of its use as an alternative to antibiotic drugs. Conclusion. UFP SiO2 have pronounced protective properties with respect to microbial community.

Efek Ekstrak Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) dalam Menekan Pertumbuhan Bakteri Salmonella typhi secara In vitro

Salmonella typhi is a Gram-negative bacterium that has no spores, moves with peritrichic flagellum, is facultative intracellular and facultative anaerobic. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been known for a long time to be used as a seasoning and medicine. The antibacterial activity of garlic can control pathogenic bacteria, both gram-negative and positive. To determine the effectiveness of Salmonella typhi bacteria growth given garlic extract (Allium sativum). This research is a true experiment post test using disc diffusion method. The higher the concentration of garlic extract (Allium sativum), the greater the inhibition zone obtained. The highest concentration of 100% garlic extract against Salmonella typhi bacteria has an inhibition zone of 14.4 mm with sensitive interpretation. Garlic extract (Allium sativum) has antibacterial effectiveness against the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Azadirachta Indica Leaves Against Tooth Decay Microbes in Kirkuk City

100 samples were collected from people suffering from tooth decay attending dental clinics in Kirkuk City. The results showed that 59(59%) of samples have positive growth on Mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar. While the remaining samples had no growth. Isolates were identified using biochemical and microscopic tests, 20 samples of Streptococcus mutans bacteria were isolated, with the highest percentage reaching (33.9%), 16 Staphylococcus aureus isolates representing (27.1%), followed by 13 (22%) Candida albicans isolates and 10 (17%) Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the neem plant were prepared, the aqueous extract showed higher activity against the isolates than the alcoholic extract. Neem extracts also showed higher effectiveness against bacteria compared to fungi, Ciprofloxacin was used as a control agent for bacteria and fluconazole for fungi. Streptococcus mutans recorded the highest inhibition zone of 4.5±0.53 and 2.3±0.51 at 100 mg/mL concentrations for aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively, followed by the rest of the isolates with different inhibition zones. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the aqueous extract of neem was (40 mg/ml) and (60 mg/ml) for the alcoholic extract, While C. albicans recorded (20 mg/ml) and (40 mg/ml) for the aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively. Keywords: dental caries, neem plant, bacteria, fungi.

Anti-Angiogenic Activity of Sabungai (Gynura procumbens) using a Cancer-induced Chicken Embryo

Cancer has been increasing over recent years and is considered the primary cause of mortality following cardiovascular disease. Angiogenesis, the biological process by which new blood vessels are generated, plays a crucial role in the growth and spread of tumors. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-angiogenic activity of different Sabungai (Gynura procumbens) leaf extract concentrations in the Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) of cancer-induced chicken embryos. The results of a one-way analysis of variance (25.20 ± 2.70, 27.20 ± 1.08, and 22.80 ± 1.66) indicated a statistically significant difference in CAM vascularization between the various treatments. Post hoc analysis utilizing Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test revealed that Treatment 2 (300ppt) significantly affected CAM vascularization, as evidenced by an average vascularization count of 27.20 ± 1.08, followed by Treatment 1 (100ppt) and Treatment 3 (500ppt). The results indicated that the extract from Sabungai leaves effectively hinders the formation of new blood vessels in a dose-dependent manner. The highest concentration of leaf extract (500 ppt) resulted in an average vascularization of 22.80 ± 1.66. However, excessively high doses can cause bleeding and embryo death. The results demonstrated that sabungai leaf extract affected blood vessel development in chicken embryos. The results of this research have various implications that contribute to scientific knowledge and potential applications in cancer treatment.

Antioxidant Effectiveness Test of Kapok Leaf Extract Moisturizer (Ceiba Pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) with DPPH Method

Dry skin can often cause psychological discomfort. Moisturizer is a preparation that is used to improve dry skin. Kapok plant (Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn) can be used as an active ingredient of moisturizer and can be used as a treatment, where the chemical content in kapok leaves are flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenoids as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of kapok leaf extract and moisturizer preparations with DPPH method using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, physical quality of preparations and antioxidant activity of moisturizer preparations using DPPH method. Kapok leaf extract was made in various concentrations, namely 20 ppm, 40 ppm and 60 ppm. The IC50 value of kapok leaf extract is 67.4007 ppm which has strong antioxidant activity. Then variations in the concentration of kapok leaf extract were put into the formulation of moisturizer preparations, the results of moisturizer preparations of kapok leaf extract and vitamin C met the requirements of the physical quality test. The moisturizer preparation was continued and tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with ascorbic acid as a comparison. The results of the IC50 value on the kapuk leaf extract moisturizer preparation are 110.065 ppm which is classified as having moderate antioxidant activity and while the vitamin C moisturizer preparation is 9.8417 ppm which is classified as having very strong antioxidant activity.

Green Synthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles using Green Tea Extract: The Role of Concentration and pH

ABSTRACTGreen synthesis for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is the process of reducing Ag+ ions to Ag0 by using plant bioactive compounds. Green synthesis is safer, environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Plant bioactive compounds from Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) extract containing polyphenols can be used as a reducer in the formation of silver nanoparticles. This study aims to determine the effect of pH (8, 9, and 10), at 1,5mM AgNO3 concentration and 0,75% green tea extract concentration on the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared by green synthesis method. The synthesized results were evaluated by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), SEM, and FTIR. The optimal AgNP synthesis process resulted from the AgNO3 concentration of 1.5 mM with 0.75% green tea extract at pH 10 which showed an absorbance value of 4,420 at λ 435,3 nm, with a particle size of 47,1 nm and a PDI of 0,243. The formation of AgNPs was observed by a change in color to brownish yellow. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs using liquid diffusion method. The results obtained AgNPs for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria has had inhibition at a concentration of 0,187mM and Escherichia coli at a concentration of 0,375mM.Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; green synthesis; green tea extract; pH; antibacterial activity

Biochemical and Histopathological Assessment of Some Organs in Rats Administered Picralima Nitida Aqueous Fruit-Pulp Extract

Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) is frequently used in ethnomedicine to manage various illnesses. The potential and safety of P. nitida aqueous, unripe fruit-pulp extract were assessed. Unripe P. nitida fruit pulp was cleaned, dried to a persistent mass, and crushed to powder. Then, it was immersed in distilled water for 72 h, filtered, and freeze-dried. The study involved six groups of rats, each with an average weight of 160–185 g, who were given 200–3000 mg/kg of pulp's aqueous extract daily for 35 days, with weekly measurements of weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and feed intake. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical tests, and certain organs underwent histopathological examination. A considerable (P > 0.05) increase in body weight was accompanied by a significant (P > 0.05) decrease in blood glucose and cholesterol levels. The relative organ weights did not differ significantly at a significance level of P > 0.05. ALT increased as doses of the extract rose. Serum electrolytes were altered at higher extract concentrations. The urea and creatinine concentrations were not appreciably changed. The hematological assessment revealed no variations in the quantity of leukocytes (total and differential), but there was a significant increase in hemoglobin at low doses. Histopathological studies revealed heart myocarditis, kidney tubular necrosis, liver hepatitis, pancreatitis, and bronchiolar mucosa ulceration in unripe P. nitida fruit pulp extract at a dosage of 3000 mg/kg body weight. The findings revealed that unripe P. nitida fruit pulp extract is relatively safe at low concentrations.