Concentrations Of Erythrosine Research Articles

Development of erythrosine-based photodynamic therapy with a targeted drug delivery system to induce HepG2 cell apoptosis in vitro

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer treatment that can trigger the ROS/JNK/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway, thus inducing cancer cell apoptosis by generating singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from irradiating photosensitizers (PSs) at a specific optical wavelength. In this study, on the basis of the concept of third-generation PSs and drug repurposing, we fabricated a novel folic-acid-conjugated, chitosan-coated, erythrosine-embedded complex (FA–CS–ERY complex) for integrating PDT with a targeted drug delivery system. Folate receptors are highly expressed on cancer cells and rarely expressed on normal cells. The erythrosine delivered by the FA–CS–ERY complex could react with light at an excitation wavelength of 520–525 nm. The results indicated that the FA–CS–ERY complex was taken up by HepG2 cells and mainly located in cell nuclei. In addition, ROS generated by irradiating the FA–CS–ERY complex with green LED light induced apoptosis effectively. When the erythrosine concentration and irradiation fluence were 60 µM and 3.17 J/cm2, respectively, the relative HepG2 cell viability significantly decreased to only 3.2%. This cost-effective and low-irradiance PDT demonstrated higher performance than conventional anticancer therapies and thus may serve as an alternative option for cancer treatment.

Effect of Combining Erythrosine with a High-Power Dental Curing Light Appliance on the Viability of a Planktonic Culture of Streptococcus mutans.

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) composed of the association of the photosensitizer (PS) erythrosine irradiated by a high-intensity dental light source against a culture of Streptococcus mutans, comparing this effect with that of a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution. Materials and methods: For this purpose, planktonic suspensions of S. mutans were subjected to experimental conditions in which three different concentrations of erythrosine (E) (2, 4, and 8 μM) associated with three different doses emitted by the light source (L) (48, 96, and 144 J/cm2) were crossed, corresponding to the exposure times of 40, 80, and 120 sec, respectively, delivered in pulsed mode. The following experimental conditions were evaluated: G1-treatment with dye and light source (E+L+); G2-treatment with the dye only (E+L-); G3-treatment with the light source only (E-L+); G4-absence of dye and light (negative control); and G5-0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control). After treatment, aliquots of each group were plated on blood agar, then the colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) later counted. The results were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey tests, considering the level of significance of 5%. Results: Group aPDT showed complete eradication of microorganisms as from the concentration of 4 μM irradiated for 40 sec, demonstrating statistically significant difference in comparison with the negative control group (p ≤ 0.05) and efficacy similar to that of the 0.12% chlorhexidine group (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: The authors concluded that the light-polymerizing appliance used in pulsed mode, associated with the PS erythrosine, was efficient for the control of S. mutans in a planktonic suspension in a short period of irradiation time.

Evaluation of US/S2O8-2 compilative process performance in the removal of Erythrosine B dye from aqueous solution

Erythrosine B is widely used for dyeing in various applications, especially in the food industry, despite its already proved toxicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesis process of US/S2O8-2 in removing erythrosine B dye from aqueous solution. In this experimental study, the removal of erythrosine B dye using combined persulfate and 40 kHz ultrasound process was studied. All reactions was conducted in a beaker of 1,000 mL in an ultrasonic bath. The effects of operational parameters such as pH of the solution (3-7), initial concentration of erythrosine B dye (10–100 mg/L), and amount of persulfate concentration (0.001–0.005 mol/L) in different contact time were investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency increased significantly by increasing the oxidant concentration, then a steady trend was observed in the removal of erythrosine B dye. The process used US/S2O8-2 at pH:3, concentration of persulfate at 0.003 mol/L, and the time of 60 min for achieving the highest removal efficiency (98.91%). Ultrasonic device alone had little effect in the removal of this dye. The effects of ion changes from calcium chloride on the performance of the US/S2O8- process were ineffective for erythrosine B dye. The results of the US/S2O8-2 process application in the removal of erythrosine B dye indicated that this process has a suitably proper ability for erythrosine B dye removal and could be used as an effective method for industrial wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of photosensitizer penetration into sound and decayed dentin: A photoacoustic spectroscopy study.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may have topical indications. In those cases it is important for a topical photosensitizer to penetrate into the tissue to which it has been applied. This study aimed to compare the penetration of two different concentrations of erythrosine into intact and in vitro decayed dentin samples. This in vitro study evaluated erythrosine (0.3 and 5%) penetration into sound (intact) and decayed dentin. A total of 11 dentin discs were prepared and divided into two equal halves, in order to keep one half sound while the other half was submitted to sterilization and an in vitro demineralization model for 5 days. Before erythrosine application, the organic and inorganic composition of all samples was evaluated by Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy, and after erythrosine application for 30 min, the penetration depth was determined by Photoacoustic spectroscopy technique. The results indicated that 0.3% erythrosine showed a higher penetration depth into sound dentin (p = 0.002); and 5% erythrosine higher penetration into decayed dentin (p < 0.001). However considering clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was found between any of the conditions tested. Erythrosine demonstrated ability to penetrate into dentin, irrespective of sound or decayed condition. Photoacoustic spectroscopy can be considered a method for estimating the penetration into hard tissues, and in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy, these are effective methods for evaluating the spectral response of dentin. Considering that erythrosine is capable of penetrating into decayed dentin, clinical trials are needed to test the effectiveness of this photosensitizer in Photodynamic therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy.

Effects of Temperature and Concentration on the Rate of Photobleaching of Erythrosine in Water.

Erythrosine, a popular food dye, undergoes fast O2-sensitive bleaching in water when subjected to visible light illumination. In dilute solution, erythrosine undergoes photobleaching via first-order kinetics, where the rate of bleaching depends critically on the rate of photon absorption and on the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Kinetic studies indicate that this inherent bleaching is augmented by self-catalysis at higher concentrations of erythrosine and on long exposure times. Under the conditions used, bleaching occurs by way of geminate attack of singlet molecular oxygen on the chromophore. Despite the complexity of the overall photobleaching process, the rate constants associated with both inherent and self-catalytic bleaching reactions follow Arrhenius-type behavior, allowing the activation parameters to be resolved. Bleaching remains reasonably efficient in the solid state, especially if the sample is damp, and provides a convenient means by which to construct a simple chemical actinometer.

Ag3PO4/AgBr/Ag-HKUST-1-MOF composites as novel blue LED light active photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of ternary mixture of dyes in a rotating packed bed reactor

This study focused on a continuous flow photocatalytic rotating packed bed for simultaneous photodegradation of methylene blue (MB), auramine-O (AO) and erythrosine (ER). Blue light emitting diode strips were used as light sources in this reactor for photocatalyst activation. Ag3PO4/AgBr/Ag decorated HKUST-1 MOF composite (HKUST-1-Ag3PO4/AgBr/Ag) as novel visible light photocatalyst was synthesized and characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDS and DRS analyses. Eight effective parameters include initial concentrations of MB, AO and ER, rotational speed, solution flow rate, aeration flow rate, HKUST-1-Ag3PO4/AgBr/Ag mass and time of illumination were optimized using a Taguchi design L18 (21×37). The pH was optimized by one at a time method and fixed at 5.0. The maximum photocatalytic degradation efficacies of 92.01%, 89.57% and 89.96% for MB, ER and AO, respectively, were found at the optimum conditions: 75min of illumination time, 15mg/L of each dye, 0.4g/L of HKUST-1-Ag3PO4/AgBr/Ag, 1000rpm of rotational speed, 0.3L/min of solution flow rate and 25L/min of aeration rate. Kinetic study indicated that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model was well fitted to the experimental data of ternary photocatalytic degradation.

Efficient adsorption of erythrosine and sunset yellow onto modified palladium nanoparticles with a 2-diamine compound: Application of multivariate technique

Abstract Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with (N-3-phenylallaylidene)-N′-trimethoxysilylpropyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (PATMSPEDA) were prepared and subsequently the MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA-Pd-NPs nanohybrids with high shape selectivity and high specific surface area have been prepared by single step synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) loaded on MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA. These materials were characterized by different techniques such as XRD, SEM, FT-IR and TGA-DTA and subsequently were used for the simultaneous ultrasound-assisted removal of erythrosine (ER) and sunset yellow (SY) dyes from aqueous solution. The influences of important variables such as initial dyes concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and sonication time on the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted removal process were investigated by central composite design (CCD) and the optimization conditions were obtained 4.39 and 4.33 mg L−1 of ER concentration, 11.76 and 11.90 mg L−1 of SY concentration, 0.02 and 0.019 g adsorbent mass, 7.0 and 7.0 for pH value and 3.88 and 3.75 min sonication time for MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA and MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA-Pd-NPs, respectively. The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used for constructing an empirical model to predict the understudy dyes removal behavior onto these adsorbents and the obtained results have good agreement with experimental data. The absolute average deviations (AADs) of ER and SY dyes adsorption by MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA are 0.62% and 0.58%, and the determination coefficient (R2) values are 0.971 and 0.978, respectively. Also, the AADs of ER and SY dyes adsorption by MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA-Pd-NPs are 0.48% and 0.34%, and the R2 values are 0.971 and 0.972, respectively. Finally, it was found that the equilibrium isotherm of adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm. From the Langmuir isotherm, maximum monolayer capacity (qmax) were obtained to 30.58 and 38.76 mg g−1 and 55.25 and 59.17 mg g−1 at optimum conditions for ER and SY removal onto MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA and MWCNTs-PATMSPEDA-Pd-NPs, respectively.

Update of the Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of erythrosine in feed for cats, dogs, reptiles and ornamental fish

Erythrosine is a sensory additive belonging to the functional group colourants, namely “substances that add or restore colour in feedingstuffs”. Derived from a No Observed Adverse Effect Level determined in a 60-day rat study (30 mg erythrosine/kg body weight per day based on perturbation of thyroid function) and applying an uncertainty factor of 100, safe concentrations in complete feed are estimated to be 16 mg/kg for dogs, 13 mg/kg for cats and 59 mg/kg for ornamental fish. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) is not in a position to derive a safe concentration of erythrosine in feed for reptiles. Regarding the iodine content of erythrosine (56 %) and the limitation in the analytical determination of erythrosine in feed, the use of erythrosine in complete feed for dogs, cats and reptiles would be limited to a maximum of 18 mg/kg and for ornamental fish would be limited to 35 mg/kg feed to comply with the currently authorised maximum content of total iodine in complete feed. Erythrosine has the potential to add red colour to feedingstuffs, which was demonstrated in complementary feed at a range of 50 to 500 mg/kg.

Optimum Treatment Parameters for Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy on &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Streptococcus mutans&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; Biofilms

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Photochemotherapy using a combination of erythrosine and standard halogen dental curing lights on the viability of Streptococcus mutans in the biofilm phase. To investigate the optimum treatment parameters, the researchers controlled the concentration of erythrosine, light irradiation time and the treatment time of erythrosine. The higher concentration of erythrosine (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 M) in the presence of light irradiation created greater effects in reducing the viability of S. mutans. The results showed a statistically significant difference among the antimicrobial effects in 20, 40, 80 M erythrosine. The higher irradiation time of light (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 75s) in the presence of erythrosine showed greater effects in reducing the viability of S. mutans. There was statistically significant difference in 30, 60, 75 seconds. The higher treatment time of erythrosine (0, 1, 2.5, 5min) in the presence of erythrosine created greater effects on reduction of S. mutans viability. Statistically significant differences were found between 2.5 and 5 minutes of erythrosine treatment time. The results of this study showed that the photochemotherapy on S. mutans using erythrosine and the halogen dental curing lights conventionally used in dental clinics is effective in the condition of 20-40 M erythrosine concentration, irradiation time over 30 seconds, and erythrosine treatment time over 2.5 minutes.

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with resonance Rayleigh scattering for the detection of three fluoroquinolones and mechanism study

A reliable and versatile high performance liquid chromatography coupled with resonance Rayleigh scattering method was established for the determination of three fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin in water sample and human urine sample. In pH 4.4–4.6 Britton–Robinson buffer medium, the fluoroquinolones separated by high performance liquid chromatography could react with erythrosine to form 1:1 ion-association complexes, which could make contributions to the great enhancement of RRS. The resonance Rayleigh scattering signal was recorded at λex=λem=330nm. The resonance Rayleigh scattering spectral characteristics of the drugs and the experimental conditions such as pH, detection wavelength, erythrosine concentration, flow rate, the length of reaction tube were studied. Quantum chemistry calculation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy were used to discuss the reaction mechanism. The recoveries of samples added standard ranged from 97.53% to 102.00%, and the relative standard deviation was below 4.64%. The limit of detection (S/N=3) of 0.05–0.12μgmL−1 was reached, and the linear regression coefficients were all above 0.999. The proposed method was proved as a simple, low cost and high sensitivity method.

A Direct Enzyme Immunoassay to Detect Erythrosine in Foods

As a synthetic food dye, erythrosine is associated with serious toxicity in inducing thyroid tumors, and the use of erythrosine is strictly regulated in most counties including China. In this study, a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for analysis of erythrosine in food products. A highly specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) for erythrosine was produced using erythrosine–bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate as an artificial antigen, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled MAb for erythrosine was utilized as the detection antibody. Under the optimized condition, the UV absorbance in microplate related well with erythrosine concentration in the range of 0.1–10.0 μg/g. The proposed method could be applied to determine erythrosine in beverage and cookie, with good recoveries (80 –103 %) for the three spiked levels (30, 50, and 100 μg/g), and the relative standard deviations of detected amount were <12.3 %.

Photodynamic bactericidal effect againstEnterococcus faecalisby erythrosine concentration and LED irradiation times

Photodynamic bactericidal effect against<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>by erythrosine concentration and LED irradiation times

광역동 치료가 구강 내에서 분리한 수종의 Streptococcus mutans의 생존력에 미치는 영향

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique that involves the activation of photosensitizer by light in the presence of tissue oxygen, resulting in the production of reactive radicals capable of inducing cell death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PDT on Streptococcus mutans in planktonic conditions, previously treated with different photosensitive concentrations of erythrosine, using halogen and LED curing unit as a light source. And we compared the effects of PDT on six strains of S. mutans isolated from oral cavity and reference strain. As a result, S. mutans was susceptible to the combination of hand held photopolymerizer (HHP) and erythrosine. The higher concentration of erythrosine in the presence of light irradiation induced greater effects in reduction of viability of S. mutans. Isolated S. mutans showed a significant reduction in bacterial counts of the groups submitted to PDT compared to the control groups. And they appeared to be similar or slightly lower antimicrobial effect compared with reference strain. However, the difference was not significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, PDT using erythrosine as a photosensitizing agent and HHP as a light source could be an efficient option for diseases caused by S. mutans.

In Vitro Studies on Erythrosine-Based Photodynamic Therapy of Malignant and Pre-Malignant Oral Epithelial Cells

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a tumor localizing photosensitizing agent, which upon activation with light of an appropriate wavelength leads to the destruction of the tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of erythrosine as a photosensitizer for the PDT of oral malignancies. The drug uptake kinetics of erythrosine in malignant (H357) and pre-malignant (DOK) oral epithelial cells and their susceptibility to erythrosine-based PDT was studied along with the determination of the subcellular localization of erythrosine. This was followed by initial investigations into the mechanism of cell killing induced following PDT involving both high and low concentrations of erythrosine. The results showed that at 37°C the uptake of erythrosine by both DOK and H357 cells increased in an erythrosine dose dependent manner. However, the percentage of cell killing observed following PDT differed between the 2 cell lines; a maximum of ∼80% of DOK cell killing was achieved as compared to ∼60% killing for H357 cells. Both the DOK and H357 cell types exhibited predominantly mitochondrial accumulation of erythrosine, but the mitochondrial trans-membrane potential (ΔΨm) studies showed that the H357 cells were far more resistant to the changes in ΔΨm when compared to the DOK cells and this might be a factor in the apparent relative resistance of the H357 cells to PDT. Finally, cell death morphology and caspase activity analysis studies demonstrated the occurrence of extensive necrosis with high dose PDT in DOK cells, whereas apoptosis was observed at lower doses of PDT for both cell lines. For H357 cells, high dose PDT produced both apoptotic as well as necrotic responses. This is the first instance of erythrosine-based PDT's usage for cancer cell killing.

Dynamics of acrylamide-based photopolymer holographic gratings

The theoretical photochemical and photopolymerization diffusion model and the dynamic parameters of the photopolymer are studied. A new holographic photopolymer which is composed of acrylamide as monomer, ployvinylalcohol as binder, triethanolamine as initiator sensitized by erythrosine B is prepared. By means of fitting the experimental data of transmittance and diffraction efficiency as a function of time, the influence of the molar-absorption coefficient ε, the quantum yield Φ and the photobleaching coefficient k in photochemical dynamics for different concentrations of erythrosine B, and polymerization rate k0, diffusion time constant τD and the maximal refractive index modulation Δn in photopolymerization diffusion dynamics for different exposure intensity, are presented.

Adsorptive removal of Erythrosine dye onto activated low cost de-oiled mustard

The present paper is aimed to investigate and develop cheap adsorption methods for colour removal from wastewater using waste material de-oiled mustard as adsorbent. De-oiled mustard, a biosorbent, was successfully utilized for removing a water-soluble xanthene dye, Erythrosine from wastewater. Kinetic studies of adsorption of Erythrosine at de-oiled mustard were carried out at 30 °C, using aqueous solutions with 5 × 10 −5 M concentration of Erythrosine. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-first order model. The equilibrium process can be well described by both Freundlich and Langmuir models, at 30, 40 and 50 °C. Free energy of adsorption (Δ G°), enthalpy (Δ H°), and entropy (Δ S°) changes were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. The estimated values for Δ G° were −12.81 × 10 3 and −12.57 × 10 3 over activated carbon and activated de-oiled mustard at 203 K (30 °C), indicate toward a spontaneous process. The positive value for Δ H° indicates that the adsorption of Erythrosine dye to de-oiled mustard is an endothermic process.

Polarized luminescence of erythrosine molecules adsorbed on a semiconductor-dielectric structure

The dependences of the degree of polarization of fluorescence of erythrosine molecules adsorbed on Ge-GeO2 structures on the thickness of the oxide layer, the surface charge, and the concentration of erythrosine are studied. The values of reorientation barriers and times of vibrational relaxation of adsorbed molecules are found. The effect of the surface charge, the thickness of the oxide layer, and the concentration of water molecules on the rotational-vibrational relaxation of adsorbed erythrosine molecules is revealed.

Analytical and mechanistic aspects of the room temperature phosphorescence of Erythrosine B adsorbed on solid supports as oxygen sensing phases

Abstract Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) lifetime measurements and spectra of different concentrations of Erythrosine B immobilized on anion exchangers and non-ionic resins have been employed to unveil mechanistic aspects of the RTP of immobilized Erythrosine B. The existence of a definite number of RTP decaying components in some experimental conditions has been confirmed. The effects of humidified argon and air on RTP lifetimes and the changes in luminescence intensities were used to investigate some of the interactions responsible for the multiple component RTP emission. The experiments performed also proved the suitability of the phases prepared using non-ionic resins, for the quantification of molecular oxygen by RTP-quenching measurements. Moreover, the solid phases with anion-exchanger resins showed good potential for the analytical sensing of humidity.

Photodynamic effects of erythrosine on the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia coli.

Photon activation of the halogenated fluorescein derivative erythrosine caused a marked calcium-dependent contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli superfused in vitro. Neither high intensity illumination alone (up to 5 X 10(4) lux) nor erythrosine alone (up to 2 X 10(-4) M) altered the tone of the taenia or its ability to respond to carbachol (5 X 10(-5) M); photo-irradiation of erythrosine before tissue contact was also ineffective. The magnitude of the photodynamic contraction was dependent upon the concentration of erythrosine, the intensity and wavelength of the incident light, and the presence of oxygen; indirect effects via neurotransmitter release or cyclo-oxygenase activation were specifically excluded. The photodynamic response was blocked by zero-[Ca]o and addition of EGTA (1 mM) but not by omission of [Mg]o or a decrease in [Cl]o or [Na]o. D600 (methoxyverapamil) 10(-5) M, or a ten fold increase in [Mg]o, to 11.3 mM, partly inhibited the photodynamic contraction at low, but not high, light intensities. These observations are consistent with the following sequence of events: (i) photo-activation of the erythrosine molecule, (ii) the generation of highly reactive singlet oxygen, (iii) local peroxidation of cell membrane proteolipid, (iv) increased membrane permeability to Ca2+, (v) the influx of Ca2+ and, (vi) muscle contraction. It is concluded that the photodynamic action of erythrosine presents a novel method for modulation of membrane calcium permeability, and hence [Ca]i, not only in smooth muscle but possibly in other cells as well, e.g., secretory, epithelial and myocardial cells.