Ellagic Acid Content Research Articles

Methyl Jasmonate Foliar Spray Substantially Enhances the Productivity, Quality and Phytochemical Contents of Pomegranate Fruit

As an alternative to chemicals, the use of phytohormones and growth regulators is considered as a novel method of enhancing the yield, quality parameters and nutritional capacity of fruit crops. Physiological responses and changes in quality attributes, yield, and phytochemicals of pomegranate fruits in response to foliar spray with different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at different growth and development stages were studied. MeJA in a concentration dependent manner, from 0.1 to 0.5 mM, substantially increased fruit total antioxidant and phenylalanine ammonialyase activities, total phenolics, ellagic acid, punicalagin, and tannic acid contents, sweetness, total soluble solids, whole fruit, aril and peel weights, firmness and juice content at harvest. MeJA substantially decreased fruit respiration rate and titratable acidity. Compared to the control, fruits from the trees treated with 0.5 mM MeJA showed 133% increase in aril weight, 141.4% increase in peel weight, 101% increase in fruit weight, and 24.7% increase in juice content (p ≤ 0.01). As a novel finding, the results showed that multiple spray of pomegranate trees and fruits with 0.5 mM MeJA is as an effective and practical strategy to enhance the yield, quality, and phytochemical contents of pomegranates.

Combined use of hydrocolloids in pomegranate juice and their effects on clarification and copigmentation

SummaryPomegranate juices (PJs) were clarified using hydrocolloids [albumin (A), casein (C), chitosan (CH) and xanthan gum (XG)] and in combination with each other. The lowest turbidity was observed in PJs clarified with ‘CH+XG’ and ‘A+C+CH’. Unlike ‘CH+XG’, effects of albumin and its combinations on clarity were mainly related with the contents of ellagic acid (r = −0.861), α‐punicalagin (r = −0.761), rutin (r = −0.734), β‐punicalagin (r = −0.730) and total punicalagin (r = −0.713). ‘CH+XG’ caused the highest phenolic (602 mg L−1) and anthocyanin (449 mg L−1) contents, and the second highest Amax (0.811 ABS), resulting from copigmentation of delphinidin‐3‐glucoside and delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside with CH. Since A showed moderate copigmentation effect, A had lower hyperchromic effect than CH. Moreover, C reduced Amax, anthocyanin content and colour density when combined with other hydrocolloids. As a result, ‘CH+XG’ would be the best combination to obtain high clarity, maintain phenolics and anthocyanins and provide high copigmentation effect in PJ.

ELLAGIC ACID CONTENT IN SELECTED WILD SPECIES OF FRUIT ROSES

Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural antioxidant, belonging to the group of polyphenolic compounds. It displays a broad spectrum of pro-health effects, ranging from the prevention of cancer to antiviral properties. It is present in many fruit from the rose family (Rosaceae): strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and walnuts as well as cranberries and grapes. The available literature states that the fruit of roses, in addition to their aesthetic and functional applications, also show therapeutic properties, which, among other things, are associated with a high content of polyphenols, including ellagic acid derivatives. The aim of this research was to determine the differences in the content of free ellagic acid in the fruit of selected rose species. The test material consisted of freeze-dried sublimation and ground fruit from the following species of roses: R. canina, R. moyesii, R. pendulina. The fruit was separated into two fractions: flesh and seeds. Quantitative analysis of free ellagic acid was carried out by spectrofluorimetry. The free EA was present both in the flesh and in the seeds of the studied species of roses. Its content in the mentioned fractions varied depending on the species. The flesh of R. pendulina was characterised by the highest level of EA in free form (247.72 μg·g–1 of dry weight). The seeds of R. moyesii proved to be the most abundant in free EA (105.69 μg·g–1 of dry weight.

Investigation of Nut Qualities of Pecan Cultivars Grown in China

Pecan had been introduced into China for over one hundred years and had raised great attentions as a woody oil crop these years, but the detailed nut qualities of pecan cultivars grown in China had not been evaluated before. To access the adaptabilities of different pecan cultivars after introduce and for future utilization of these cultivars, the pecan nut quality had been evaluated in this article. Both physical and chemical nut quality traits were evaluated on Chinese-grown pecan cultivars, including nut weight, nut shape, shell thickness, kernel, lipid, fatty acid content, tocopherol content, antioxidant capacities of lipids, phenolics contents and their antioxidant capacities. Great variability existed among different cultivars in most of the nut quality traits. After introduced, physical traits changed in different ways, which suggested that cultivars have different adaptabilities. Cultivars 'Desirable', 'Western' or 'Kanza' are high in oleic acid, while cultivar 'Pawnee' is high in γ-tocopherol. Cultivar 'Mahan' had significant high values of total phenolic content (TPC), condensed tannins (CT), total flavonoid content (TFC), ellagic acid content and antioxidant capacity of defatted kernel compared to other cultivars, which made it an suitable material for further study of phenolics in pecan. This article provided detailed analyses of the nut qualities of Chinese-grown pecan cultivars for the first time, which can be useful for future studies.

Influence of Extraction Conditions on Chemical Composition and Thermal Properties of Chestnut Wood Extracts as Tannin Feedstock

In view of their use as source material for new biobased flame retardants, chestnut wood extracts were prepared using different solvent systems and compared to an industrial extract. The prepared extracts were mainly composed of hydrolyzed products of ellagitannins (castalin, vescalin, and ellagic acid) along with saccharides. The proportions of components strongly depended on the solvent system used for the extraction. Water-based solvents promoted the recovery of ellagitannins (up to 15 wt % of dry raw matter), while the alcohol-based solvents extracted more selectively ellagic acid (up to 47 wt % of dry raw matter). The phenolic composition of the industrial chestnut wood extract completely differed from that of the lab-scale extracts. The industrial extract was mainly composed of gallic acid and nonhydrolyzed forms of ellagitannins (castalagin and vescalagin). Thermal and fire tests performed on chestnut wood extracts showed high char contents and low total heat release, varying from 33.2% to 38.8% and from 1.1 kJ/g to 6.9 kJ/g, respectively. The values mainly depended on the saccharides, ellagitannins, and ellagic acid contents of the chestnut wood extracts. These results highlighted the promising potential of chestnut wood extracts as biosourced FRs.

Punicalagin Content and Antifungal Activity of Different Pomegranate (Punica ganatum L.) Genotypes

This study investigated the antifungal activity of a number of pomegranate genotypes. Since the main compound of pomegranate extract is punicalagin, an important substance involved in antifungal and antimicrobial activity, we analyzed the contents of punicalagin (α and β) in 21 different pomegranate genotypes. Ellagic acid content, total phenolic content, acidity and pH were also determined. This work allowed us to determine which genotypes of pomegranate can be used to obtain extracts with the highest content of punicalagin, with the goal of developing a green alternative to synthetic pesticides. To improve the extraction system from pomegranate peel fruits, several different solvents were tested. All the pomegranate genotypes tested showed antifungal activity; some genotypes were able to almost completely inhibit the fungus, while others had very low inhibitory activity. Research results also showed that the use of water as a solvent for extraction is very effective, especially when it is combined with ethanol. This is very important for the practical use of the extracts since water is economical and environmentally friendly. The research showed that among the genotypes there is also great variability regarding the chemical parameters. Genotypes with a high phenolic and punicalagin content were significantly correlated with antifungal activity. All the other chemical parameters (pH, titratable acidity and ellagic acid content) were not correlated with antifungal activity. The results obtained indicate that the fruits of some pomegranate genotypes could be used to obtain extracts very rich in punicalagins and that these substances could be used as an alternative to synthetic products to control plant disease and improve the quality of the plant products, avoiding the impact of synthetic chemicals on the environment.

Biopharmaceutical and antifungal properties of ellagic acid-cyclodextrin using an in vitro model of invasive candidiasis.

Aim: To investigate biopharmaceutical and antifungal properties of pure and complexed ellagic acid. Materials & methods: Caco-2 cells cultured in a Transwell® inserts were infected with Candida albicans to develop an in vitro model. Ellagic acid was complexed with cyclodextrins. Microbial compositions, ellagic acid concentration as function of time and characterization studies of complexes were evaluated. Results: Ellagic acid presented ability to reduce C.albicans invasion, although this was not statistically significant. Its poor water solubility and absorption probably limited this ability. Water solubility was increased after complexation with hydroxypropyl-β-CD; however, ellagic acid/hydroxypropyl-β-CD did not improve the antifungal activity. Conclusion: Although ellagic acid presented a promising antifungal activity, its biopharmaceutical properties limit such activity and should be improved.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A CHEMOMETRICS ASSISTED SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF GALLIC ACID, ELLAGIC ACID AND CURCUMIN IN POLYHERBAL ANTIDIABETIC FORMULATIONS

Two chemometric methods, Inverse Least Square (ILS) and Classical Least Square (CLS), were applied for the simultaneous estimation of gallic acid, ellagic acid and curcumin in polyherbal antidiabetic formulation. Twenty mixed solutions were prepared for the chemometric calibration as training set and 10 mixed solutions were prepared as validation set. The absorbance data matrix was obtained by measuring the absorbance at 20 different wavelengths, from 241 to 279 nm with the interval of 2 nm (Δλ= 2 nm). The developed calibrations were successfully tested for three antidiabetic polyherbal formulations for their gallic acid, ellagic acid and curcumin contents. Developed methods were validated and root mean square error of precision (RMSEP) was determined. Both chemometric methods in this study can be satisfactorily used for the quantitative analysis in polyherbal dosage forms. The chemometric calculations were performed by using the chemometrics toolbox with MATLAB R2015a software.

Study of Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia L. Flowers Macerates

Studies of total phenolic content and identification and quantification of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD from hydro-alcoholic and alcoholic macerates of Lavandula angustifolia L flowers from Dobrogea area are reported. The total phenolic content and the phenolic profile have been measured using Folin-Ciocalteau method, respectively adapted USP30 HPLC method in macerates of Lavandula angustifolia L flowers after 5 days of contact with either methanol (M1) or methanol: water 1 : 1 (V : V) mixture (M2). The values of TPC show that macerate M2 is more rich in phenolic compounds (3520 mg/100g d.w.), than in the case of macerate M1 (2860 mg/100 g d.w.). The obtained data of phenolic compounds determined by HPLC-DAD method were compared with the available authentic standards. Four individual phenolic compounds were found in macerate M1 and six individual phenolic compounds in macerate M2. Among gallic acid and chlorogenic acid, as major phenolic compounds, high concentrations of ellagic acid in M2 (514.249 mg/100 g d.w.) and M1 (499.487 mg/100g d.w.) were found. The antimicrobial activity of tested macerates indicates that Lavandula sp. has a moderate effect on the bacterial and Candida growth.

Polyethylenimine-capped silver nanoclusters as fluorescent sensors for the rapid detection of ellagic acid in cosmetics

Polyethylenimine-capped silver nanoclusters (PEI-AgNCs) are being developed as fluorescent sensors because of their high fluorescence, excellent photostability and large Stokes shift. In this study, PEI-AgNCs demonstrate characteristic absorption peaks at 268 and 360 nm with the strongest blue fluorescence emission at 436 nm. The PEI-AgNCs are spherical, and their average diameter is 3.7 ± 1.8 nm. In addition, the quantum yield of the PEI-AgNCs is 3.03%. A sensitive, selective and rapid detection technique for ellagic acid has been developed utilizing a fluorescent PEI-AgNC sensor. Ellagic acid exhibits tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidative properties and is hence always added in cosmetics as a skin whitening ingredient. The reaction can be completed within 60 s in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 11. The fluorescence quenching mechanism is assumed to be static quenching because the fluorescence lifetime of PEI-AgNCs without and with ellagic acid did not obviously change. Moreover, the quenching intensity of the PEI-AgNCs is linearly related to the ellagic acid concentration over the range from 0.1 μg/mL to 30.0 μg/mL with good linear correlation (r = 0.999), and the detection limit is 33.5 ng/mL. Finally, PEI-AgNCs have also been applied in the detection of a cosmetics containing ellagic acid.

Ellagic Acid Bioavailability and Metabolism After Single Dose Consumption of Pure Ellagic Acid versus Pomegranate Juice (P06-031-19)

ObjectivesIn the GI tract, Pomegranates (Pom) ellagitannins undergo hydrolysis to ellagic acid (EA) and are further metabolized into urolithins by the gut microbiota. Both EA and UA have significant health benefits. EA is also available as dietary supplement. We aimed to compare the bioavailability of EA and its biotransformation to UA between pure EA and Pom juice (PomJ). Methods17 healthy male participants were randomly assigned to take a single dose of 8 oz of PomJ or 500 mg of EA, followed by 2-week washout, and crossover to the other intervention. We collected blood prior and 1 and 2 h after consumption of EA or PomJ and urine for 24hours. Plasma concentration of EA was measured using HPLC. Urinary EA metabolites (DMEAG and UAG) were determined by LC/MS and normalized to urine creatinine levels. Circulating MCP1, insulin and leptin were analyzed using the multiplex human cytokine panel (Millipore). ResultsThere was no difference in plasma EA concentration after administration of PomJ versus 500 mg EA. Urinary DMEAG, normalized to creatinine, was significantly higher after PomJ compared to EA intake (PomJ: 0.11 + 0.02; EA: 0.05 + 0.01 μg/mg; P < 0.05). Urinary UAG was present in 13 participants and 4 out of 17 subjects did not have the ability to convert EA to UA after consumption of either pure EA vs. PomJ. Blood glucose at 2 hrs decreased –5.53% ± 1.61% (p = 0.01) and insulin at 1 hr increased 95.74% ± 37.44% (p < 0.05) after PomJ consumption compared to baseline. Blood MCP1 decreased –15.51% ± 6.11% (p < 0.05) 2 hrs after PomJ, and leptin was significantly decreased (PomJ: –17.13% ± 4.64% (p < 0.00); EA: –18.80% ± 2.93% (p < 0.00)) 2 hrs after PomJ and EA consumption. Conclusions8 oz of PomJ provides an equivalent source of EA and microbial mediated biotransformation of EA to UA compared to 500 mg EA supplement. However, an increase in phase II metabolism of EA and acute effect on plasma MCP1 was only observed following PomJ consumption. Funding SourcesCenter for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles.

Targeted metabolite profiling to gain chemometric insight into Indian pomegranate cultivars and elite germplasm.

Pomegranate fruit is an excellent source of bioactive polyphenolics, known to contribute significantly to human health. India is the largest producer of pomegranate in the world and produces the finest quality fruit with highly desirable consumer traits such as soft seeds, low acidity, and attractive fruit and aril color. Knowledge of the extent of variation in key metabolites (sugars, organic acids, phenolics, and anthocyanins) is key to selecting superior genotypes for germplasm improvement. Relevant information with respect to Indian genotypes is scarce. The present study therefore aims to evaluate quantitatively important metabolites in some cultivars and elite germplasm of pomegranate in India. Identification and quantification of primary and secondary metabolites such as sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, polyphenolics, and anthocyanins were conducted using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) platform. Fructose and citric acid were the predominant sugar and organic acid, respectively. Wild genotypes had significantly higher concentrations of organic acids, antioxidant activity, and phenolics, namely punicalagin, ellagic acid, sinapic, and ferulic acid. Cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives of anthocyanins were more abundant in red aril commercial genotypes. Results suggest that wild-sour accessions represent a rich source of polyphenolics that can be utilized in future breeding programs to breed healthier varieties, food supplements, and pharmaceutical products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

UV Method Development and Validation of Ellagic Acid for its Rapid Quantitative Estimation

Development and validation of a simple UV- Spectroscopy method was done for the quantitative analysis of Ellagic Acid (EA). The stock solution of 50μg/ml was prepared and scanned, for which absorption maxima was found to be 277nm. Further dilutions to different concentrations (1-5μg/ ml) were prepared and analyzed at 277nm. The method so developed was validated as per ICH guidelines for: linearity, robustness, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and quantification. The Lambert- Beer’s law is followed in the range (1-5μg/ml) with correlation coefficient value 0.9994. It was observed that the method is precise and accurate for EA analysis with good recovery percent of 94.47% to 106.83%. The method developed was further employed for determining the entrapment efficiency of ellagic acid and its release from its nanoparticle dosage form. The method may be utilized for determining the concentration of EA when present as formulation and in combination with other drugs.

Pomegranate peel polyphenols inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via the suppression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation.

BackgroundsInflammatory response mediated by activated immune cells is a vital process in host defense system while responding to various stresses. Our previous studies have indicated that pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs) and their main components punicalagin (PC) and ellagic acid (EA) decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway, but whether these tested polyphenols play an important role in NF-κB signaling pathway, another crucial pathway of inflammation, remains unclear.ObjectiveIn this study, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory effect of these polyphenols via TLR4-NF-κB pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.MethodsDifferent concentrations of PPPs, PC, and EA were pre-incubated with RAW264.7 macrophages and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL), and the effects of reactive oxygen species and TLR4 were investigated. Moreover, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation, and degradation of IκB were measured by Western blot. Furthermore, the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsOur data showed that PPPs, PC, and EA inhibited LPS-induced intracellular ROS production and suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory mechanism was involved in blocking LPS-induced phosphorylation, degradation of IκB, and nuclear translocation of p65. Additionally, PPPs and PC exhibited a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than that of EA.ConclusionThe results indicated that PPPs possess potent anti-inflammatory effect, and PC was the main effective component in PPPs, which provided new insights into the utilization of PPPs to prevent inflammation-associated disorders.

UPLC-HRMS and NMR applied in the evaluation of solid-phase extraction methods as a rational strategy of dereplication of Phyllanthus spp. aiming at the discovery of cytotoxic metabolites

The classical approach to drug discovery from natural products (NP's) requires strenuous and complex purification steps for the isolation and structural elucidation. Modern strategies as dereplication aim to accelerate the identification of known compounds present in a crude or partially purified extract. In this work, we investigated the influence of the solid-phase extraction (Oasis, Plexa, and Agilent C18 cartridges with and without organic modifiers) chemical profile obtained by UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR and cytotoxicities of aqueous extracts from Phyllanthus niruri and P. amarus. Our results showed differences between the SPE cartridges and the mass recovered. P. niruri showed higher mass recovery than P. amarus indicating a higher amount of secondary metabolites. The UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed that P. niruri crude extract presents higher contents of phenolic compounds than P. amarus. According to NMR analysis, P. niruri contained more tyrosine, corilagin, and glycosidic residues while P. amarus, presented higher content of ellagic acid. The different stationary phases, as well as mobile phases for exploratory SPE, enabled the exploitation of the different chemical functionalities within the Phyllanthus species. The SPE (MeOH:H2O 70:30 with C18 cartridges) samples showed greater in vitro cytotoxicity than the crude extracts, with IC50 ranging from 8.01 to 94.92 μg mL−1 against the tumor lines tested. The solid phase extraction allowed the concentration of molecules with desirable physicochemical characteristics, which might increase the hit of therapeutically useful substances.

Anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial activity effects of the ellagic acid extract

Recently, plant-derived compounds have been attracted increasable attention as alternative cancer remedies to enhance cancer prevention and healing, and as efficient antimicrobials, because of their low toxicity, low cost and fewer side effects. Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural phenolic constituent; previous studies have reported its antitumor properties when used in in vitro models. In this study, we have investigated the activity of a low concentration of EA against four different human cancer cell lines (SK-N-SH, Caov-3, SW-1088 and BxPC-3) which are very hard in the treatment and there is no available data about EA influence on them. Additionally, the effect of EA has assessed against (H. Pylori (Helicobacter pylori), P.aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), A. tumefaciens: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Rhizobium radiobacter) and E. herbicola: Enterobacter agglomerans (Erwiniaherbicola) and two are Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) and C. acnes (Cutibacterium acnes)) strains which are resistant to the antibiotics. The results suggest that EA may have a potential role as an adjunct therapy for neuroblastoma, ovarian, pancreatic and astrocytoma cancers, in addition to its activity as an antimicrobial agent as it has been proved in this study against H. pylori, P.aeruginosa, A. tumefaciens, E. herbicola, S. aureus and C. acnes strains.

A Critical Overview of Labeling Information of Pomegranate Juice-Based Drinks: Phytochemicals Content and Health Claims.

Punicalagin is responsible for over 50% of the antioxidant activity of pomegranate, but ellagic acid (EA) and total polyphenol content (TPC) are also key parameters regarding pomegranate bioactivity. Many juices and other drinks based on pomegranate take advantage from the widespread healthy image of this fruit, whereas their real content of bioactive phytochemicals is low. For that reason, the objective of this study was to compare the labelling information with the real phytochemical contents (TPC, punicalagin [Pn] [isomers α, β], and EA). Titratable acidity (TA), color density (CD), polymeric color (PC), and sensory profiles (trained panel) were assessed. The experimental ranges of TPC and Pn contents were 2.75 to 70.9 mg/g and traces to 3.18 mg/g, respectively. The percentage of pomegranate juice was highly correlated with the intensity of the pomegranate ID attribute (R=0.85; p<0.001), Pn content (R=0.71; p<0.001), and EA content (R=0.36; p<0.001). The experimental results showed a high variability in the content of bioactive compounds and the need to urge food companies to optimize processes and storage conditions. Although no health claim for pomegranate has been authorized so far at the European Union, significant mismatches among labelling and bioactive compounds content are misleading consumers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pomegranate juice and nectar producers need to evaluate the real content of bioactive Pn, EA, and TPC in their products to optimize formulation, heat treatment, packaging and storage conditions to guarantee high levels of bioactive compounds during shelf life. Producers' organizations may benefit from harmonizing Pom products labelling, so they may fulfill consumer expectations and may be ready if health claims are finally authorized for these products. The development of a new sensory quality marker will be an interesting option.

Systematic study of hydroxyl radical production in white wines as a function of chemical composition

The chemical oxidation of white wines through the Fenton reaction has been widely studied, wherein the primary species is the hydroxyl radical (OH). This radical possesses high oxidising power and may oxidise the primary components in wines. The Fenton reaction in wines is complex and includes the participation of phenolic compounds, organic acids, and metals. However, there has been no systematic study to date that relates wine composition to OH production in real white wines.In this paper, a multivariate model was generated using the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm, and linear correlations were established between wine composition and OH production. Based on the results, the variables were classified as either pro-oxidants (malic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid, % prodelphinidins, procyanidins B1, Mn, Cu, and Zn) or antioxidants (cis-piceid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, proanthocyanins, glucose, and proton concentration). Finally, the pathways by which wine compounds participate in OH production are discussed.

Libidibia ferrea Fruit Crude Extract and Fractions Show Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antinociceptive Effect In Vivo and Increase Cell Viability In Vitro.

Background Libidibia ferrea (L. ferrea) is found throughout the northeastern region of Brazil, where it has been used in folk medicine with beneficial effects on many inflammatory disorders. Purpose This study investigated the phytochemical composition of the crude extract and fractions of L. ferrea fruit and evaluated its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in vivo and effect on cell viability in vitro. Methods Characterization of polyphenols present in crude extract (CE), hydroalcoholic fractions of 20-80% ethanol (CE20, CE40, CE60, and CE80), aqueous fraction (AqF), and ethyl acetate (EAF) fractions of L. ferrea fruit was performed by chromatographic analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using a carrageenan-induced peritonitis model submitted to a leukocyte migration assay and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) analysis. Total glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed to evaluate the oxidative stress level. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate test. In vitro cell viability was determined by using MTT assay in a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (3T3 cells). Results Chromatography revealed the presence of ellagic acid content in EAF (3.06), CE (2.96), and CE40 (2.89). Gallic acid was found in EAF (12.03), CE 20 (4.43), and CE (3.99). L. ferrea crude extract and all fractions significantly reduced leukocyte migration and MPO activity (p<0.001). L. ferrea antioxidant effect was observed through high levels of total glutathione and reduction of MDA levels (p<0.001). Acetic acid-induced nociception was significantly inhibited after administration of L. ferrea crude extract and all fractions (p<0.001). Crude extract and all fractions significantly increased the viability of the 3T3 cell line (p<0.05). Conclusions The appropriate extraction procedure preserves the chemical components of L. ferrea fruit, such as gallic acid and ellargic acid. Crude extract and fractions of L. ferrea fruit exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive activities in vivo and enhanced cell viability in vitro.

Determination of ellagic acid in rose matrix by spectrofluorimetry

Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenol with many verified and alleged bioactivities. This study presents a validated, sensitive and fast spectrofluorimetric method to determine ellagic acid in rose matrix, based on the fluorescence properties of ellagic acid–borax complex in methanolic extract. In the presence of rose matrix, a calibration curve was linear in a wide concentration range from 0.5 nmol/L to 1.0 μmol/L of EA, and the detection and quantification limits of ellagic acid were 34.7 nmol/L and 0.11 μmol/L, respectively. We used the validated method to determine the content of ellagic acid in lyophilized and dried rosehip products available in Poland. The rosehip contains a significant content of ellagic acid (from 32 to 44 μg/g of dried/freeze-dried material). All spectrofluorimetric results were in good agreement with those obtained by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with a single quadrupole analyzer used as a reference method.