Concentration Of Eucalyptus Oil Research Articles

Eucalyptus and spearmint oils inhibit the biological activity of lesser grain borer and red flour beetles

The objective of this investigation was to assess the insecticidal efficacy of essential oils derived from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and spearmint (Mentha spicata) against two species of stored-product insects. The process of Clevenger-type water distillation was employed to extract essential oils from two distinct plant species. Subsequently, the insecticidal properties of these oils were evaluated against specimens of the American wheat weevil (Rhyzopertha dominica) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), belonging to the Coleoptera: Bostrichidae and Tenebrionidae families, respectively. Eucalyptus oil exhibited the highest level of inhibition of insects’ reproduction. Still, when tested on adults of both types of insects, eucalyptus and spearmint oils were more effective than the control treatment. A complete inhibition of egg-laying activity (100%) was achieved using a 7% concentration of eucalyptus oil. The trials were done within controlled laboratory settings, with a notable absence of tests conducted under authentic operational conditions. Researchers who want to learn more about using essential oils as insecticides in the future should focus on making pesticide formulations that work well in a wide range of production settings.

Antibacterial Effects of Eucalyptus Oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) Made in Lamongan against Escherichia coli Bacteria In vitro Study

>Diarrhea is a health problem that occurs throughout the world, in Indonesia the prevalence of diarrhea is 11%. Diarrhea is one of the food borne diseases. The most common bacteria that causes diarrhea is Escherichia coli. Diarrhea can be prevented by disinfection using 70% alcohol hand sanitizer, but this material often causes irritation and itching, so alternative materials were needed. One of the potential ingredients is eucalyptus oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) made in Lamongan, because it contains 1,8-Cineol compounds. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial potential of eucalyptus oil as a solution to health problems. This study was a true experimental study with a posttest-only control group design. Sampling used a simple random sampling technique. Data were obtained by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using the diffusion method antibacterial test. The data would be processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software. The results of the measurement of the diameter of the inhibition zone in positive control (31.53 ± 0.6 mm), negative control (0.00 ± 0.00 mm) 20% concentration (19.00 ± 1.17 mm), 30% concentration (21.53 ± 1.33 mm), 40% concentration (24.08 ± 0.28 mm), and 50% concentration (24.76 ± 1.56 mm). Based on the One-Way ANOVA test, it was found that there was a significant difference between the control group and the treatment group (p = 0.000). Based on the Pearson test, it was found that there was a very strong relationship (r = 0.888), positive (r = 0.888) and significant (p = 0.000) between various concentrations of eucalyptus oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) made in Lamongan against Escherichia coli bacteria. There was a significant antibacterial effect of eucalyptus oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) made in Lamongan against Escherichia coli bacteria.

Formulation Development and Ex-Vivo Permeability of Curcumin Hydrogels under the Influence of Natural Chemical Enhancers.

Background: The aim of the present research was to formulate and evaluate curcumin hydrogel and to investigate the potential of natural essential oils as permeation enhancers. Methods: Curcumin 2% w/w hydrogel containing various concentrations of eucalyptus oil, aloe vera oil and clove oil was developed using carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as a gelling agent. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy were used to evaluate the compatibility between the drug and the excipients. In order to assess the efficacy of the formulation; rheological properties, skin irritation studies, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation and retention studies were conducted. Results: DSC and FTIR suggest no in-compatibility between curcumin and excipients. Studies proved that addition of suitable natural permeation enhancers to the hydrogels improved the in vitro release and ex vivo permeation and retention of curcumin. From the various natural essential oils, the aloe vera oil at a concentration of 3% w/w had the greatest effect on the permeability rate and skin retention of the Curcumin and produces the highest enhancement ratio amongst all the concentrations of essential oils examined. Conclusion: Aloe vera oil enhances the permeation of curcumin across the skin by altering the complex structure of the stratum corneum without itself undergoing any change. The developed curcumin hydrogels along with natural essential oils may present an effective choice regarding skin infection/wound healing.

The synergistic effect of eucalyptus oil and retinoic acid on human esophagus cancer cell line SK-GT-4

BackgroundIn order to improve cancer patients' chances of survival, scientists have prioritized finding alternatives to chemotherapy, focusing their efforts on natural sources. The current study investigates the anti-cancer action of retinoic acid and Eucalyptus oil in esophageal cancer and studies their combined effect as well as the cellular pathways that each trigger as part of ongoing research in this field. As a model of esophageal cancer, the SK-GT-4 cancer cell line was treated with a series of concentrations of both materials.ResultsThe concentrations of Eucalyptus oil (10, 100, 1000, and 1500 g/mL) and Retinoic acid (5, 100, 150, and 200 M/mL) were used for treatment of cells. The MTT test was used to assess the anti-cancer activity of Eucalyptus oil and Retinoic acid, and qPCR was used to determine cellular pathways. Our findings show that both Eucalyptus oil and Retinoic acid inhibit cancer cell growth significantly. Our findings revealed that the IC50 values for eucalyptus oil were 63 g/mL and 111.3 M l/mL for retinoic acid. Furthermore, the impact was at the level that causes apoptosis. The findings suggested that any herbal substance could act as an inducer of the caspase-9-dependent pathway. The caspase-8-dependent pathway, on the other hand, was restricted to retinoic acid.ConclusionOur research discovered that the two chemicals worked together to create a synergistic effect. This synergistic effect could be attributed to a close connection between external and internal apoptotic pathways, which inhibits SK-GT-4 cell growth.Graphical

Comparative Study on CI Engine Performance and Emissions using a Novel Antioxidant Additive

The depletion of conventional energy sources and environmental pollution related to use of these energy sources make biodiesel as a renewable replacement to diesel. The biodiesel can be used as an immediate replacement to fossil diesel as its properties are comparable to diesel. The main drawback of the biodiesel is its lower oxidation stability and prone to microbial growth which degrades the properties of biodiesel during storage. However, these problems can be overcome by adding suitable additives to the biodiesel. The non-edible neem oil is one of the feedstocks used for biodiesel in India. The neem biodiesel has lower oxidation stability and hence it is necessary to add suitable additive. The eucalyptus oil has better antioxidant and microbial inhibition properties and hence it was used as an additive in this work. The effect of adding this additive on the biodiesel properties, engine emissions and performance were studied. The engine tests were conducted on a compression ignition engine at different loads with various concentration of eucalyptus oil. The engine performance indicates that the thermal efficiency of the engine with biodiesel is lower than the diesel fuel while the engine exhaust emissions like HC, CO and smoke were lower with the biodiesel. The use of eucalyptus oil as an additive to the biodiesel at full load increases the engine thermal efficiency by 3.08%. Also, it lowers the engine exhaust emissions except NOx emission.

Inclusion of Different Levels of Eucalyptus Oil: An In Vitro Trial to Study the Effect on Sheep Rumen Methanogenesis and Fermentation Processes

An in vitro trial was conducted in fermentation vessels under anaerobic conditions using composite feed-1 and composite feed-2 with inclusion of different levels of Eucalyptus oil (EO) along with buffered rumen liquor of sheep to observe the effects of oil on rumen methanogenesis and fermentation. The CF-1 consisted of 40% of concentrate and CF-2 had 25 % of concentrate. The various concentrations of EO used in present study were 0.5,1 and 2 µl/ml. During the present investigation it was observed that on increasing concentration of EO in CF-1 and CF-2 resulted in linear decrease in total gas production up to 74.26% in CF-1; and 31.01% by inclusion of EO in CF-2, respectively. The findings suggest that decrease in total gas production and methane concentration was highly pronounced in CF-1 compared to CF-2. The rumen digestibility in CF-1 and CF-2 also decreased significantly (p < 0.01) from control. A significant decrease in NH3 –N compared to control was also documented. As EO in both the feeds was found to inhibit deamination activity, the ammonia production decreased with increase in the efficiency of protein utilization. The inclusion of the oil decreased the Total Volatile Fatty Acids (TVFA) concentration significantly (p < 0.01). The A:P ratio increased by inclusion in CF-2 but not in CF-1. The pH was effected on inclusion of EO in CF-2 whereas inclusion of EO in CF-1 exhibited non significant effect. Therefore, the difference in Volatile Fatty acids (VFA) pattern due to essential oil might be because of different diets and pH in different experiments. The inclusion of EO decreased the protozoa number significantly (p < 0.01). EO was found to decrease fermentation in a manner that even at 0.5 µl/ml concentration there was a significant decrease in GP, ME, SCFA, TDDM and MBP. It could therefore be envisaged that increasing the proportion of concentrate in diets and using EO as a feed additive increases the rumen efficiency by reducing the methane concentration and gas production.

Extraction and Modelling of Oil from <i>Eucalyptus camadulensis by</i> Organic Solvent

This work was conducted to study the extraction of eucalyptus oil from natural plants (Eucalyptus camadulensis leaves) by organic solvents. the effects of the main operating parameters were studied; type of solvent (n-hexane and ethanol), time to reach equilibrium, the temperature (45&degC to 65&degC) for n-hexane and (45&degC to 75&degC) for ethanol, solvent to solid ratio (5:1 to 8:1 (v/w)), agitation speed (0 to 900 rpm) and the particle size (0.5 to 2.5 cm) of fresh leaves to find the best processing conditions for the achieving maximum oil yield. The concentration of eucalyptus oil in solvent was measured by using UV-spectrophotometer. The results (for n-hexane) showed that the agitation speed of 900 rpm, temperature 65&degC with solvent to solid ratio 7:1 (v/w) of particle size 0.5 cm for 210 minute give the highest value of oil (68.5 wt%). Similar conditions for ethanol with the exception of the temperature (75&degC) give the highest yield of oil (65.07 wt%).

Efeito do óleo de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) no controle do carrapato bovino

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo do óleo de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) sobre o carrapato bovino (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Na experimentação in vitro, foi utilizado o grupo controle negativo e oito concentrações de óleo de eucalipto (0,5; 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 50; 100%), em fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 30,5; 75,5; 91; 100; 100; 100; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. Para a experimentação in vivo, foram constituídos três grupos (controle negativo; óleo de eucalipto a 3,5% - nível estimado mediante análise de regressão, correspondendo a 95% de eficácia de controle do carrapato da pesquisa in vitro e amitraz a 0,025%), com dezoito vacas da raça Holandesa. Antes (média dos dias -3, -2,-1) e após a aplicação do produto (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21dias), foram contadas fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapato. A eficácia de controle foi de 0; 96,4 e 69%, respectivamente, 21 dias após o tratamento. Na 1ª e na 2ª ordenha após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foram avaliadas variáveis fisiológicas e coletadas amostras de leite para avaliar as propriedades organolépticas no leite e no iogurte (controle negativo x tratamento fitoterápico). O teste de aceitação sensorial do leite e das variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas foram similares entre os tratamentos.

Enhanced chlorhexidine skin penetration with eucalyptus oil

BackgroundChlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is a widely used skin antiseptic, however it poorly penetrates the skin, limiting its efficacy against microorganisms residing beneath the surface layers of skin. The aim of the current study was to improve the delivery of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) when used as a skin antiseptic.MethodChlorhexidine was applied to the surface of donor skin and its penetration and retention under different conditions was evaluated. Skin penetration studies were performed on full-thickness donor human skin using a Franz diffusion cell system. Skin was exposed to 2% (w/v) CHG in various concentrations of eucalyptus oil (EO) and 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The concentration of CHG (μg/mg of skin) was determined to a skin depth of 1500 μm by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).ResultsThe 2% (w/v) CHG penetration into the lower layers of skin was significantly enhanced in the presence of EO. Ten percent (v/v) EO in combination with 2% (w/v) CHG in 70% (v/v) IPA significantly increased the amount of CHG which penetrated into the skin within 2 min.ConclusionThe delivery of CHG into the epidermis and dermis can be enhanced by combination with EO, which in turn may improve biocide contact with additional microorganisms present in the skin, thereby enhancing antisepsis.

The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm

To assess the antimicrobial effects of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes, with a particular focus on in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and biofilm preventing activities of the oils were studied. Fifteen and 21 compounds were identified in the essential oils of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis respectively. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils were found to be 4 and 2 mg ml(-1), and those of chlorhexidine (2%) were 8 and 1 mg ml(-1) for both S. mutans and S. pyogenes respectively. Decimal reduction time of S. mutans by M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils at their MBC levels was 2.8 min, while that of cholrhexidine was 12.8 min. D-value of S. pyogenes exposed to the MBC levels of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils and of chlorhexidine were 4.3, 3.6 and 2.8 min respectively. Antibacterial and in vivo biofilm preventive efficacies of all the concentrations of eucalyptus oil were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that of M. spicata oil and chlorhexidine. In conclusion, essential oils are capable of affecting biofilm formation. The essential oils from E. camaldulensis and M. spicata significantly retard biofilm formation that can contribute to the development of novel anticaries treatments.

Transdermal Delivery of Ketorolac

A reservoir type transdermal patch for delivery of ketorolac, a potent analgesic agent was studied. The low permeability of skin is the rate-limiting step for delivery of most of the drugs. Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of permeation enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ketorolac across rat skin. The reservoir type transdermal patch was fabricated and the core was filled with gel system of a non ionic polymer HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) formulated in PBS (phosphate buffer saline) solution of pH of 5.4 along with isopropyl alcohol at 25% w/w concentration. Various permeation enhancers' viz. dimethyl sulphoxide, d-limonene, eucalyptus oil and transcutol (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) were incorporated into the gel system. Permeation enhancement of ketorolac with different enhancers followed the order eucalyptus oil> transcutol> DMSO> d-limonene. Cyclic terpene containing eucalyptus oil was found to be the most promising chemical permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of ketorolac. The increase in concentration of eucalyptus oil further enhanced drug permeation with maximum flux being achieved at 10% w/w of 66.38 microg/cm(2)/h. Further enhancement of permeation rate of ketorolac across skin was attained by application of abrading gel containing crushed apricot seed onto the skin. There was 5.16 times enhancement and flux of 93.10 microg/cm(2)/h was attained. A reservoir type transdermal patch for delivery of ketorolac thus appears to be feasible of delivering ketorolac across skin.

Dental Biofilm Prevention by Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oils

Background: Controlling the dental biofilm is one of the major approaches to reducing dental caries and periodontal diseases. With the increase in the prevalence of microbial resistance to conventional antiseptics and antibiotics, attention is now turning to the use of natural antimicrobial compounds. In this study we assess antimicrobial effects of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus pyogenes with a particular focus on in vitro. and in vivo biofilm formation. Methods: The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GCMS. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and biofilm preventing activities of the oils were studied. Results: Fifteen and twenty one compounds were identified in the essential oils of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis respectively. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils were found to be 4000 and 2000 ppm and those of chlorhexidine (2%) were 8000 and 1000 ppm for both S.mutans and S.pyogenes respectively. Decimal reduction time of S.mutans by M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils at their MBC levels was 2.8minutes while cholrhexidine showed longer time to completely kill S.mutans. D value of S.pyogenes exposed to the MBC levels of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils and of chlorhexidine were 4.3, 3.6 and 2.8minutes respectively. Eucalyptus oil was themost effective agent inhibiting biofilm formation. Antibacterial and in vivo biofilm preventive efficacies of all the concentrations of eucalyptus oil were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than Mentha spicata oil and chlorhexidine. In conclusion, essential oils are capable of affecting biofilm formation. Conclusion: Essential oils may find a role in the development of novel anticaries treatments.